DIN 3971 1980-07 Bevel Gear Parameters

UDC 621.833.2:001.
4 DEUTSCHE NORMEN July1980

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Definitions and Parameters DIN
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for Bevel Gears and Bevel Gear Pairs 3971
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Other relevant Standards
m DIN 868 General definitions and parameters for gears, gear pairs and gear trains
::> DIN 3998 Part 3 Denominations on gears and gear pairs; bevel and hypoid gears and gear
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DIN 3999 Symbols for gear teeth
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DIN 7182 Part 1 Tolerances and fits; fundamental terms
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This Standard contains the definitions and symbols used for bevel gears and bevel gear pairs
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with intersecting axes as well as the definitions of the corresponding parameters .
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In addition, certain definitions relating to hypoid gear pairs are explained in Sections 5 and 8.
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The definitions and parameters contained in DIN 868, and which also apply to bevel gears
and bevel gear pairs, are only explained when this appears necessary in the interests of a
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Apart from the definitions and parameters for external straight bevel gears, the correspond-
ing parameters for helical and spiral bevel gears are indicated without, however, dealing
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Sole nle rlghta of Gennan Standards (DIN-Norman) ere with Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 30 DIN 3971 engl. Preisgr. 12
08.81 Vertr.·Nr. 0112
Page 2 DIN 3971
Contents
Page Page
1 Symbols, designations, units . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2 Parameters for the flank spacing . . . . . 12

1.1 Symbols and designations . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2.1 Transverse tooth thickness St,
1.2 Additional subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 normal tooth thickness sn . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Units......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2.2 Spacewidth et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Definitions and parameters 4.2.3 Normai_Ehordal tooth thickness Si .. 12
on the reference cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2.4 Height ha above the chord Si . . . . . . 13
2.1 Reference cone, reference cone angle 15 4 4.3 Parameters for tooth tip and tooth root 13
2.2 Reference circle, reference diameter d . 4 4.3.1 Addendum h8 , dedendum h1 • 1 • • • • 13
2.3 Reference circle plane . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.3.2 Tip circle, tip diameter da . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Tip distance Ry, cone distance R . . . . 4 4.3.3 Root circle, root diameter d 1 • • • . • • 13
2.4.1 Outer cone distance Re . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4 Parameters on the complementary cone 13
2.4.2 Inner cone distance R 1 • • • • • • • • • • 6 4.4.1 Complementary cone . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.3 Mean cone distance Rm . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4.2 Back cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Angular pitch and pitches . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4.3 Equivalent cylindrical gear teeth ... 13
2.5.1 Transverse pitch angle T . . . . . . . . . 6 4.5 Reference faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.2 Reference circle pitch Pt . . . . . . . . . 6 4.5.1 Apex to back distance tB ........ 14
2.5.3 Normal pitch Pn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.5.2 Tip distance tE ••....•..•..... 14
3 Definitions and parameters 4.5.3 Auxiliary plane distance tH ....... 14
on the basic crown gear . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Basic crown gear, mating crown gear; 5 Special definitions and parameters
crown gear reference plane . . . . . . . . 7 for a bevel gear pair (hypoid gear pair) .. 14
3.2 Number of crown gear teeth Zp . . . . . 7 5.1 Shaft angle E ................. 14
3.3 Module m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5.2 Offset a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Standard basic rack tooth profile, 5.3 Contrate gear pair, crown gear ...... 15
datum line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.4 Traction flank, thrust flank . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.1 Standard basic rack tooth profile
generally used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 Deviations of the parameters
3.4.2 Standard basic rack tooth profile of bevel gear teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
with tooth thickness alteration, 6.1 Circu Jar pitch deviations . . . . . . . . . . 16
tooth thickness alteration factor x 5 • • 8 6.1.1 Individual pitch deviations{p ..... 16
3.4.3 Standard basic rack tooth profile 6.1.2 Pitch-span deviations
with tooth depth alteration . . . . . . . 8 (cumulative pitch deviations) Fpk ... 16
3.4.4 Addendum modification, 6.1.3 Total pitch deviations F P • • • • • • • • 16
addendum modification coefficient xh 8 6.1.4 Pitch fluctuation Rp . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Parameters 6.1.5 Pitch error fu ................ 16
in the crown gear reference plane . . . . 10 6.2 Flank deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.5.1 Crown gear reference circle, 6.2.1 Deviations of the transverse profile . . 16
crown gear radius Rp . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.2.2 Deviations of the tooth traces . . . . . 17
3.5.2 Crown gear angular pitch Tp ...... 10 6.3 Concentricity deviations Fr.
3.5.3 Tooth thickness half angle 1/Jp wobble of the gear teeth . . . . . . . . . . 18
(on a straight bevel gear) . . . . . . . . . 10 6.4 Tooth thickness fluctuation R 1 • • • • • • 18
3.5.4 Tooth space half angle TJp 6.5 Backlash fluctuation Rj .....•..... 18
(on a straight bevel gear) . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.5 Datum tooth traces, 7 Working deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
reference tooth traces . . . . . . . . . . 11 7.1 Single-flank working deviation Fi .... 19
3.5.6 Helix angle (spiral angle)p, 7.2 Cumulative working pitch deviations F P 19
right-hand and left-hand teeth . . . . . 11 7.3 Individual working deviation fj, ..... 19
3.5. 7 Facewidth b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 11 7.4 Single-flank working error fi ....... 19
3.6 Tip surface and root surface,
tip cone and root cone . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8 Position deviations and allowances
3.6.1 Tip angle 15 8 , addendum angle &. . .. 11 for a gear pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.6.2 Root angle <5 1 , dedendum angle &f •. 11 8.1 Shaft angle deviation f r.,
3.6.3 Bevel gears with tapering tooth depth 11 shaft angle allowance A r. ......... 20
3.6.4 Bevel gears with constant tooth depth 12 8.2 Axis intersection point deviation
4 Additional definitions and parameters (offset deviation) {8 , axis intersection
on a bevel gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 point allowance (offset allowance) A a . 20
4.1 Parameters for the tooth profile . . . . . 12 8.3 Contact pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.1 Pressure angleay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.2 Transverse pressure angle a ....... 12 Alphabetical index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
DIN 3971 Page 3
1 Symbols, designations, units A Allowance

In this Standard the following symbols, designations and A8 Axis intersection point allowance
subscripts are used: As Tooth thickness allowance
At Shaft angle allowance
Ft Total profile deviation
1.1 Symbols and designations Fi Single-flank working deviation
a Offset F P Total pitch deviation
b Facewidth Fpk Pitch-span deviation, cumulative pitch deviation
c Bottom clearance Fj, Cumulative working pitch deviation

d Reference diameter Fr Concentricity deviation
d8 Tip diameter R Tip distance, cone distance, radius
dt Root diameter R Fluctuation
dv Reference diameter of the equivalent cylindrical Re Outer cone distance
gear teeth R 1 Inner cone distance
dva Tip diameter of the equivalent cylindrical gear teeth RJ Backlash fluctuation
dw Base diameter of the equivalent cylindrical gear Rm Mean cone distance
teeth Rp Pitch fluctuation
dvt Root diameter of the equivalent cylindrical gear R 1 Tooth thickness fluctuation
teeth Rp Crown gear radius
et Spacewidth on the reference circle Y Any point on the tooth flank
fa Axis intersection point deviation a Transverse pressure angle, pressure angle
ft Profile form deviation ay Pressure angle at any point Y
fi Single-flank working error P Helix angle (spiral angle)
{p Individual pitch deviation 6 Reference cone angle
fj, Individual working deviation 68 Tip angle
fu Pitch error 6t Root angle
f 8 a. Profile angle deviation 6v Complementary cone angle
{8 ~ Tooth trace angle deviation
TJ Tooth space half angle
fa. Transverse pressure angle deviation
~. Addendum angle
f~ Helix angle deviation (spiral angle deviation)
~~ Dedendum angle
f~t Tooth trace form deviation Q Radius of curvature, rounding radius
f r, Shaft angle deviation • Transverse pil:ch angle
h Tooth depth (between tip line and root line)
rp Tooth thickness half angle
h. Addendum E Shaft angle

