1

BAHAY KUBO

Prepared by:

ENGR. JOSE ARVIN A. POLIGRATES

AUGUST 2020
2

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof

may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the author
except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.

Page and cover design: joarpoles1975

Editor:
ISBN:

Published by:
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Guading Adaza St. Sta Cruz, Dapitan City, 7101
Tel. No. (065) 908-8294
jrmsu_univpres@yahoo.com
3

Course Introduction

Timber Design is a course for the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. This
course will introduce the learners with the basic way of designing a timber structure. It
includes the design of all types of members of a structures. This course also will offer
variety of activities that will address the multiple intelligences and diversity of students and
SAQ will be provided. Moreover, the use of application software like spreadsheets,
mswords and presentation apps are needed to create the output of the learners as well as
Google classroom utilization for online class.
This course will utilize a flexible learning package which include course introduction,
course syllabus, learning guide, learning contract, summative assessments are included
that will provide insights to the students as to what the course is all about, the course
requirements, and what are the activities and assessments to be accomplished.
This learning package is distinct from other books because it has the following
major parts:
Course Introduction –It presents the vital information about the course.
Course Syllabus-This provides vital information on the course outcomes, learning
outcomes, activities, assessments, grading system and the course requirements.
Learning Guide- This provides significant information as to the students’ schedules
of submitting the output and the course requirements, feedback modality, communication
mechanism, and the contact information of the instructor/professor and other authorities of
the University/Campus.
Learning Contract- It is a document which contains the commitment of the learners
in accomplishing the activities which includes also the Data Privacy Act, plagiarism rules,
safety reminders, and parents’ support.
Summative Assessments- These are forms which include the summative
assessment plan, summative assessment instructions, and assessment rubrics.
Flexible Learning Module- This is the meat of the package that contains the front
contents, module content (learning outcomes, pretest, content, learning activities, and
assessments), and the back contents.
Moreover, a flexible learning module is also included. It is a material which presents
the overview structure of timber design. Different members of the structure and design
techniques are also given emphasis to establish deeper understanding on how to design a
timber structure.
With this learning package, the author hopes that the learner will be more efficient in
analyzing and designing any timber structure.
4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF UNITS PAGE NUMBER

1 BENDING AND SHEARING STRESS 5-9
SAQ #1 9
2 NOTCHING ON BEAMS 10-11
SAQ #2 12
3 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS 13-17
SAQ #3 17(to be supplied)
4 DESIGN OF BENDING MEMBERS 18-21
SAQ #4 21
5 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS 22-25
SAQ #5 25-26
6 FINAL REQUIREMENT 28
ATTACHMENT #1.0 PROBLEM SOLVING RUBRIC 29
5

UNIT 1: BENDING AND SHEARING STRESS

Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the students can:
1. Understand the principles of max. bending and shearing stress and deflection;
2. Analyzed problems about max. bending and shearing stress and deflection.

1. BENDING STRESS, fb
fb = Mc / I → general formula, means applicable to all type of shapes
fb = 6M/ bd2→ for rectangular shapes only
fb = M/ S → for rectangular shapes only

c = d/2

Fig. 1.0

where:

S = bd2 / 6 → section modulus for rectangular section

I = bd3 / 12 → moment of inertia at the neutral axis of a rectangular section
c = d / 2 → neutral axis of the rectangular section

2. SHEARING STRESS, fv
fv = VQ / I b → general formula, means applicable to all type of shapes

where:

fv = shearing stress
V = maximum vertical shear
Q = statical moment of area
Q = Ay =( bd/2 ) (d/4 ) = bd2 / 8 → for the rectangular section (Fig.2.0 (a))
b = width of critical shear

fv = 3V / 2bd → for rectangular section, Fig.2.0 (a)

fv = 3V / 2A → for triangular section, Fig.2.0 (b)
fv = 4V / 3A → for circular section, Fig.2.0 (c)
6

b
d/2
d/4 d/2 NA
b/2 d/4 y = 4r/3π
d/6 d/3
r r
d/2

b
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2.0

Problem #1.0

A timber beam having a simple span of 4 m carries a total load including its own weight of 10 kN/m. It
has a width of 200 mm and a depth of 260 mm, used dressed dimension by reducing its dimension by 10
mm. The wooden section is made up of Apitong 80% grade. Use Table 6.0 of NSCP 2010. Compute the
following:
a: Max. flexural stress of the beam;
b: Max. shearing stress of the beam;
c: Max. deflection of the beam.

