Bridge engineering involves complex calculations for wind loading on bridges. Wind load is calculated using specified wind pressures from design codes or wind tunnel tests if length to width or height ratios are over 30. Base design wind velocity is typically 100 mph. Wind pressure loads are applied to all exposed surfaces and account for the angle of attack. As height increases above 30 feet, design wind velocity increases using equations accounting for terrain type. Centrifugal force must also be considered for curved bridges.
Bridge engineering involves complex calculations for wind loading on bridges. Wind load is calculated using specified wind pressures from design codes or wind tunnel tests if length to width or height ratios are over 30. Base design wind velocity is typically 100 mph. Wind pressure loads are applied to all exposed surfaces and account for the angle of attack. As height increases above 30 feet, design wind velocity increases using equations accounting for terrain type. Centrifugal force must also be considered for curved bridges.
Bridge engineering involves complex calculations for wind loading on bridges. Wind load is calculated using specified wind pressures from design codes or wind tunnel tests if length to width or height ratios are over 30. Base design wind velocity is typically 100 mph. Wind pressure loads are applied to all exposed surfaces and account for the angle of attack. As height increases above 30 feet, design wind velocity increases using equations accounting for terrain type. Centrifugal force must also be considered for curved bridges.
Bridge engineering involves complex calculations for wind loading on bridges. Wind load is calculated using specified wind pressures from design codes or wind tunnel tests if length to width or height ratios are over 30. Base design wind velocity is typically 100 mph. Wind pressure loads are applied to all exposed surfaces and account for the angle of attack. As height increases above 30 feet, design wind velocity increases using equations accounting for terrain type. Centrifugal force must also be considered for curved bridges.
Wind Load is calculated either by using wind pressures specified in the
design code.
1- If length to width ratio OR length to height (from bottom of girder to
top of deck slab) ratio is more than 30, then it is recommended to use actual wind tunnel test of model to investigate aeroelastic instability.
2- If ratio length to width ratio OR length to height (from bottom of girder
to top of deck slab) ratio is less than 30, then the wind pressures are specified in the design code. Base Design Wind Velocity (VB) • The base design wind velocity, VB, as specified by AASHTO is 100 miles per hour.
• This represents a conservative estimate of the highest wind speeds
that a structure will experience over the design life of the structure
• The wind pressure load from this horizontal wind is applied to all exposed surfaces when the structure is viewed in elevation, perpendicular to the direction of the wind.
• All girders, decks, attachments, and other structural components
which are exposed in elevation are subject to the same uniform wind pressure. Angle of Attack
Angle of Attack:
Any analysis of wind loads should include
multiple attack angles to determine from which direction wind causes the greatest force effect. . Design Wind Velocity at height Z (VDZ) For bridges or parts of bridges more than 30.0 feet above low ground or water level, the base wind velocity is modified using the following equation from AASHTO LRFD Article 3.8.1.1.
where: • VDZ = design wind velocity at design elevation, Z (mph) • V0 = friction velocity, see Table 3.5.1.1-1 • V30 = wind velocity at 30.0 feet above low ground or design water level (mph) • VB = base wind velocity, 100 mph • Z = height of structure above low ground or water level at which wind loads are being calculated, > 30.0 (feet) • Z0 = friction length, see Table 3.5.1.1-1 Design Wind Velocity at height Z (VDZ) Values of V0 and Z0 are determined based on meteorological effects corresponding with the surrounding land conditions of the bridge. Detail is given in AASHTO LRFD and are as follow
Open country – Open terrain with scattered obstructions with heights
generally less than 30.0 feet. This category includes flat, open plains and grasslands.
Suburban – Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain
with many closely spaced obstructions with the size of a single-family dwelling or larger dwellings.