ht Dedendum For further symbols relating to gear teeth see DIN 3999.
h8 Height above normal chordal tooth thickness it
k Individual number or total number of teeth or In addition, the following Standards on signs and symbols
pitches in a given range have been published:
m Module DIN 1302 Mathematical signs and symbols
p Pitch DIN 1304 General symbols for use in formulae
rv Length of the envelope lines of the complementary DIN 1313 Physical quantities and equations; defini-
cone or back cone tions, methods of writing
sn Normal tooth thickness DIN 66 030 (at present still in draft form) Representa-
tion of names of units in systems with
St Transverse tooth thickness
limited stock of characters
St Normal chordal tooth thickness
tB Apex to back distance
tE Tip distance 1.2 Additional subscripts
t8 Auxiliary plane distance The symbols indicated in Section 1.1 can be supplemented
u Gear ratio by the following additional subscripts:
xh Addendum modification coefficient a for the tip or tip circle or· for the centre distance
Xs Tooth thickness alteration factor b for the base circle of an involute tooth system
z Number of teeth e for the upper (outer) limit of a quantity, for quantities
zg Limiting number of teeth on the back cone (on the outer cone distance)
Zv Number of teeth of the equivalent cylindrical gear f for the root or root circle
Zvn Number of teeth in the normal section of the equiv- for the lower (inner) limit of a quantity, for quantities
alent cylindrical gear on the inner cone distance
Page 4 DIN 3971
m for a mean value, for quantities on the mean cone In systems with a limited stock of characters (teleprinters,
distance data processing equipment) it may be found that for angle
n for quantities on a normal section data the unit symbols for degree, minute and second can-
t for quantities in a transverse section or in the tangen- not be reproduced by the superscript signs 0 ' " . For such
tial direction cases DIN 66 030 provides for the unit names to be rep-
resented as follows:
v for a virtual equivalent cylindrical gear or a comple·
mentary cone deg or DEG for degree (angle)
y for any flank point or tip distance mnt or MNT for minute (angle)
P for the crown gear or standard basic rack tooth profile sec or SEC for second (angle).
0 for quantities on the generating tool For still further abbreviation of unit names, d, m and s
are recommended, e.g. 17d27m27s.
1 for quantities on the smaller gear of a gear pair
2 for quantities on the larger gear of a gear pair
* for designating a factor with which a quantity is ex-
pressed in fractions or multiples of the normal module 2 Definitions and parameters
or the number of teeth, or an allowance factor on the reference cone
All definitions in this Section relate to the bevel gear
1.3 Units devoid of allowances and deviations. The equations thus
The following Standards or Codes are to be observed: apply to the nominal dimensions of the gear teeth.
DIN 1301 Part 1 Units; unit names, unit symbols The nominal dim.ensions of a bevel gear tooth system are
clearly determined by
DIN 1315 Angles; Definitions, units
the reference cone, and
VDE/VDI 2605 Circular pitches and plane angles; basic
definitions for angle measures, angle the teeth of the basic crown gear,
dimensions, an9le standards and their plus the addendum modification where necessary.
errors
Accordingly it is appropriate for the quantities dealt with 2.1 Reference cone, reference cone angle o
in this Standard to be stated in the following units: The reference cone is tbe datum surface (reference surface)
module and all lengths in millimetres (mm), for a bevel gear, see DIN 868. Its axis is at the same time
the axis of constraint of the gear (gear axis).
length deviations, length allowances and length toler-
ances in micrometres (f.lm), The angle between the gear axis and a reference cone
envelope line is the reference cone angle o. Its value is
angles, which serve for stating magnitudes, in degrees (0 );
calculated according to Section 5.1.
for calculation by computer it is advantageous to use
decimal subdivision of the degree,
2.2 Reference circle, reference diameter d
angles which are to be used in equations between quanti-
The reference circle is any section perpendicular to the
ties, or which result from such equations, in radian (rad),
gear axis and passing through·the reference cone envelope.
angle deviations in milliradian (mrad) or in microradian Its circumference is equal to the product of the number
(prad), of teeth z and the reference circle pitch Pt; alternatively

angular velocities in radian·divided by second (rad/s), its diameter is equal to the product of the number of
rotational speeds (rotational frequencies) in unity divided teeth z and the transverse module mt:
by second (1 /s) (the unit 1/min mainly used in the past ( 1)
is now superseded by the unit 1/s, see DIN 1301 Part 2). Its value varies with the distance from the reference cone·
For angle units the following relationships apply: apex.
2n rad = 360° The following are important for the design of a bevel gear:
mm the outer reference diameter de = z · mte (2)
rad = 1
mm in that transverse plane of the bevel gear which is farther
from the reference cone apex;
mrad = 1 ~ = 1 f.lm
m mm the inner reference diameter di = z · mti (3)
in that transverse plane of the bevel gear which is nearer
prad = 1 f.lm the reference cone apex;
m
mrad ~ 3.437 7' ~ 206.26" ~ 200" the mean reference diameter dm = z · mtm (4)
in the mean transverse plane of the bevel gear.
1t
= rad ~ 1/57.295 780 rad ~ 0.017 453 rad
180 2.3 Reference circle plane
1, ~ 0.291 mrad ~ 0.3 mrad A reference circle plane is the plane determined by a
1" ~ ~ 4.85 prad "=' 5 prad reference circle. It is disposed perpendicular to the gear
0.001° = 3.6" ~ 17.45 1.1rad axis, see Figs 1 and 2.
For conversions the following applies:
2.4 Tip distance Ry, cone distance R
180
a in degrees= 1 t · (a in radian) "='57 .295 780 . (a in The tip distance Ry of any point on a bevel gear tooth
radian). system is its distance from the reference cone apex.
DIN 3971 Page 5
Outer reference circle plane
Figure 1. Parameters on the root cone, reference cone, tip cone and back cone assuming
coincidence of the reference cone apex, tip cone apex and root cone apex
Outer reference
non·coincidence of the tip cone apex with the reference cone apex and root cone
apex.
Page 6 DIN 3971
Back cone
that the envelope lines of the root, reference and tip cones are parallel in an axial
section
The cone distance R is the tip distance on the reference 2.5 Angular pitch and pitches
cone. The cone distance corresponding to a given reference 2.5.1 Transverse pitch angler
circle is found from
The transverse pitch angler is that angle,lying in any refer-
d ence circle plane of a bevel gear, which results from divi-
R=--- (5) ding a complete circumference into z equal parts:
2 • sinl5
For design and manufacture the following cone distances 2·n
r = - - in radians, (9)
are important: z
2.4.1 Outer cone distance Re
The outer cone distance Re is the length of the envelope 360 in degrees.
, =_ (10)
lines of the reference cone bounded by the outer reference z
circle, see Figs 1 to 3.
de z • mw
R =--=-- (6) 2.5.2 Reference circle pitch Pt
e 2 • sinl5 2 • sinl5
The reference circle pitch Pt is the reference circle arc be-
2.4.2 Inner cone distance Ri tween two successive right-hand or left-hand flanks at the
The inner cone distance Ri is the length of the envelope tip distance R. Its nominal size is
lines of the reference cone bounded by the inner reference
circle or the outer cone distance diminished by the face- d d • 7t mn ·n
width b, see Figs 1 to 3.
Pt = -2 • r =-z- = mt •n = -cosp
-. ( 11)
di
Ri = • sinl5 = Re- b (7) the relevant tip distance R or reference diameter d and
2 the helix angle Pwith subscript being given.
For facewidth b see Section 3.5.7 .. For helix angle (spiral angle) p see Section 3.5,6.
2.4.3 Mean cone distance Rm
The mean cone distance Rm is the length of the envelope
lines of the reference cone bounded by the mean refer- 2.5.3 Normal pitch Pn
ence circle or the outer cone distance diminished by half The normal pitch Pn is the arc length between two suc-
the facewidth b, see Figs 1 to 3. cessive right-hand or left-hand flanks on the reference
cone in the normal section of the gear teeth; it is stated
dm z • mum b
R =--= =R -- (8) in such a way that the tip distance R is disposed in the
m 2 • sin<5 2 • sinl5 • cosPm e 2 middle of the pitch.
For helix angle (spiral anglelPm see Section 3.5.6. Pn =Pt • cos P= mn • 7t (12)
DIN 3971 Page 7
3 Definitions cone distance, differentiated where necessary as the trans-

and parameters on the basic crown gear verse module m, and the normal module mn.
All definitions in this Section relate to the basic crown The following nominal quantities are customary
gear devoid of allowances and deviations. the transverse module mt.e on the outer cone distance Re
The equations thus apply to the nominal dimensions of or
the normal module mom on the mean cone distance Rm.
the gear teeth.
For quantities on the basic crown gear the module mp of
3.1 Basic crown gear, the standard basic rack tooth profile can be used instead
mating crown gear; crown gear reference plane of a transverse module or a normal module.
The basic crown gear is the plane bevel gear (see DIN 868)
which could substitute the bevel gear under consideration 3.4 Standard basic rack tooth profile, datum line
when meshing with a mating gear. The standard basic rack tooth prof-ile of a bevel gear tooth
The bevel gear which in conjunction with the bevel gear system is the section through the corresponding crown
under consideration yields an external gear pair (see gear tooth system at tip distance Rp. Depending on the
DIN 868) is the mating crown gear. manufacturing method used, either tht~ plane normal sec-
The basic crown gear develops from the bevel gear tooth tion through a crown gear tooth or a cylindrical section
system through the reference cone angle increasing to of radius Rp coaxial with the crown gear is taken as the
dp = 90°, see Fig. 4. basis and then developed into a plane, see Sections 3.6.3
This causes the reference cone of the bevel gear to merge and 3.6.4.
into the crown gear reference plane perpendicular to the The measurements on the standard basic rack tooth profile
gear axis. This leads to simplification of the bevel gear derive from the module mp and are referred to the datum
tooth system. Generally speaking in this case each normal line. On this line the pitch Pp, the tooth thickness sp and
section through a crown gear tooth has straight flanks. the spacewidth ep of the standard basic rack tooth profile
The basic crown gear is characterized by are determined. With the perpendiculars to the datum
the number of crown gear teeth Zp, line the flanks of the standard basic rack tooth profile
the module mp, enclose the pressure angle ap.
the standard basic rack tooth profile, The straight-flanked standard basic rack tooth profiles of
this Standard yield bevel gears with octoid tooth system;
the parameters in the crown gear reference plane, and this is named after the figure-of-eight curve arising as a ,
the tip surface and root surface. complete path of contact on the spherical surface of radius
3.2 Number of crown gear teeth Zp Rp; see Fig. 5. Octoid tooth systems of the above kind
fulfil the law of gearing precisely when the reference cones
The number of crown gear teeth Zp derives from the num-
of the gears are simultaneously the pitch cones of the
ber of teeth z and the reference cone angle 15 of the bevel gear pair.
gear according to the equation
Sections 3 and 4 therefore deal only with bevel gear pairs
z for which the reference cone and pitch cone are coinci-
Zp=-- ( 13) dent.
sind
In contrast with the octoid tooth system, the spherical
This is a calculation quantity which is generally not an involute tooth system has as its path of contact a circle
integer. on the sphere of radiusRp; enclosed between this circle
and the crown gear reference circle is the transverse pres-
3.3 Module m sure angle a, see Fig. 6. The crown gear of the spherical
The module m is the basic quantity for the length dimen- involute tooth system has tooth flanks which are convex
sions of a bevel gear tooth system. !t is stated for a given in the root region and concave in the tip region.
Tip surface Reference surface
L
Root surface
Figure 4. Bevel gear and basic crown gear

