Urine Electrolytes PDF
Urine Electrolytes PDF
Urine Electrolytes PDF
ELECTROLYTES
AND
OSMOLALITY
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Urine
electrolytes
• Na+
• K+
• Cl-‐
• NH4+
• Mg2+
• Ca2+
• PO4-‐
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When
are
urine
electrolytes
indicated?
In
the
following
clinical
circumstances:
• Acute
kidney
injury
• Disorders
of
intravascular
volume
• Hyponatremia
• Hypernatremia
• Polyuria
• Acid
–
base
disorders
• AbnormaliYes
of
serum
potassium
concentraYon
Remember!
1. electrolyte
and
osmolality
analysis
should
be
done
before
insYtuYon
of
therapy
2.
urine
can
be
saved
and
analysed
at
a
later
Yme
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Osmolality
Number
of
moles
of
solute
per
kg
of
solvent
(water).
Urine
osmolality
can
vary
in
healthy
person
from
80
-‐1200
mOsm/kg
H2O
Most
important
osmols
in
the
urine
are
caYons
Na+,
K+,
NH4+
with
their
corresponding
anions
and
urea.
It
can
be
calculated:
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ADH
acYon
distal tubule
urine renal
interstitium
H2O
ADH
H2O
H2O
ATP
H2O
cAMP
H2O
H2O
V2
receptor
H2O
Protein kinaze A
H2O
H2O
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OSMOLALITY
vs.
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
• Osm:
determines
only
number
of
parYcles
• SG:
determines
number
of
paYcles
and
their
weight
• Usually
they
change
in
paralel
• SG
of
1.020-‐1.030
à
osmolality
800-‐1200
mOsm/kg
H2O
• SG
of
1.005
à
osmolaity
<100
mOsm/kg
H2O
• DisproporYonate
increase
of
SG
if
urine
contains
– glucose
or
proteins
– radiocontrast
material
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Sodium
excreYon
• Filtered
in
the
glomerulus
(25.000
mmol/day)
• 1-‐3
%
of
this
filtreed
load
is
excreted
in
the
urine
(FRACTIONAL
EXCRETION)
• Na+
determianYon
in
the
urine
is
very
suitable
for
differenYal
diagnosis
of
AKI
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Impact
of
hypovolemia
on
urine
Na+
Hypovolemia
é Renin
é Angiotensin
II
é
ADH
é Aldosterone
Concentrated
urine
with
low
Na+
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Diagnosing
the
cause
of
AKI
by
urine
Na+
Prerenal
azotemia?
or
Acute
tubular
necrosis?
Urine
Na+
<
20
mmol/L
ê
prerenal
azotemia
(osmolality
>
500
mOsm/kg)
Urine
Na+
>
40
mmol/L
ê
acute
tubular
necrosis
(osmolality
<
350
mOsm/kg)
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Diagnosing
the
cause
of
AKI
by
urine
Na+
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FracYonal
excreYon
of
Na+
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Piqalls
of
FENa
It
should
allways
be
taken
with
cau8on.
It
is
validated
only
in
persons
with
oliguria.
FENa
in
healthy
person
is
allways
<1%.
Low
in
several
renal
condiYons
not
associated
with
volume
depleYon:
• GN
• contrast
AKI
• pigment
nephropathy
• vascular
diseases
• vasculiYs
• liver
disease
Some
hypovolemic
paYents
will
not
have
low
FENa.
Value
of
excreted
sodium
is
related
to
GFR:
as
GFR
decreases-‐
FENa
increases.
Elderly
pts
and
pts
with
CKD
are
not
able
to
generate
FENa
<1%.
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Hyponatremia
• The
most
aboundant
electrolyte
disturbance,
present
in
15%
to
30%
of
hospitalized
paYents
• Hyponatremia
represents
an
excess
of
water
rela8ve
to
solute
in
the
body.
• Hyponatremia
usually
develops
as
a
result
of
the
acYon
of
ADH
in
the
kidney
to
diminish
free
water
excreYon.
• Most
common
s8muli
are
nonosmo8c:
drugs,
pain,
nausea,
decreased
effecYve
arterial
volume,
strenuous
exercise
...