Figure:

w = 10 kN/m
250 mm

4m

190 mm

Solution:
From Table 6.1 of NSCP: Fb = 16.5 MPa
Ew = 7310 MPa
Fv = 1.75 MPa
1. Max. flexural stress
M = wl2 / 8 (formula for max. moment located @ midspan)
M = (10)(42 ) / 8 = 20 kN-m

In order to obtain a max. bending stress, you should used the max. moment, then
fb = 6M/ bd2 = 6(20) (10002)/ (190)(250)2
7

fb = 10.105 MPa (max. bending stress in the section) < Fb = 16.5 MPa → OK
2. Max. shearing stress
fv = 3V / 2bd → for rectangular section

V = R → max. vertical shear

R = wL / 2 (for the given loading)
R = 10(4) / 2 = 20 kN
Therefore V = 20 kN
In order to obtain a max. shearing stress, you should used the max. shear, then

fv = 3V / 2bd = 3(20) (1000) / 2(190)(250)

fv = 0.63 MPa (max. shearing stress in the section) ) < Fv= 1.73 MPa → OK

3. Max. deflection, ymax:

ymax = occurs at mid span for this loading condition
ymax = 5wL4 / 384EI
I = bd3 / 12 = 190(250)3 / 12 = 247.4 x 106 mm4
ymax = 5(10) (4)4 (1000)3 / 284(7310)(247.4 x 106)
ymax = 18.43 mm

Problem # 2.0
A 50 mm x 200 mm Guijo floor joist carries a dead load including its own weight of 2.5 kPa and live load
of 2 kPa. The joist has a simple span of 3.6 m. Weight of wood is 7.5 kN/m 3.

Allowable stress: Bending = 15.8 MPa

Shearing = 0.90 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of wood = 13,800 MPa
Allowable deflection = 1/300 of span

Assume no impact allowance for live load.

Calculate the following:

a: spacing of joist if bending controls;
b: spacing of joist if shearing controls;
c: spacing of joist if deflection controls.

Solution:
1. If bending controls (meaning, max. bending will decide the spacing)
Load computation:
Wt. of joist =7500(0.50) (0.200) = 75 kN/m
Total load = Dead load + Live load
= (2500 kN/m2+ 2000 kN/m2)s + 75 kN/m (Note: kPa = kN/m2)
Total load, say w =4500s+ 75
M =wL2 / 8 = (4500s + 75)(3.62) / 8
M =1.62(4500s + 75) kN-m → the max.moment
8

s
s/2

s s/2

3.6 m

Then, fb = 6M/ bd2 . In order to solve for s, let us say that fb = Fb =15.8 MPa
Or, Fb =6M/ bd2
15.8 = 6M / 50 (200)2
M = 5.26 kN-m
From the equation above, M =1.62(4500s + 75)

5,266.667= 1.62(4500s + 75)

4500s = 3176.028
s = 0.705 m

2. If shearing controls (meaning, max. shearing will decide the spacing)

fv = 3V / 2bd = Fv = 0.90 MPa
V = R = wL / 2
V = (4500s + 75)(3.6) / 2
V = 1.8 (4500s + 75)
0.90 = 3V/ 2(50)(200)
V = 6000 N
From the equation above:
V = 1.8 (4500s + 75) = 6000
s = 0.724 m

3. If max deflection controls (meaning, max. deflection will decide the spacing)
Allowable deflection, Yall = 1/300 of span
Yall = 1/300 (3.6) (1000)
Yall = 12 mm
Defection due to the appplid load:
ymax = 5wL4 / 384EI
I = bd3 / 12 = 50(2003) / 12
I = 33.33 x 106 mm4
Then, ymax = Yall = 12 mm
12 = 5w(3.6)(10003) / (384)(13790)(33.33 x106)
w = 2522.177
From the above equation, w =4500s+ 75
Then, 2522.177 = 4500s+ 75
s = 0.544 mm
9

SAQ # 1

Problem # 3.0
A bridge has a span of 10 m between center of end supports. Two logs of approximately
constant diameter are to be used. Each log must be capable of supporting a uniform load of 6
kN/m. If the allowable stresses are 8.3 MPa in bending and 0.69 MPa in shear, calculate the
following:
3.1 Diameter of the log if bending controls
3.2 Diameter of the log if shearing controls
3.3 Safest diameter of the log (larger of the results of 3.1 and 3.2)

Problem # 4.0
The beam shown is resting on two movable supports. It carries a uniform live load of 100 N/m
and a uniform dead load of 20 N/m. If the allowable bending stress on tension and compression
are equal and the beam has a span of 10 m.