Page 8 DIN 3971
Path of contact
Crown gear
reference circle
Path of contact
spherical involute
Spherical involute
Figure 5. Crown gear with octoid tooth system Figure 6. Spherical involute tooth system
3.4.1 Standard basic rack tooth profile generally used The addendum and dedendum can be equal to the corre-
The standard basic rack tooth profile generally used for sponding quantities according to Section 3.4.1 or they
bevel gears corresponds to the standard basic rack tooth may be determined according to Section 3.4.3.
profile for cylindrical gears with involute tooth system
to DIN 867, see Fig. 7. 3.4.3 Standard basic rack tooth profile
The datum line according to DIN 867 is disposed in the with tooth depth alteration
crown gear reference plane if there is no addendum mod ifi· With a standard basic rack tooth profile having tooth
cation. depth alteration the addendum haP and the dedendum htp
N o t e : In most of the methods for generating bevel to be stated from the basis of the datum line (independ·
gears separate tools, which can be set independently of ently of one another or jointly) are larger or smaller than
one another, are used for the right-hand and left-hand the corresponding quantities according to Section 3.4.1.
flanks. Hence, such bevel gears do not need to be made
with a standard basic rack tooth profile in which the nom· The following apply
ina/ dimension of the tooth thickness is equal to that of for the addendum
the spacewidth and equal to half the pitch; their standard
basic rack tooth profile may have tooth thickness and/or haP= h~ • mp, (16)
tooth depth alterations according to Sections 3.4.2 and

for the dedendum
3.4.3. These alterations can be determined independently
of one another, See Figs 8 and 9. They are undertaken htp =hiP· mp (17)
to improve the load-carrying capacity or the running pro·
perties of the tooth systems or to avoid undercutting of and for the tooth depth
the teeth or bevel gears having a small number of teeth. hp = (h~ +hiP)· mp, (18)
3.4.2 Standard basic rack tooth profile where hd> ~1 and hfi, = hp- hd>, see Fig. 9.
with tooth thickness alteration,
tooth thickness alteration factor x 5 3.4.4 Addendum modification,
With a standard basic rack tooth profile having tooth addendum modification coefficient xh
thickness alteration the tooth thickness on the datum If a standard basic rack tooth profile according to DIN 867
line is larger by the value 2 · x 5 • mp (for positive tooth is used and if the datum line is not in the crown gear refer-
thickness alteration) than the tooth thickness ofthe stand· ence plane, it is usual to speak of addendum modification.
ard basic rack tooth profile according to Section 3.4.1. The distance of the datum line from the crown gear refer-
Hence the tooth thickness is ence plane is the addendum modification the magnitude
of which is expressed by the addendum modification
mp•1t coefficient xh in fractions of the module mp:
Sp = - -- + 2 • x 8 • mp (14)
2 addendum modification= xh · mp.
and the spacewidth is The coefficient xh is positive if the datum line is above
mp•1t the crown gear reference plane (outside the reference
ep = - - - 2 • x 8 • mp (15) surface in the case of a bevel gear) and negative if it is
2 below the crown gear reference plane (inside the refer-
see Fig. 8. In equations (14) and (15) the sign of the tooth ence surface in the case of a bevel gear), see Fig. 10 and
thickness alteration factor X 5 has to be observed. Fig. 11.
DIN 3971 Page 9
Sp
I
Datum line
haP= h~. mp
htp =hip· mp
h~ = ~1
hip = liP - h:p
mp • 1t Spacewidth on the crown gear reference mp•1t
ep = -2-- circle sp =ep=---
2
ap = 20° Flank angle Other quantities as in Fig. 7
hp = 2 • mp + cp Tooth depth Figure 9. Standard basic rack tooth profile with tooth
Addendum depth alteration
haP= mp
h1p = mp + cp Dedendum
Cp = (0,1 ... 0,3) • mp Bottom clearance mpflj .,.2xhl' tan()(p)
<!tP = Root fillet radius

Figure 7. Standard basic rack tooth profile correspond·
1:.¥ -~1
ing to DIN 867 I
1/ Profile to DIN 867 ed

Deve1op crown gear
Datum line reference circle
Figure 10. Standard basic rack tooth profile with positive

addendum modification
Datum line
mp·n Developed crown gear
sp = - -- + 2 • x. • mp reference circle
2
mp•1t
ep = - - - - 2 • x.
haP =h~ ·mp

2
· mp
I
htp =hip· mp
hd> = 1
htp = 1 + Cp
x5 = Tooth thickness alteration factor
Other quantities as in Fig. 7 Datum line
Figure 8. Standard basic rack tooth profile with positive Figure 11. Standard basic rack tooth profile with negative
tooth thickness alteration addendum modification
Page 10 DIN 3971
N o t e : The addendum modification is stated for the 3.5.2 Crown gear angular pitch r p
tip distance R of the standard basic rack tooth profile. The crown gear angular pitch rp is the centre angle at the
Depending on the manufacturing method it either in- crown gear centre which is enclosed by two crown gear
creases steadily towards the centre of the crown gear or radii running to adjacent right-hand or left-hand flanks,
is constant at all tip distances. In the second case it is see Fig. 12. It is given by
therefore simpler to speak of the addendum modification
of the complete basic crown gear versus the reference mPt • 1t 2 • 1t
rp=---=-- (21)
cone of the bevel gear. Rp Zp
Because the reference cones of the gears have to coincide
with the pitch cones of the gear pair (see Section 3.4) a 3.5.3 Tooth thickness half angle 1/Jp
bevel gear with positive addendum modification is always (on a straight bevel gear)
mated with a bevel gear having equally large negative The tooth thickness half angle 1/fp of a straight bevel gear
addendum modification (gear train at reference centre is the centre angle at the crown gear centre which is en-
distance): closed by the tooth centre line and an adjacent right-hand
(19) or left-hand flank of the standard basic rack tooth profile,
see Fig. 12. It is given by
3.5 Parameters in the crown gear reference plane
Sp
3.5.1 Crown gear reference circle, crown gear radius Rp (22)
1/Jp = 2 • Rp
The crown gear reference circle is determined by the
number of crown gear teeth Zp and the module mPt exist-
ing on its circumference. Its radius (crown gear radius)
Rp is given by
Zp • mPt
Rp = -=--2--=..:. (20)
Straight teeth Spiral teeth