• Rarely
develops
as
a
consequence
of
• consuming
very
low
quanYYes
of
solute
or
• polydipsia
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Hyponatremia
and
anYdiureYc
hormone
Nonosmotic ADH
production
• Drugs
• ê effective art. volume
• Nausea
137
Na+
145
• Postoperative pain
• Pregnancy
280
285
290
Serum
osmolality
(mOsm/kg
H20)
Physiological
respons
in
Serum [Na+] 135 mmol/L è max. suppressed ADH
hyponatremia:
ê
urine osmolality < 100 mOsm/kg
U-‐Osm
<
P-‐Osm
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Urine
Na+
and
osmolality
in
hyponatremia
Urine
sodium
Urine
osmolality
(mmol/L)
(mOsm/kg)
True
volume
depleYon
<
20
>300
Adapted from: Muser WP, Korzelius CA. Hosp Med Clin 2012; 1: e338-‐e352.
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Urine
chemistries
in
hypernatremia
• Deficit
of
free
water
relaYve
to
solute.
• Inadequate
free
water
intake
because
of
impaired
access,
impaired
thirst
(in
elderly
paYents).
• Most
adult
paYents
with
hypernatremia
also
have
concurrent
volume
depleYon.
Reason
Urine
osmolality
(mOsm/kg)
Urine
sodium
(mmol/L)
Adapted from: Muser WP, Korzelius CA. Hosp Med Clin 2012; 1: e338-‐e352.
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Urine
chemistry
in
polyuria
Water
diuresis:
polydipsia
diabetes
insipidus
Solute
(osmoYc)
diuresis:
i.v.
NaCl
hyperalimentaYon
hyperglycemia
high
protein
intake
recovery
from
AKI
Urine
osmolality
Urine
sodium
(mOsm/kg)
(mmol/L)
Adapted from: Muser WP, Korzelius CA. Hosp Med Clin 2012; 1: e338-‐e352.
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Diagnosing
polyuria
Water
restricYon
test:
At
8.00
a.m.:
1.
a)
Empty
bladder,
record
the
volume,
and
send
urine
osmolality
b)
Take
a
serum
osmolality
c)
Record
the
paYent's
weight.
2.
Then
for
the
next
8
hours
check:
Urine
osmolality
and
weight
every
hour
Serum
osmolality
every
2
hours
Stop
the
test
if
the
paYent's
weight
decreases
by
more
than
3%
of
body
weight
(or
by
4kg)
or
the
serum
osmolality
rises
>300
mOsm/kg/H2O.
3.
If
the
urine
osmolality
at
4
p.m.
remains
<600mOsm/kg
proceed
with
the
desmopressin
test.
a)
Desmopressin
(DDAVP)
20
μg
intranasally
or
2
µg
intramuscularly
b)
Can
eat
and
drink
freely
c)
Hourly
urine
volumes
and
osmolality
unYl
8.30
p.m.
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Urine
anion-‐gap
UAG
=
(urine
Na+
+
urine
K+)
-‐
(urine
Cl-‐)
• The
amount
of
excreted
K+
arises
from
the
tubular
excreYon
in
the
distal
and
collecYng
tubule
–
effect
of
aldosterone.
• The
most
important
indicaYon
for
determinaYon
of
urine
K+
is
differenYal
diagnosis
of
hypokalemia.
Hypokalemia,
UK+
<
10
mmol/L
Hypokalemia,
UK+
>
30
mmol/L
Reduced
potassium
intake
Renal
potassium
loss
Extrarenal
potassium
loss
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TRANSTUBULAR
POTASSIUM
GRADIENT
Potasium
concentraYon
in
a
urine
spot
is
difficult
to
interpret
without
daily
urine
volume
and
urine
concentraYon.
• to
assess
kidneys
tendency
to
reabsorb
or
excrete
potassium
CollecYng
• it
is
a
surogate
measure
of
aldosteron
effect
duct
Adapted from: Muser WP, Korzelius CA. Hosp Med Clin 2012; 1: e338-‐e352.
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Magnesium
excreYon
• Mg++
concentraYon
in
serum
does
not
provide
accurate
informaYon
about
the
actual
Mg++
content
in
the
body.
• Renal
Mg++
excreYon
is
suprisingly
accurate
at
regulaYng
the
total
Mg++
content.
• In
Mg++
deficiency
excreYon
in
the
urine
is
reduced,
therefore
Mg++
excreYon
can
be
used
for
diagnosing
of
Mg++
deficiency,
even
though
Mg++
concentraYon
is
normal.
Hypomagnesemia,
Hypomagnesemia,
UMg++
<
0.5
mmol/L
UMg++
>
1.5
mmol/L
Extrarenal
magnesium
loss
Renal
magnesium
loss
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Conclusion
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