DL= 20 N/m
LL= 100 N/m

x x
R R
10 m
4.1 Determine the optimal location of the supports from both ends.
4.2 Determine the maximum bending moment.
4.3 Det. the dimension of the beam if d = 1.5b with an allowable bending stress of 7.40 MPa.
10

UNIT 2: NOTCHING ON BEAMS

Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the students can:
1. Determine the appropriate location of the notched.
2. Analyzed problems about notching on beams.

1. NOTCHING ON BEAMS
A. When rectangular shaped girder, beams or joists are notched at points of support on the tension side:
Fv = 3V / 2bd’ (d/d’) → horizontal shear stress
d = total depth of beam
d’ = actual depth of notch

B. When girder, beams or joints are notched at points of support on the tension side:
Fv = 3V / 2An (d/dn) → horizontal shear stress
An = cross sectional area of notched member
d = total depth of beam
dn = actual depth of beam at notch
C: When girders, beams or joists are notched at a point of support on the compression side, the shear at
such point shall not exceed:
V = (2/3) Fv b { d – [(d-d’) / d’] e}
d = total depth of beam
dn = actual depth of beam at notch
e = distance notch extends inside the inner edge of the support

2. EXAMPLES
2.1 A 150 mm X 350mm wooden beam carries a concentrated load of 30.36 kN at its midspan. It has a
simple span of 8m long. Allowable shear stress is 0.85 MPa.
2.1.1 Which of the following gives the depth of the notches at the support if notching is
allowed using the NSCP specifications.
2.1.2 Which of the following gives the allowable depth of notches at the bottom and top
faces at quarter points.
2.1.3 Which of the following gives the flexural stress at the quarter points after deducting
from notching.
Solution:
11

P= 30.36kN

d d’
350 mm

8m

V V
150 mm
2.1.1 Depth of notches at the support
V at the support:
V = P / 2 = 30.36 / 2 = 15.18 kN
Then from this formula:
Fv = (3V / 2bd’) (d/d’)
0.85 = 3(15.18)(1000) / 2(150) d’ (350 / d’)
0.85 = (151.8 / d’) (350 / d’)
(d’)2 = 62,505.882
d’ = 250.012 mm say 250 mm

Depth of notching = 350 -250 = 100 mm

2.1.2 Depth of notches at top and bottom at quarter points:

At mid - span:
fb = 6M/ bd2
At quarter points = M/2
fb = 6(M/2)/ b(d’)2 = 3M/ b(d’)2
12

P= 30.36kN
   
x
 
350 mm d’
2m 2m 2m 2m
V =15.18 kN V =15.18 kN
x
M
M/2
150 mm
150 mm

(b)
(a)

fb @ midspan = fb @ quarter points

6M/ bd2 = 3M/ b(d’)2
2/ d2 = 1 / (d’)2
2/ 3502 = 1 / (d’)2
d’ = 247.487 mm say 248 mm
from figure above (b):
x + 248 + x = 350
x = 51 mm → depth of notches at quarter points

2.1.3 Flexural stress at quarter points:

Solving for the moment at quarter points:
M = P/2 (2) = P = 30.36 kN-m

Then the bending stress at quarter points:

fb = 6M/ bd2 = 6(30.36) (10002)/ 150(248)2
fb = 19.745 MPa

3. SAQ # 2
3.1 A wooden beam 150 mm x 250 mm has a simple span of 3.6 m and is subjected to a uniform
load of 800 N/m throughout its span. Neglecting the weight of the beam:

3.1.1 Which of the following gives the distance from the end supports that the cross section be
reduced by boring one vertical hole 25 mm dia. without weakening the flexural strength of the
beam.
3.1.2 Which of the following gives the distance from the end supports that the cross section be
reduced by boring one vertical hole 25 mm dia. without weakening the shear strength of the
beam.
3.1.3 Which of the following gives the flexural strength of the beam at the point where the
vertical hole is bored without weakening the shear strength of the beam.
13

UNIT 3: ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS

Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the students can:
1. Determine the allowable bending stress of beam at any situation.
2. Design beam and other flexural members.

1. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS

1.1 SIZE FACTOR ADJUSTMENT
When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber bending member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300
mm, the allowable bending stress Fb shall be multiplied by the size factor, Cf .
where :
Cf = (300/d) 1/9
Fb’ = Cf Fb

Cf = size factor
D = depth of beam
14

For beams of circular cross section having a diameter greater than 340 mm, the size factor Cf
maybe determined on the basis of equivalent conventionally loaded square beam.

NOTE: The size factor adjustment shall not apply to visually graded lumber 50 mm to 100 mm thick or to
machine stress – rated lumber.

1.2 FORM FACTOR

BEAM SECTION FORM FACTOR

Circular 1.180
Square 1.414

The form factor shall be cumulative with the size factor adjustment except for lumber I-beams
and box-beams.

2. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS CONSIDERING LATERAL STABILITY

2.1 SLENDERNESS FACTOR

When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth, lateral support maybe required and
the slender factor Cs shall be compute using the relation:

Cs = sqrt (Le d / b2)

where:

Cs = slenderness ratio
Le = effective length of beam
d = depth of beam
b = breadth of beam

2.1.1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAM, Le:

Type of Beam Span and Nature of Load Effective length, Le

1. Single Span Beam, load concentrated at center Le = 1.61Lu
2. Single Span Beam, uniformly distribute load Le = 1.92Lu
3. Single Span Beam, equal end moments Le = 1.84Lu
4. Cantilever Beam, load concentrated at unsupported end Le = 1.69Lu
5. Cantilever Beam, uniformly distribute load
6. Cantilever Beam, uniformly distribute load with concentrated load Le = 1.06Lu
at the cantilever end
7. Single Span, or cantilever beam, any other load
Where: Lu = unsupported length of beam (mm)

2.2 A: SHORT UNBRACED BEAM

When Cs < 10, Use Fb’ = Fb
15

B: INTERMEDIATE UNBRACED BEAM

When Cs < 10, but less than Ck , Use Fb’ = Fb [1 – (1/3) (Cs / Ck)4 ]
Where:
Ck = 0.811 sqrt (E / Fb) - for visually graded sawn beam
E = modulus of elasticity of wood
Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
Fb’ = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending adjusted for slenderness

C: LONG UNBRACED BEAM - for visually graded sawn beam

When Cs > Ck , but less than 50, Use Fb’ = 0.438 E / Cs2

NOTE: Cs should not exceed 50

3. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS FOR LATERALLY UNBRACED BEAMS WITH LESS VARIABILITY

3.1 SLENDERNESS FACTOR

When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth, lateral support maybe required and
the slender factor Cs shall be compute using the relation:

Cs = sqrt (Le d / b2)

where:

Cs = slenderness ratio
Le = effective length of beam
d = depth of beam
b = breadth of beam

3.1.1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAM, Le:

Type of Beam Span and Nature of Load Effective length, Le

1. Single Span Beam, load concentrated at center Le = 1.61Lu
2. Single Span Beam, uniformly distribute load Le = 1.92Lu
3. Single Span Beam, equal end moments Le = 1.84Lu
4. Cantilever Beam, load concentrated at unsupported end Le = 1.69Lu
5. Cantilever Beam, uniformly distribute load
6. Cantilever Beam, uniformly distribute load with concentrated load Le = 1.06Lu
at the cantilever end
7. Single Span, or cantilever beam, any other load
Where: Lu = unsupported length of beam (mm)

3.2 A: SHORT UNBRACED BEAM

When Cs < 10, Use Fb’ = Fb

B: INTERMEDIATE UNBRACED BEAM

When Cs < 10, but less than Ck , Use Fb’ = Fb [1 – (1/3) (Cs / Ck)4 ]
Where:
16

Ck = 0.956 sqrt (E / Fb) - for glued laminated beam and machine stress rated
lumber
E = modulus of elasticity of wood
Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
Fb’ = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending adjusted for slenderness