(left-hand)
Helical teeth Spiral teeth

(left-hand) (right-hand)
Figure 12. Straight, helical and spiral teeth on the crown gear
DIN 3971 Page 11
3.5.4 Tooth space half angle 'lp A tooth system is right-hand (left-hand) if, on viewing the
(on a straight bevel gear) upright tooth from the apex of the cone, the tangent to
The tooth space half angle 7Jp of a straight bevel gear is the tooth trace is disposed to the right (left) at the refer-
the centre angle at the crown gear centre which is en- ence point observed.
closed by the tooth space centre line and an adjacent 3.5.7 Facewidth b
right-hand or left-hand flank of the standard basic rack
The facewidth b is the portion of a reference cone envelope
tooth profile, see Fig. 12. It is given by
line lying between the outer and inner end faces of the
ep teeth, see Figs 1 to 3 and Fig. 12.
(23)
7Jp = 2 • Rp
3.6 Tip surface and root surface, tip cone and root cone
3.5.5 Datum tooth traces, reference tooth traces The tip surface and root surface are generally surfaces
The datum tooth traces (reference tooth traces) are the which are conical with regard to the crown gear axis or
lines of intersection of the crown gear tooth flanks (bevel cone axis; they are designated as the tip cone and root
gear tooth flanks) with the crown gear reference plane cone.
(with the reference cone). Depending on the form and The envelope surfaces on the basic crown gear determine
disposition of these lines, see Fig. 12, the following are the variation of the tooth depth along the facewidth. Since
distinguished: the tooth depths of the basic crown gear transfer directly
to the bevel gear, their parameters coincide with those of
3.5.5.1 Straight teeth, the bevel gear in Section 4.3.1.
straight bevel gears
3.6.1 Tip angle 0 8 , addendum angle ~.
With straight teeth the datum tooth traces are straight
lines passing through the crown gear centre. The angle enclosed by the gear axis and a tip cone envelope
line is the tip angle 08 , see Fig. 1.
With straight bevel gears the prolongations of the (straight)
reference tooth traces pass through the reference cone The addendum angle~. is the angle in an axial section
apex. between the tip cone envelope line and the reference cone
envelope line (the crown gear reference plane in the case
3.5.5.2 He I i c a I teeth, of a crown gear), see Figs 1 and 2.
helical bevel gears
With helical teeth the datum tooth traces are straight lines 3.6.2 Root angle Of, dedendum angle ~f
touching a circle concentric with the crown gear axis and The angle enclosed by the gear axis and a root cone enve-
lying within the tooth system. lope line is the root angle Of, see Fig. 1.
With helical bevel gears the reference tooth traces are The dedendum angle~~ is the angle in an axial section
helices on the reference cone envelope surfaces. between the root cone envelope and the reference cone
envelope line (the crown gear reference plane in the case
3.5.5.3 S p i r a I teet h,
of a crown gear), see Figs 1 and 2.
spiral bevel gears
With spiral teeth the datum tooth traces are curves having 3.6.3 Bevel gears with tapering tooth depth
various forms in the crown gear reference plane, depending Simple geometrical relationships result when the tip cone
on the manufacturing method used. Typical forms include apex and the root cone apex coincide with the reference
the circle, involute, cycloids and sinoids. cone apex in the crown gear reference plane. In this case
With spiral bevel gears the disposition of the reference
o.=o+~. (24)
tooth traces is derivable from the .datum tooth traces.
The parameters for the datum tooth traces and reference of= o- ~~. (25)
tooth traces result from the manufacturing method. and the tooth depths are proportional to the tip distanceR,
see Fig. 1.
3.5.6 Helix angle (spiral angle)p, In this case the bottom clearance is not constant. To
right-hand and left-hand teeth obtain a constant bottom clearance over the facewidth
The helix angleP is the acute angle formed at a tip dist· it is necessary for the tip cone apex to lie within the refer·
ance R between a tangent to the datum tooth trace and ence cone when the root cone apex and reference cone
the line through the tangent contact point to the crown apex coincide. This usually leads to the following being
gear centre, see Fig. 12. In the case of spiral bevel gears adopted
the helix angle is also termed the spiral angle. Oa1 = o, +~f2 (i.e. ~a1 = ~f2) (26)
On a bevel gear the helix angleP is the acute angle between
a tangent to the reference tooth trace and the reference Oa2 =02 + ~f1 (i.e. ~a2 = ~f1 ), (27)
cone envelope line through the tangent contact point. On
see Fig. 2.
straight bevel gears the helix angle Pequal to zero.
N o t e : This design allows the use of larg(!r tool radi-
The helix angles of a bevel gear may alter with the tip using without the risk of meshing interference at the inner
distance R.ln this case the characteristic helix angles and end of the tooth.
the disposition of the tooth traces shall be stated, for
example The versions according to equations (24) to (27) are to
be regarded as limiting cases of the geomet-rical design
the helix anglePp on the crown gear reference circle, or between which other versions are feasible, e.g. "inclined
the helix angle Pm at the mean cone distance, or root cone line" in which the root cone apex does not
the helix anglePe at the outer cone distance. coincide with the reference cone apex.
Page 12 DIN 3971
For bevel gears with tapering tooth depth it is usual to If the standard basic rack tooth profile is given in the
adopt as the standard basic rack tooth profile only the normal section then the transverse tooth thickness St is
cylindrical section through the basic crown gear, and hence calculated from the normal tooth thickness sn as follows
the transverse module as the datum length. Sn
s =-- (29)
3.6.4 Bevel gears with constant tooth depth t cosP
Simple geometrical relationships also exist when the tip where
angle and root angle of a gear are equal. In this case the mp•7t
tooth depth is constant over the entire facewidth; this Sn = - - + 2 • mp • (x 5 + xh • tanap). (30)
means that it is the same at each tip distance. 2
The tip angle and root angle may be the same as the refer· For the tip distances according to Sections 2.4.1 to 2.4.3
ence cone angle, see Fig. 3. In this case the tip surface and it is necessary to distinguish the following: the tooth
root surface of the basic crown gear are circular surfaces thickness se on the back cone, the tooth thickness si on
parallel to the crown gear reference plane. the inner cone distance and the tooth thickness Sm on
In the case of bevel gears with constant tooth depth the the mean cone distance.
normal section through a tooth at the mean diameter of The tooth thickness on cones other than the reference
the basic crown gear is usually taken as the standard basic cone can only be calculated in conjunction with the
rack tooth profile, and hence the normal module as the manufacturing method concerned, or approximately by
datum length. way of the equivalent cylindrical gear teeth (see Section
4.4.3).
With the tooth thickness allowances A 1 (upper allowance
Ase, lower allowance Asi) referred to the reference circle
4 Additional definitions the tooth thickness limits are found as
and parameters on a bevel gear St(e,i) = St +As (31)
All definitions in this Section .relate to the bevel gear
devoid of deviations. The equations thus apply to the No t e : It should be noted in this connection that the
nominal dimensions or the limiting dimensions of the allowances generally have negative signs so that the tooth
tooth' system. thickness limiting sizes are smaller than the nominal di-
mension.
4.1 Parameters for the tooth profile
4.2.2 Spacewidth et
4.1.1 Pressure angle a Y
The spacewidth et is the length of the reference circle arc
The pressure angle a y at any flank point Y is formed by at the tip distance R within a tooth space.
two tangents erected in this point to the spherical surface et=Pt-St (32)
surrounding the apex, one of these tangents intersecting
the gear axis whilst the other is tangent to the tooth flank. Corresponding to Section 4.2.1, the following are to be
distinguished: the spacewidth ee on the back cone, the
With helical and spiral bevel gears a distinction has to be
spacewidth ei on the inner cone distance and the space-
made between the pressure angle a yt on the spherical
width em on the mean cone distance.
surface of radiusR and the pressure angleayn in a nor·

mal section. On a straight bevel gear ayt and ayn coincide. With the tooth thickness allowance A, (upper allowance
Ase, lower allowance Asi) referred to the reference circle
4.1.2 Transverse pressure angle a the spacewidth limits are found as
The transverse pressure angle a is that pressure angle et(e,i) =et-As (33)
whose vertex lies on the reference cone. N o t e : It should be noted in this connection that the
Assuming that the standard basic rack tooth profile is allowances generally have negative signs so that the space-
given in the normal section then the transverse pressure width limiting dimensions are larger than the nominal
angle an is equal to the pressure angleap. If the standard dimension.
basic rack tooth profile is given in the cylindrical section
then the transverse pressure angle at is equal to the pres- 4.2.3 Normal chordal tooth thickness Si
sure angleap. The normal chordal tooth thickness Si is the chord of the
reference circle arc at the tip distance R between the two
4.2 Parameters for the flank spacing flanks of a tooth. It is found as
4.2.1 Transverse tooth thickness St, - d . St (34)
St = • sm-
normal tooth thickness sn d
The transverse tooth thickness St is the length of the refer- If this equation is calculated first with the upper tooth
ence circle arc at the tip distance R between the two flanks thickness limiting dimension Ste and then with the lower
of the tooth. The nominal dimension of the tooth thick- tooth thickness limiting dimension sti this yields the limit-
ness derives from the tooth thickness on the standard ing dimensions for the normal chordal tooth thickness
basic rack tooth profile and the addendum modification. and hence the normal chordal tooth thickness allowances.
If the standard basic rack tooth profile is given in the These allowances can generally be made equal to the
cylindrical section then tooth thickness allowances. It is therefore usually suffi-
cient to calculate the nominal dimension of the normal
mp•7t chordal tooth thickness and to add the tooth thickness
St = - - + 2 • mp • (x 5 + xh ·tan ap). (28)
2 allowances to this.
DIN 3971 Page 13
Only with small numbers of teeth may it be necessary to 4.4.3 Equivalent cylindrical gear teeth
calculate the normal chordal tooth thickness allowances. If a complementary cone with its teeth, which result from
For this purpose it is usually sufficient to convert with intersection with the cone, is developed into a plane the
the aid of the allowance factor Ai"
which gives the ratio result is a virtual equivalent cylindrical gear with involute
of a normal chordal tooth thickness allowance A ito the teeth which can be regarded as an approximation of the
tooth thickness allowance As. The allowance factor is bevel gear teeth. The equivalent cylindrical gear teeth can
be used for investigating the meshing conditions and the
* A& s, tooth flank forms; quantities on this virtual tooth system
A-=-=cos- (35)
s As d are designated by the subscript v. The quantities mainly
involved are as follows:
4.2.4 Height ha above the chord st
The height i "a above the chord Si is stated at tip distance 4.4.3.1 R e f e r e n c e d i a m e t e r dv
R in the middle of the tooth perpendicular to the refer· The length of the cone envelope line between the com·
ence cone envelope line. Starting from the tip circle of plementary cone apex and the reference circle of the bevel
the complementary cone it is found as gear at the tip distance R is half the reference diameter
-h = h + d
a a
-2 • ( 1 - cos-
d
s,) • cosd (36)
dv of the virtual equivalent cylindrical gear tooth system.
d
d =- (41)
For a straight bevel gear the values for the transverse sec· v cosd
Fa
tion !t and can be measured direct. In the case of helical
4.4.3.2 N u m b e r o f t e e t h Zv
and spiral bevel gears the measurement is generally made
on a normal section, so that the nominal dimensions have The number of teeth Zv is that number of teeth which,
to be determined first, for example from the equivalent multiplied by the reference circle pitch Pt, yields the
cylindrical gear teeth. circumference of the reference circle of the virtual equiv·
alent cylindrical gear tooth system.
4.3 Parameters for tooth tip and tooth root
dv • 7t Z
4.3.1 Addendum ha, dedendum ht z =--=-- (42)
v Pt cosd
The addendum ha and dedendum ht are stated from the
reference cone and ar~ determined by the corresponding No t e : In the case of helical and spiral bevel gears it is
quantities of the standard basic rack tooth profile. necessary to distinguish between the number of teeth zv
For bevel gears having the tip cone apex coincident with arising in the plane of the developed back cone~ and the
the reference cone apex the following relationship exists number of teeth Zvn ruling for a normal section of the
ha = R • tan"a (37) virtual equivalent cylindrical gear tooth system.
For bevel gears having the root cone apex coincident with
the reference cone apex the following relationship exists The following can be taken as an approximation:
ht = R • tan "f (38)
z =-----
z
(43)
4.3.2 Tip circle, tip diameter da vn cosd • cos3p
The tip circle is that circle on the tip cone on whose cir·
cumference at tip distance R the tooth tip edges lie, see 4.4.3.3 T i p d i a m e t e r dv~
Figs 1 to 3. For example, at tip distance Re the tip diam· The length of the envelope line between the complemen·
eter dae is tary cone apex and the tip circle of the bevel gear is half
dae =de+ 2 • hae • cosd (39) the tip diameter dva of the virtual equivalent cylindrical
gear tooth system.
4.3.3 Root circle, root diameter dt (44)
The root circle is the circle on the root cone at tip dist·
ance R, see Figs 1 to 3. For example, at tip distance Re
4.4.3.4 R o o t d i a m e t e r dvt
the root diameter dre is
The length of the envelope line between the complemen·
dte =de- 2 • hte • cosd (40) tary cone apex and the root circle of the bevel gear is half
the root diameter dvt of the virtual equivalent cylindrical
4.4 Parameters on the complementary cone gear tooth system.
4.4.1 Complementary cone
dvt = dv- 2 • ht (45)
The complementary cone is that cone surrounding the
gear axis whose envelope lines are disposed perpendicular
4.4.3.5 B a s e d i a m e t e r dvb
to the reference cone envelope lines at a given tip dist·
ance R. For approximate representation in drawings and for the
manufacture of templates and patterns the virtual equiv·
4.4.2 Back cone alent cylindrical gear tooth system is usually regarded as
The complementary cone whose envelope lines meet the an involute tooth system with parameters according to
reference cone at right angles in the outer cone distance Section 4.4.3.1 to 4.4.3.4 and a standard basic rack tooth
Re is termed the back cone, see Figs 1 to 3. All parameters profile according to Section 3.4. The corresponding base
on the back cone are designated by the subscript e and diameter dvb is found from
parameters on another complementary cone by the appro·
priate subscript. dvb = dv • cos a. (46)
Page 14 DIN 3971
Reference
Auxiliary face 2 face
Reference
face
Figure 13. Reference face and auxiliary face on a bevel Figure 14. Reference face and two auxiliary faces on a
gear, Example 1 bevel gear, Example 2
Back face
Auxiliary face
Figure 15. Reference face and auxiliary face on a bevel