City – Large city centers with at least half the buildings having a height in excess of 70.0 feet. Design Wind Velocity at height Z (VDZ)
Values of V0 and Z0 are selected after deciding the terrain type by using following table excess of 70.0 feet. Design Wind Velocity at height Z (VDZ)
To decide the V30
Fastest-mile-of-wind charts available in design codes
Site-specific wind surveys
In the absence of better criterion, the assumption
that V30 = VB = 100 mph Design Wind Velocity at height Z (VDZ) Example: For a bridge structure 40.0 feet in height above the design water level. The structure is located in an area where wooded terrain prevails for at least two miles in all directions. The fastest-mile-of wind is 115 mph for the area in which the bridge is located. Find the design wind velocity. WS: Wind Pressure on Structures The load case for horizontal wind on structures, WS, is based on the design wind speed and given base wind pressures,
The wind pressure can then be calculated using the following equation
NOTE: As a limit, the total wind load on windward chords of trusses and arches, and on beams and girders, cannot be less than 0.30 klf. The total wind load on leeward chords of trusses and arches cannot be less than 0.15 klf Angle of Attack for Wind Direction Various angles of attack for wind direction should be investigated to determine which produces the worst case response in the bridge structure.
The angle of is the skew angle from a perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the member.
For various standard angles of attack, the value of base
pressure, PB, will vary as shown in Table 3.5.1.2-2, taken from AASHTO LRFD Table 3.8.1.2.2-1 Angle of Attack for Wind Direction
NOTE: same expression for PD is applicable here
Angle of Attack for Wind Direction
For girder and slab bridges with an individual span length of 125 feet or less and a maximum height of 30.0 feet above low ground or water level, a wind loading of 0.050 ksf in the transverse direction and 0.012 ksf in the longitudinal direction can be applied simultaneously. WL: Wind Pressure on Vehicles (WL) • In addition to the wind loads that are applied to all exposed surfaces of bridge superstructures, wind also affects the exposed surfaces of live load traffic passing over the bridge.
• Wind pressure on vehicles is designated as WL.
The WL load consists of an uninterruptible, moving force of 0.10 klf acting
normal to the roadway, located 6.0 feet above the roadway. WL: Wind Pressure on Vehicles (WL) To Consider the Angle of Attack
• For any situation in which an attack angle other than normal to the lane has been found to be the controlling wind direction, WL should be used as given in AASHTO LRFD Table 3.8.1.3-1 WL: Wind Pressure on Vehicles (WL)
For girder and slab bridges with an individual span length
of 125 feet or less and a maximum height of 30.0 feet above low ground or water level, a wind on live load of 0.10 klf in the transverse direction and 0.04 klf in the longitudinal direction can be applied simultaneously Design Example
Find the Wind Force Effect for
given bridge.
• Two span Continious steel girder
bridge
• Each span length = 120ft
• Total length of Bridge = 240 ft
• Height form Bottom of girder to top
of barrier = 10.23 ft
• Height of super structure without
barrier= 6.73 ft
• Design wind speed = 100 mph
Ref: US Department of transportation, Bridges & structures section Centrifugal Force (CE) Centrifugal Force (CE) Calculation/Discussion of Design loads
The End Design of Deck Slab by approximate method
NTOE: Previously we studied
• Design of a slab bridge (without girders)
• Design of Deck Slab by Empirical Method
Here, it is required to study about the design of Deck Slab by
Approximate Method Design of Deck Slab By Approximate Method This method is also knows as Approximate Elastic Method of Analysis and discussed in AASHTO LRFD 4.6.2.1 Design of Deck Slab By Approximate Method
Design strip is assumed as a continuous beam supported at the location of
girders.
Extreme positive Moment is used to design all regions of positive BMs
Extreme negative moments are used to design all regions of negative BMs
Multiple presence factors is to be incorporated in finding BM due to live
loads
Analysis of (assumed continuous beam) can be done by using any method
such as moment distributation method etc, or may use software Width of Equivalent Strip Width of Equivalent Strip THE END
A Short Guide to the Types and Details of Constructing a Suspension Bridge - Including Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans, Methods of Vertical Stiffening and Wire Cables Versus Eyebar Chains
A Short Guide to the Types and Details of Constructing a Suspension Bridge - Including Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans, Methods of Vertical Stiffening and Wire Cables Versus Eyebar Chains