C: LONG UNBRACED BEAM - for glued laminated beam and machine stress rated lumber
When Cs > Ck , but less than 50, Use Fb’ = 0.609 E / Cs2

NOTE: Cs should not exceed 50

4. EXAMPLES
4.1 A wooden beam 200 mm x 350 mm has a simple span of 6m. If the weight of the beam is 6.3
kN/m3 and its allowable bending and shearing stress are 10.6 and 0.70 MPa respectively:
4.1.1 Compute the size factor adjustment.
4.1.2 What is the safe uniform load that the beam could support based on flexural stress
with size factor adjustment.
4.1.3 What is the safe uniform load that the beam could support based on shear
strength.
Solution:

w kN/m
350 mm

6m

200 mm

4.1.1 Size factor Adjustment:

Cf = (300/d) 1/9 = (300/350) 1/9 = 0.983
4.1.2 Safe uniform load with size factor adjustment
fb = 6M/ bd2 = Fb’
Fb’ = Fb Cs = 10.6 (0.983)
Fb’ = 10.42 MPa

Fb’ = 6M/ bd2

10.42 = 6M (10002)/ 200 (350)2
M = 42.548 kN-m

For simply supported beam, M = wL2 / 8 , where w = uniformly distributed load

Then, 42.548 = w(6)2 / 8
w = 9.455 kN/m → uniformly distributed load
17

From the figure, the wooden beam is loaded with w and the weight of the beam,
The total load, let us say, w = wt. beam + safe uniform load
9.455 = 6.3(0.2)(0.35) + safe uniform load

Finally, safe uniform load = 9.014 kN/m

4.1.3 Safe uniform load based on shear capacity

fv = 3V / 2bd
0.70 = 3V (1000) / 2(200)(350)
V = 32.6 kN
The max.vertical shear is equal to the reaction for this loading, so
V = R = wL / 2
32.6 = w(6) / 2
w = 10.8 kN
Using the equation derived for safe uniform load:
w = wt. beam + safe uniform load
10.8 = 6.3(0.2)(0.35) + safe uniform load

Finally, safe uniform load = 10.45 kN/m

4.2 A single span beam having an unsupported span of 20 m carries a uniform load of “w” kN/m
throughout its span. The beam has a cross section of 150 mm x 600 mm. Fb = 12.4 MPa, E = 13800
MPa. Compute the following:
4.2.1 allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment;
4.2.2 allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment;
4.2.3 load “w” that the beam could carry.

Solution:
4.2.1 Fb’ with size factor adjustment
Since d > 300 mm, then apply Cf
Cf = (300/d) 1/9 = (300/600) 1/9
Cf = 0.926
Then, allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment, Fb’
Fb’ = Cf Fb = 0.926 (12.4)
Fb’ = 11.482 MPa

4.2.2 Fb’ with slenderness factor adjustment

Use, Cs = sqrt (Le d / b2)
Le = 1.92 Lu
Le = 1.92 (20) (1000)
Le = 38,400 mm

Then, Cs = sqrt [(38400)(600)/ (1502)]

Cs = 32 > 10 → since greater than 10, compare Cs to Ck

Ck = 0.811 sqrt (E / Fb) - for visually graded sawn beam

18

Ck = 0.811 sqrt (13800 / 12.4)

Ck = 27.055
Therefore, Cs < Ck but less than 50, it is a long unbraced beam
Then, Fb’ = 0.438 E / Cs2
Fb’ = 0.438 (13800) / (32)2
Fb’ = 5.903 MPa

4.2.3 load “w” that the beam could carry

Fb’= fb = 6M/ bd2
Fb’= 6M/ bd2
5.903 = 6M(10002)/ (150)(600)2
M = 53.124 kN/m
For the loading condition, M = wL2 / 8, then
53.124 = w(20)2 / 8
w = 1.063 kN/m or 1063 N/m

5.1 SAQ #3

UNIT 4: DESIGN OF BENDING MEMBERS

Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the students can:
1. Design bending members.
2. Give details of the member that is being designed.