gear, Example 3
4.4.3.6 C o m p I e m e n t a r y c o n e a n g I e ov 4.5.3 Auxiliary plane distance t 8

The complementary cone angle Ov is the acute angle be- The auxiliary plane distance t 8 is the distance between
tween a complementary cone envelope line and the gear the reference face and a freely selectable auxiliary plane
axis. perpendicular to the gear axis.
(47)
4.5 Reference faces

The reference face is a freely selectable plane perpendic- 5 Special definitions and parameters
ular to the gear axis, see Figs 13 to 15. Instead of the for a bevel gear pair (hypoid gear pair)
reference cone apex, which is not physically present on It is appropriate at this point to refer to the parameters
the bevel gear, it is the surface to which the tooth system of a bevel gear pair dealt with in DIN 868.
is related during manufacture, measurement and mount-
ing. Special parameters of a bevel gear pair (gear axes inter-
secting) and of a hypoid gear pair (gear axes non-inter-
4.5.1 Apex to back distance tB secting) are the shaft angle and the offset respectively.
The apex to back distance tB is the distance between the All definitions in this Section relate to a beve·l gear pair
reference cone apex and the reference face. This length or hypoid gear pair devoid of deviations.
is needed as a reference dimension for the manufacture,
testing and mounting of the bevel gear. 5.1 Shaft angle E
The shaft angle E of a bevel gear pair is that angle between
4.5.2 Tip distance tE the two gear axes which faces the tooth engagement.
The tip distance tE is the distance between the tip circle
on the back cone and the reference face. {48)
DIN 3g71 Page 15
For any shaft angle E the following apply volved. The pinion is usually designed as a normal cylin-
drical gear with involute teeth and the mating gear as a
sinE crown gear with constant tooth depth. The two gears are
tan «5 1 = ,., (4g)
COS.w+U to be regarded as bevel gears with continuously altering
sinE addendum modification. The crown gear has a small face-
tan «5 2 = - - - - (50) width to avoid undercutting and pointing of the teeth. It
1
cosE +- is usually designated as a crown gear.
u
For shaft angle E = goo 5.4 Traction flank, thrust flank
1 With spiral gears the loading conditions are generally more
tan «5 1 =- (51)
u favourable when the concave pinion flank transmits the
tan «5 2 = u (52) drive, i.e. when the direction of rotation and the tooth
trace direction (spiral direction) of the driving pinion are
The shaft angle E of a hypoid gear pair is that crossing the same. Application in automotive transmissions has led
angle of the two gear axes which faces the tooth engage- to this flank of the pinion tooth being adopted for trac-
ment. tion operation and the other flank for thrust operation.
The differentiation between traction flanks and thrust
5.2 Offset a flanks has in the meantime become generally accepted
The offset a of a hypoid gear pair is the crossing distance and independently of the drive direction the following
of the two gear axes. designations are used
For a bevel gear pair a = 0. on the pinion the concave flank as traction flank
the convex flank as thrust flank
5.3 Contrate gear pair, crown gear
on the crown gear the concave flank as thrust flank
The contrate gear pair (see DIN 868) having conical pitch
the convex flank as traction flank.
surfaces is mainly used in light precision engineering when
relativel-y large ratios and a shaft angle E = goo are in-
Flank No 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Pitch No. 1 213 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12,13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021
a n rl-r; :n
+
.._<>.
IU
n
u u uIU ll -
n
/ct
" u
u
In
u
nn IT t '
...,
J" ~ rt. ~ 11
rs
b
w
l~llRh
ll.."-
\ l !J
,..
~n
u-U
1\ - C\1
r j'"1.. u-
a) Individual pitch deviations {p drawn as vertical b locks
between the flank numbers 1\ ~
Rp pitch fluctuation "",.'!!c:
fu pitch error (in this case between pitches No. 20 c In In ""'
1:l
~
In
11 ij ~
and 21, i.e. on flank No. 20)
b) Cumulative pitch deviations referred to flank No . 21,
0)
ffi
drawn as staircase diagram
F P total pitch deviation \ ""c:
,.'!!
""'
c) Pitch-span deviations over spans of k = 3 individ ual
pitches each, drawn as vertical blocks in the mid die of
the spans I /
[/
~
I
d ca.
d) Cumulative pitch-span deviations, calculated fro m the I/ II..
span deviations of Fig. c, referred to flank No. 21,
drawn as staircase diagram (with correspondingly large
step width)
rv
Figure 16. Graphical representation of circular p itch l J
deviations (example: z = 21)
Page 16 DIN 3971
6 Deviations 6.1.3 Total pitch deviation Fp

of the parameters of bevel gear teeth The largest cumulative pitch deviation (pitch-span
The definitions of this Section deal with the deviations deviation) of a bevel gear is termed the total pitch
of individual parameters of a bevel gear tooth system deviation Fp. It is stated without sign and results from
from their nominal dimensions which are referred to the the cumulative pitch deviations as the difference between
reference cone. the algebraically largest and the algebraically smallest
value.
Individual deviation f is the term.applied to deviations
affecting individual parameters of the tooth system, such 6.1.4 Pitch fluctuation Rp
as pitch, profile form and helix angle. A total deviation The pitch fluctuation Rp is the difference between the
(cumulative deviation) F comprises the combined effects largest and the smallest actual dimension of the pitches
of several individual deviations. of the right-hand or left-hand flanks of a bevel gear.
During the manufacturing process pinions and mating The pitch fluctuation Rp can be determined directly from
gears are usually matched to one another and the bevel the values found by a circular pitch measurement without
gears are then tested and supplied in pairs. Subject to knowledge of the individual pitch deviations fp-
these preconditions it is permissible for certain param·
eters such as the transverse pressure angle, helix angle al;ld 6.1.5 ~itch error f u
tooth thickness to assume larger deviations than are ac· A pitch error f u is the difference between the actual dim·
ceptable for bevel gears which are required to be individ- ensions of two successive pitches of the right-hand or left·
ually interchangeable. hand flanks on the bevel gear.
For general information on deviations see DIN 7182 Part 1. Pitch errors are obtained directly from circular pitch
measurements as differences between the measured values
6.1 Circular pitch deviations of pairs of adjacent pitches.
The circular pitch deviations, or pitch deviations for short,
6.2 Flank deviations
are generally me~sured on the mean cone distance Rm
on the reference circle (or on another circle, termed the Flank deviations are the deviations of the tooth flanks
measurement circle, as near as possible thereto). from the nominal flank form occurring within the flank
test range on the gear and determined by the parameters
The effects of eccentricity of tlie tooth system and of
and the manufacturing method.
profile deviations also enter into the values thus measured.
In specifically positioned sections the flank deviations
See Fig. 16 for graphical representation of circular pitch
are either measured directly or determined from a net·
deviations.
work of measured points spread over the flank. The plane
6.1.1 Individual pitch deviations{p representations of the flank sections are the flank test
An individual pitch deviation{p is the difference between diagrams.
the actual dimension of an individual reference circle The flank test range generally comprises the area of the
pitch and the nominal dimension Pt- On a bevel gear with usable flank (usable height and width of the flank). Con-
z teeth there are z individual pitch deviations of the right· trary to this it may be specially agreed for the acceptance
hand flanks and the same number for the left-hand flanks. testing of a gear.
The deviations {pare found as the differences between
the individual values measured and the average of all z 6.2.1 Deviations of the transverse profile
measured values. Deviations of the transverse profile are the flank deviations
6.1.2 Pitch-span deviations in transverse sections. They are determined at specific tip
(cumulative pitch deviations) F pk distances.
A pitch-span deviation (cumulative pitch deviation) Fpk The following are distinguished:
is the deviation of the actual dimension of a pitch span 6.2.1.1 T o t a I p r o f i I e d e v i a t i o n Ft
over k individual pitches from its nominal dimension. The total profile deviation Ft of a tooth flank is the dist·
Assuming that the uncertainty of measurement is suffi· ance between the two nominal profiles touching and
ciently small, it is also found as the algebraic sum of the k enclosing the tooth flank within the profile test range.
individual pitch deviations comprised in the span: N o t e : In a test diagram according to Fig. 17 the total
(53) profile deviation Ft is the distance, read off at right angles
to the trace direction, between the line AA and the line
A~' parallel thereto which are drawn through the outer-
In the deviations of all pitch spans are calculated on the most points of the test diagram within the profile test
basis of a given reference flank or from the individual range. The lines AA and A~'present the nominal profiles.
deyiations f P according to equation (53) and potted versus
the corresponding tooth numbers, the resulting cumulative 6.2.1.2 P r o f i I e f o r m d e v i a t i o n ft
pitch deviations according to Fig. 16 bare obtained. The profile form deviation ft of a tooth flank is the dist·
The values plotted in Fig. 16 b represent the position ance between the two imaginary averaging profiles which
deviations of the tooth flanks on the reference circle in touch and enclose the actual profile within the profile
terms of an imaginary zero-deviation circular pitch having test range.
z uniformly distributed pitch points-one of which coin- No t e : In a test diagram according to Fig. 17 the profile
cides with the reference flank. From the series of these form deviation ft is the distance, read off at right angles
values it is possible to find all z individual pitch deviations to the trace direction, between the lines 8'8' and 8"8"
and all pitch-span deviations as differences. which touch and enclose the recorded actul!lprofile within
DIN 3971 Page 17
c-~~~~~----=-..::::::!::::::::::=----------l___lc·
A~--~~=---=----------------------------+----~
Trace direction
Test range L --
Profile Tooth trace Generator
CD Total profile deviation Ft Total tooth trace deviation Fp Total generator deviation FE
® Profile angle deviation fHa. Tooth trace angle deviation fHp Generator angle deviation fHE
® Profile form deviation ft Tooth trace form deviation /j3t Generator form dl!viation fEt
Test range Profile test range La. Tooth trace test range L 13 Generator test range LE
BB Averaging actual profile Averaging actual tooth trace Averaging actual generator
AA,A'A' Nominal profiles Nominal tooth traces Nominal generator

enveloping the actual flank
B'B', B"B" Actual profiles. I Actual tooth traces Actual generator

enveloping the actual flank
C'C', C"C" Nominal profiles I

Nominal tooth traces Nominal generator
which intersect the actual generators or tooth traces at the starting or finishing points of the test range
Figure 17. Flank deviations - Test diagram and survey of deviations
the profile test range. The lines 8'8' and 8"8" are para/· The following distinctions are made:
leis to the line 88 which is drawn as an averaging line
through the test diagram. 6.2.2.1 T o t a I t o o t h t r a c e d e v i a t i o n Fp
The total tooth trace deviation Fp' of a tooth flank is the
6.2.1.3 Profile angle deviation fHa.
distance between the two nominal tooth traces which
The profile angle deviation fHa. of a tooth flank is the
touch and enclose the tooth flank within the tooth trace
distance between the two nominal profiles which intersect test range.
the imaginary averaging profile at the starting and finishing
Note: lnatestdiagramaccordingtoFig. 17the tooth
points respectively of the profile test range. The profile
trace total deviation Fp is the distance, read off at right
angle deviation f Ha. is normally stated in JJm as the length
angles to the trace direction, between the line AA and the
assigned to the profile test range.
line A 'A' parallel thereto which are drawn through the
No t e : In a test diagram according to Fig. 17 the profile outermost points of the test diagram within the tooth
angle deviation f Ha is the distance, read off at right angles trace test range. The lines AA and A 'A' represent the
to the trace direction, between the lines C'C' and C"C" nominal tooth traces.
which are parallel to the line AA and which intersect the
averaging line 88 at the starting and finishing points of 6.2.2.2 T o o t h t r a c e f o r m d e v i a t i o n fpt
the profile test range. The tooth trace form deviation fpt of a tooth flank is the
distance between the two imaginary averaging tooth traces
6.2.1.4 T r a n s v e r s e
which touch and enclose the actual tooth trace within the
pressure angle deviation fa
tooth trace test range.
The transverse pressure angle deviation fa is the differ·
Note: lnatestdiagramaccordingto Fig. 17 the tooth
ence between the actual transverse pressure angle and the trace form deviation fpt is the distance, read off at right
nominal transverse pressure angle. It is found by conver- angles to the trace direction, between the lines 8'8' and
sion from the profile angle deviation fHa and for this 8"8" which touch and enclose the actual tooth trace
purpose consideration must be given to the bevel gear within the tooth trace test range. The lines 8'8' and 8"8"
manufacturing process and the measuring method. are parallels to the line 88 which is drawn through the
6.2.2 Deviations of the tooth traces test diagram as the averaging line.
Deviations of the tooth traces are the tooth trace devia- 6.2.2.3 Tooth trace an g I e de v i at ion fHp
tions tangential to the reference cone or to a cone coaxial The tooth trace angle deviation fHj} of a tooth trace is
thereto having its apex coincident with the reference the distance between the two nominal tooth traces which
cone apex. intersect the imaginary averaging tooth trace at the start-
Page 18 DIN 3971
ing or finishing points of the tooth trace test range. The Wobble in gear teeth results from the axis of the pitch
tooth trace angle deviation fHj3 is generally stated in 1-1m cone on which the teeth were generated not coinciding
as the length assigned to the tooth trace test range. with the gear axis; instead the axes intersect, cross one
N o t e : In a test diagram according to Fig. 17 the tooth another or are parallel with one another.
trace angle deviation fHj3 is the distance, read off at right
angles to the trace direction, between the lines C'C' and 6.4 Tooth thickness fluctuation R 5
C"C" which are parallel to the line AA and intersect the The tooth thickness fluctuation R 5 is the difference be·
averaging line 88 at the starting and finishing points of tween the largest and smallest tooth thickness sofa gear.
the tooth trace test range. The normal chordal tooth thickness fluctuation Rs can
6.2.2.4 H e I i x a n g I e d e v i a t i o n generally be put equal to the tooth thickness fluctua-
( s p i r a I a n g I e d e v i a t i o n) fp tion R 5 •
The helix angle deviation (spiral angle deviation) fp is the
difference between the actual helix angle and the nominal 6.5 Backlash fluctuation Ri
helix angle. It is found by conversion from the tooth trace The backlash fluctuation Ri (circumferential backlash
angle deviation fHj3 and for this purpose consideration fluctuation Rit• normal backlash fluctuation Rinl is the
must be given to the bevel gear manufacturing process difference between the largest and smallest backlash oc-
and the measurement method. curing in a gear pair in the installed condition.
A helix angle deviation is termed positive if the actual
helix angle is larger than the nominal helix angle; in the 7 Working deviations
opposite case it is negative. In a working test gear teeth are meshed with their mating
6.3 Concentricity deviation F r, wobble of the gear teeth teeth and the combined effects of their individual geomet-
The concentricity deviation is the difference in position, rical (individual deviations) on the working action are
measured at right angles to the reference cone envelope determined as the working deviation, see Fig. 18.
line, of a measuring element (e.g. a measuring ball) which In the single-flank working test two bevel gears are meshed
is inserted successively into all tooth spaces and which with one another at the prescribed shaft angle and apex
contacts the tooth flank near the reference cone, the gear to back distance with either the right flanks or left flanks
being rotatably mounted for this purpose in its guidance in continuous engagement (single-flank engagement. The
axis. The largest difference between the measured values si~gle-flank working deviations of the right flanks of a
occuring at the gear periphery is designated as Fr. It is gear are generally different from those of the left flanks.
appropriate to make the measurement near both the outer From a given starting position the deviations in the angle
and the inner cone distance. From these two measure· of rotation, that is to say the deviations in the angular
ments the wobble of the tooth system is found. positions of one of the gears compared with the theoreti·
revo Iut1on
. o f t he test gear
80
~m
60
I &
50
~ d- ~ I'¥ 'I' IIV v 1\¥1:\li I
v ~~
(,'
I
~Q. "
40 v
_j Pd
v
Lt:-
v
~
~ t
:J)
20 Ll.. l.Jp...;f -v v v v v v
! ~ --- ~ ~t\.
10
0
1 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Tooth No.1 25
Chart feed direction
~ 1\ A /\. 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\. 1\ " A. /\. A. A. 1\. f\ /\.1

~ VV VV\J v-v~-v \T~v~ v~, V~ V V \/~
1\ 1\ /'\. 1\:.ko Jr·
Fi Single-flank working deviation fi Single-flank working error
Fj, Cumulative working pitch deviation fp Individual working deviation
Figure 18. Strip type single-flank working test diagrams of a gear

DIN 3971 Page 19
cal positions as given by the mating gear and the gear ratio, 7.2 Cumulative working pitch deviation F(,
are determined. This requires a reference measuring system The cumulative working pitch deviation F ~ is the long-
in which the zero-deviation angular positions (theoretical undulation component in the test diagram of the single-
positions) can be implemented. flank working deviations. This component can be obtained
The working deviations can be attributed to a bevel gear from the test diagram produced during the single-flank
(the test gear) if the mating gear used is a master bevel working test by drawing in an "averaging line" with which
gear whose deviations are negligible compared with the the short-undulation components are suppressed. The
deviations of the test gear. "averaging line" has an essentially sinusoidal character-
If the deviations of the mating gear are not negligibly istic of one cycle per gear circumference. The cumulative
small (e.g. in a working test on two gears of a gear train) working pitch deviation Ff, is the difference (determined
it is only possible to assign the working deviations to the radially or in the ordinate direction) between the highest
gear pair jointly. and the lowest point of the averaging line, see Fig. 18.
A two-flank working test, see DIN 3960, is generally not
7.3 Individual working deviation f(,
meaningful for bevel gears because the intended trans-
mission of rotary motion only takes place at the prescribed Individual working deviations{(, are the short-undulation
shaft angle and at specified apex to back distances. Any components in the test diagram of the single-flank work-
alteration of these sizes simulates deviations which are ing deviations. They result from the differences between
non-existent and existing deviations are suppressed. the recorded test trace and the "averaging line" accord-
ing to Section 6.2. The periodicity of the short-undulation
If for special reasons it is nevertheless decided to apply
components per gear circumference agrees in many cases
the two-flank working test in which, according to the
with the number of teeth of the test gear. These compo-
type of measuring instrument used, the alteration of the
nents may, however, also contain the effects of undula-
shaft angle or the alteration of the tip distance of a refer-
ence cone is measured on the mated bevel gears, then the tions in the profile form deviations or tooth trace form
deviations. The individual working deviation f~ is the
definitions of the two-flank working test according to
DIN 3960 are applicable as appropriate. difference between the highest and the lowest point in
the trace of the short-undulation components, see Fig. 18.
The two-flank working test allows mainly concentricity The cumulative working pitch deviation F~ and the indi-
deviations to be determined. vidual working pitch deviation f~ together yield approxi-
mately the single-flank working deviation F;.
7.1 Single-flank working deviation Fi
The single-flank working deviation Fi is the fluctuation 7.4 Single-flank working error fi
of the actual angular positions compared with the theoreti- The single-flank working error fi is the largest difference
cal angular positions. It is found as the difference (sum which occurs in the angular position deviations within an
of the absolute amounts) of the largest leading and the angle of rotation corresponding to the duration of a tooth
largest lagging angular position deviation compared with engagement, see Fig. 18.
a starting position within one revolution of the test gear.
In a circular test diagram the working deviation Fi is the
difference between the largest and the smallest distance 8 Position deviations
and allowances for a gear pair
of the recorded test trace from the axis of rotation of the

test diagram chart. In the case of a strip type test diagram The deviations of the gear axis positions from their theo-
the working deviation Fi is the difference between the retical positions are referred to two planes, see Fig. 19:
largest and the smallest ordinate of the test trace, see namely plane II which contains the actual position of
Fig. 18. gear axis 2 and runs parallel to, or contains, the actual
Gear axis 2
(theoretical position =
actual position) Gear axis 1'
(actual position)
Figure 19. Position deviations of the gear axes of a bevel gear pair
Page 20 DIN 3971
position of gear axis 1, and plane I which is at right angles 8.3 Contact pattern
to plane II, encloses with gear axis 2 the nominal shaft As a result of desired and undesired deviations in the gear
angle E and intersects this axis at the root pointS of the teeth as well as deviations in the gear positions and as a
crossing distance of the two gear axes. The position of consequence of operating factors a tooth flank will not
gear axis 2 is thus assumed to be devoid of deviation; the be contacted by the mating flanks in all points of its active
deviations are referred to gear axis 1 the actual position range. The contact pattern denotes that area of a tooth
of which is denoted io Fig. 19 by 1'. flank in which contact with the mating flanks takes place.
N o t e : The position deviations remain the same if the To identify the position of the contact pattern on a tooth
position of gear axis 1 is regarded as devoid of deviation flank the following designations are used, see Fig. 20:
and the deviations are referred to gear axis 2. tip (contact pattern lies on the tip),
root (contact pattern lies on the root),
outside (contact pattern Iies on the outer end of the
8.1 Shaft angle deviation fr,. tooth),
shaft angle allowance A r.
inside (contact pattern lies on the inner end of the
The shaft angle deviation fr, is the difference between the tooth),
shaft angle of the two gear axes in their actual positions
and the theoretical value of this angle, see Fig. 19. centre (contact pattern lies in the central of the tooth
flank),
The permissible shaft angle deviations give the shaft angle
inclined (contact pattern extends obliquely over a tooth
allowances Ar,.
flank).
To identify the form of contact pattern the following
8.2 Axis intersection point deviation designations are used:
(offset deviation) f •• axis intersection pad type,
point allowance (offset allowance) Aa elliptical or semi-elliptical,
The axis intersection point deviation fa of a bevel gear trapezoidal,
pair is the crossing distance of the two gear axes in their wedge type,
actual positions, see Fig. 19. linear type,
The offset deviation fa of a hypoid gear pair is the differ- short,
ence between the crossing distance of the two gear axes
in their actual positions and the theoretical crossing dist- full,
ance. narrow,
The permissible axis intersection point deviations (offset deep.
deviations) give the axis intersection point allowances Some example of contact patterns and their designations
(offset allowances) A •. are given in Fig. 21.
Tooth centre
Concave tooth flank
·oe /
\(\~~ ·-----;;---::--~~\
Tip ·oe tooth end
f """"'-Root __
Convex tooth flank "'" ~
Tooth centre
Figure 20. Designations on the tooth flanks of a spiral bevel gear
DIN 3971 Page 21
Centre contact, pad type Inner contact, pad type
Short inner contact, semi-elliptical Short outer contact, semi-elliptical
Short centre contact Full-width contact
Narrow contact Deep contact
Tip contact Root contact
Diagonal contact Alternating tip-root contact

Inclined contact Inclined contact
Trapezoidal centre contact (tapering to tip) Trapezoidal centre contact (tapering to root)
Wedge type centre contact (tapering to tip) Wedge type centre contact (tapering to root)
One-sided linear contact on convex tip, elliptical One-sided linear contact on concave root, ellip-
centre contact on concave flank tical centre contact on convex flank
Figure 21. Example of designations of contact pattern on spiral bevel gears

Page 22 DIN 3971
Alphabetical index
The figures following the entries are the Section numbers.
Addendum 4.3.1 Individual pitch deviation 6.1.1
Addendum angle 3.6.1 Individual working deviations 7.3
Addendum modification 3.4.4 Inner cone distance 2.4.2
Addendum modification coefficient 3.4.4 Left-hand teeth 3.5.6
Allowance factors 4.2.3
Mating crown gear 3.1
Allowances for a gear pair 8
Mean cone distance 2.4.3
Angle units 1.3
Module 3.3
Angular pitch 2.5
Apex to back distance 4.5.1 Normal backlash fluctuation 6.5
Auxiliary plane distance 4.5.3 Normal chordal tooth thickness 4.2.3
Axis intersection point allowance 8.2 Normal chordal tooth thickness allowances 4.2.3
Axis intersection point deviation 8.2 Normal pitch 2.5.3
Normal tooth thickness 4.2.1
Back cone 4.2.2
Number of crown gear teeth 3.2
Backlash fluctuation 6.5
Number of teeth 4.4.3.2
Base diameter 4.4.3.5
Basic crown gear 3.1 Octoid teeth 3.4
Bevel gears with constant tooth depth 3.6.4 Offset 5.2
Bevel gears with tapering tooth depth 3.6.3 Outer cone distance 2.4.1
Circular pitch deviations 6.1 Parameters in the crown gear reference plane 3.5
Circumferential backlash fluctuation 6.5 Pitch 2.5
Complementary cone 4.4.1 Pitch cone 3.4
Complementary cone angle 4.4.3.6 Pitch error 6.1.5
Concentricity deviation 6.3 Pitch fluctuation 6.1.4
Cone distance 2.4 Pitch-span deviation 6.1.2
Constant tooth depth 3.6.4 Position deviations for a gear pair 8
Contact pattern 8.3 Pressure angle 3.4, 4.1.1
Contrate gear 5.3 Profile angle deviation 6.2.1.3
Crown gear 5.3 Profile form deviation 6.2.1.2
Crown gear angular pitch 3.5.2 Reference circle 2.2
Crown gear radius 3.5.1 Reference circle pitch 2.5.2
. Crown gear reference circle 3.5.1 Reference circle plane 2.3

Crown gear reference plane 3.1 Reference cone 2.1
Crown gear teeth 3.1 Reference cone angle 2.1
Cumulative pitch deviation 6.1.2 Reference diameter 2.2, 4.4.3.1
Cumulative working pitch deviation 7.2 Reference face 4.5
Datum line 3.4 Reference surface 2.1
Dedendum 4.3.1 Reference tooth traces 3.5.5
Deviations of the parameters of bevel gear teeth 6 Right-hand teeth 3.5.6
Deviations of the tooth traces 6.2.2 Root angle 3.6.2
Deviations of the transverse profile 6.2.1 Root circle 4.3.3
Root cone 3.6
Equivalent cylindrical gear teeth 4.4.3
Root diameter 4.3.3, 4.4.3.4
Facewidth 3.5.7 Root surface 3.6
Flank deviations 6.2
Shaft angle 5.1
Flank spacing 4.2
Shaft angle allowance 8.1
Height above chord 4.2.4 Shaft angle deviation 8.1
Helical bevel gears 3.5.5.2 Single-flank working deviation 7.1
Helical teeth 3.5.5.2 Single-flank working error 7.4
Helix angle 3.5.6 Spacewidth 4.2.2
Helix angle deviation 6.2.2.4 Spherical involute 3.4
Hypoid gear pair 5 Spiral angle 3.5.6
DIN 3971 Page 23
Spiral angle deviation 6.2.2.4 Tooth space half angle 3.5.4

Spiral bevel gears 3.5.5.3 Tooth thickness 4.2.1
Spiral teeth 3.5.5.3 Tooth thickness allowances 4.2.1, 4.2.2
Standard basic rack tooth profile 3.4 Tooth thickness alteration 3.4.2
Standard basic rack tooth profile Tooth thickness fluctuation 6.4
with tooth depth alteration 3.4.3 Tooth thickness half angle 3.5.3
Standard basic rack tooth profile Tooth trace angle deviation 6.2.2.3
with tooth thickness alteration 3.4.2 Tooth trace form deviation 6.2.2.2
Straight bevel gears 3.5.5.1 Tooth traces 3.5.5
Straight teeth 3.5.5.1 Total pitch deviation 6.1.3
Subscripts 1.2 Total profile deviation 6.2.1.1
Total tooth trace deviation 6.2.2.1
Tapering tooth depth 3.6.3 Traction flank 5.4
Thrust flank 5.4 Transverse pitch angle 2.5.1
Tip angle 3.6.1 Transverse pressure angle 4.1.2
Tip circle 4.3.2 Transverse pressure angle deviation 6.2.1.4
Tip cone 3.6 Transverse tooth thickness 4.2.1
Tip diameter 4.3.2, 4.4.3.3
Units 1.3
Tip distance 2.4, 4.5.2
Tip surface 3.6 Virtual equivalent cylindrical gear 4.4.3
Tooth depth alteration 3.4.3 Wobble of gear teeth 6.3
Tooth profile 4.1 Working deviations 7
Further Standards
DIN 867 Basic rack of cylindrical gears with involute teeth for general and heavy engineering
DIN 3960 Definitions and Parameters for cylindrical gears and cylindrical gear pairs with involute teeth
DIN 3966 Part 2 Information on gear teeth in drawings; information on straight bevel gear teeth
DIN 3975 Definitions and Parameters for cylindrical worm gear trains with shaft angle 900
Page 24 DIN 3971
Explanations
This Standard contains the terminological principles national Standards. This makes the relevant national publi-
which are of importance for manufacturers and users of cations more readily understandable worldwide. In the
bevel gear trains and for the theoretical treatment of bevel interests of these efforts it has also been necessary to
gear teeth. Compared with the previous issue of this Stand· modify certain symbols and subscripts for the new issue
ard (May 1956) the definitions and parameters have been of DIN 3971.
completely revised with the result that consideration is
now also given to bevel gear pairs with helical and spiral Important changes to symbols are as follows:
teeth. Among other changes this has entailed new defini- e instead of I for the spacewidth,
tions for the standard basic rack tooth profile which now
p instead of t for the pitches,
reflect the differing modes of operation of the gearcutting
machines. It was, however, not possible to deal with the '7 instead of A. for the tooth space half angle,
special features of the respective manufacturing processes ~ instead of x for the tip angle and root angle,
-more especially for spiral teeth. For this purpose refer- E instead of oA for the shaft angle.
ence should be made to the relevant information provided As regards the subscripts, the following alterations need
by the gearcutting machine manufacturers. to be emphasized:
The general definitions for gears and gear pairs dealt with a instead of k for parameters at the tooth tip,
in DIN 868 also contained definitions for bevel gears and
e instead of a for parameters on the outer cone dist-
bevel gear pairs. These definitions are only discussed here
ance,
in cases where this was deemed necessary from the view-
point of giving this Standard a self-contained structure. t instead of s for parameters in a transverse section,
When using this Standard it may therefore be necessary v instead of r for parameters on the back cone,
to consult DIN 868 also. In this Standard reference is P instead of p' for the crown gear or standard basic
likewise made to certain definitions from DIN 3960 which rack tooth profile.
are also applicable as appropriate to bevel gear teeth.
As customary in production engineering, definitions in- A further important point is that the subscript 0 (zero) is
corporating" ... fault" have been avoided in DIN 3971 now used for parameters on the generating tool; previously
also, and instead definitions featuring" ... deviation" or this subscript denoted parameters on the reference circle
" ... allowance have been adopted. For example, "pitch or reference cone. It is now laid down that parameters on
fault" and "shaft angle fault" have been replaced by the reference cone are to be stated without subscript or
"pitch deviation" or "shaft angle deviation", and "tooth only with the subscript of the corresponding tip distance
thickness fault" by "tooth thickness allowance". It has R; for example, de denotes the outer reference diameter.
also been necessary in some cases to use other symbols For denoting parameters on a cone other than the refer-
for these parameters. ence cone the corresponding subscripts are to be used,
whilst for parameters at any flank point or tip distance
The international Standards and Recommendations on
the subscript y is to b& adopted (for example: dye or day).
the terminology of gear teeth which appeared some years
ago, and more especially ISO 701 -1976 and ISO/A The terminology compiled in the Recommendation
ISO/A 1122-1969 is listed in German in DIN 3998
1122-1969, have made it necessary to undertake drastic

changes in the German Standards also, mainly in connec- Part 3 alongside the corresponding English and French
tion with the symbols. The international provisions have equivalents insofar as it affects this Standard. For dealing
been taken into account in the basic Standards Dl N 3998 with the foreign-language literature, therefore, this Stand-
and DIN 3999; in DIN 3999 the structuring of the sym- ard also should be consulted.
bols is also explained. The object of the internationally For information on straight bevel gear teeth in drawings
adopted provisions was to establish uniform definitions see DIN 3966 Part 2. For spiral bevel gear teeth the draw-
for the principal parameters and to determine the symbols ing data of the gearcutting machine manufacturers should
in such a manner that they can be used in all associated be observed.

DIN 3971 1980-07 Bevel Gear Parameters

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UDC 621.833.2:001.

4 DEUTSCHE NORMEN July1980

1 Symbols, designations, units . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2 Parameters for the flank spacing . . . . . 12

in the crown gear reference plane . . . . 10 6.2 Flank deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1 Symbols, designations, units A Allowance

c Bottom clearance Fj, Cumulative working pitch deviation

h. Addendum E Shaft angle

(prad), of teeth z and the reference circle pitch Pt; alternatively

Outer reference circle plane

3 Definitions cone distance, differentiated where necessary as the trans-

Tip surface Reference surface

Figure 4. Bevel gear and basic crown gear

tooth depth alterations according to Sections 3.4.2 and

<!tP = Root fillet radius

1/ Profile to DIN 867 ed

Figure 10. Standard basic rack tooth profile with positive

haP =h~ ·mp

Straight teeth Spiral teeth

Helical teeth Spiral teeth

surface of radiusR and the pressure angleayn in a nor·

Figure 15. Reference face and auxiliary face on a bevel

4.4.3.6 C o m p I e m e n t a r y c o n e a n g I e ov 4.5.3 Auxiliary plane distance t 8

4.5 Reference faces

6 Deviations 6.1.3 Total pitch deviation Fp

AA,A'A' Nominal profiles Nominal tooth traces Nominal generator

B'B', B"B" Actual profiles. I Actual tooth traces Actual generator

C'C', C"C" Nominal profiles I

Figure 17. Flank deviations - Test diagram and survey of deviations

~ 1\ A /\. 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\. 1\ " A. /\. A. A. 1\. f\ /\.1

Figure 18. Strip type single-flank working test diagrams of a gear

of the recorded test trace from the axis of rotation of the

Concave tooth flank

Centre contact, pad type Inner contact, pad type

Short inner contact, semi-elliptical Short outer contact, semi-elliptical

Short centre contact Full-width contact

Narrow contact Deep contact

Tip contact Root contact

Diagonal contact Alternating tip-root contact

Inclined contact Inclined contact

Figure 21. Example of designations of contact pattern on spiral bevel gears

. Crown gear reference circle 3.5.1 Reference circle plane 2.3

Spiral angle deviation 6.2.2.4 Tooth space half angle 3.5.4

1122-1969, have made it necessary to undertake drastic

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