1. PURLINS
1.1 BY BENDING
19

purlins
h

s
Wn

s
Wt

L
purlins
Truss spacing

purlins Top chord

Truss spacing

trusses

fn = 6Mn / bd2
ft = 6Mt / db2
fmax = fn + ft

2.2 BY SHEAR
fvn = 3Vn / 2bd
fvt = 3Vt / 2bd
fvmax = sqrt [ (vn )2 + (vt)2 ]

2.3 WIND LOAD: (DUCHEMINS FORMULA)

Pn = (2P sinØ) / ( 1 + sin2Ø ), kPa

Where:

P = wind pressure perpendicular to vertical surface

P = 0.0000473 V2 where V is in kph, so that P is in kPa
Pn = wind pressure perpendicular to normal surface

3.0 EXAMPLES
3.1 A roof truss having a span of 8m, a ht. of 2m is spaced at 4m apart. Purlins are placed on top
of the top chord of the trusses at a spacing of 800 mm on centers.
Weight of roofing = 70 Pa
Velocity of wind = 178 kph
Weight of purlins = 5.5 kN/m3
Modulus of elasticity =17300 MPa
Size of purlins = 100mm x 150 mm

3.1.1 Compute the wind load normal to the roof in kPa.

3.1.2 Compute the max. bending stress of the purlins.
3.1.3 Compute the max. shearing stress of the purlins.
20

3.1.4 Compute the normal deflection of the purlins, neglecting tangential deflection due to the
presence of roofing.
Solution:
3.1.1 wind load normal to the roof

h = 2m

L = 8m

tanØ = 2 / 8
Ø = 26.60
P = 0.0000473 V2
P = 0.0000473 (178)2
P = 1.5 kPa of vertical surface
By Duchemins formula:
Pn = (2P sinØ) / ( 1 + sin2Ø ), kPa
Pn = [2(1.5) sin26.60) / ( 1 + sin226.60 )
Pn = 1.12 kPa (normal to the roof)

3.1.2 max. bending stress

W2

W3 Wn
W2 W1
Wt

W3
W1 0m
0 .8 purlins
S=

Top chord
Ø=26.60

cos 26.60 = x / 0.80

x = 0.72 m

Let W3 = wind load normal to the purlins:

W3 = 1.12 (0.8) (4)
W3 = 3.584 kN
Let W2 = weight of purlins:
W2 = 0.10 (0.15) (5.5) (4)
W2 = 0.33 kN
Let W1= weight of roofing:
W1= 70 (0.72) (4)
W1=201.6 N = 0.2016 kN
21

Solving for Wn:

Wn = W3 + (W2 + W1) cos 26.60
Wn = 3.584 + (0.33 + 0.2016) cos 26.60
Wn = 4.059 kN

Solving for the moment due to Wn:

M n = Wn L / 8
Mn = (4.059)(4) / 8
Mn = 2.03 kN-m

Solving for the bending stress due to Mn:

fn = 6Mn / bd2
fn = 6(2.03)(10002) / (100)(150)2
fn = 5.41 MPa

Solving for Wt:

Wt = (W2 + W1) sin 26.60
Wt = (0.33 + 0.2016) sin 26.60
Wt = 0.238 kN

Solving for the moment due to Wt:

M t = Wt L / 8
Mt = (0.238)(4) / 8
Mt = 0.119 kN-m

Solving for the bending stress due to Mt:

ft = 6Mt / db2
ft = 6(0.119)(10002) / (150)(100)2
ft = 0.476 MPa

Max. bending stress:

fmax = fn + ft
fmax = 5.41+ 0.476
fmax = 5.886 MPa

3.1.3 max. shearing stress

Solving for max.vertical shear, Vn:
Vn = Rn = wnL / 2 = Wn / 2 (max.vertical shear = reaction for this loading)
Vn = Wn / 2
Vn = 4.059 / 2
Vn = 2.095 kN

Solving for max. normal shearing stress, fvn :

fvn= 3Vn / 2bd
fvn = 3(2.095)(1000) / 2(100)(150)
fvn = 0.203 MPa
22

Solving for max. vertical shear, Vt:

Vt = Rt = wtL / 2 = Wt / 2 (max.vertical shear = reaction for this loading)
Vt = Wt / 2
Vt = 0.238 / 2
Vt = 0.119 kN

Solving for max. tangential shearing stress, fvt :

fvt = 3Vt / 2bd
fvt = 3(0.119)(1000)/ 2(150)(100)
fvt = 0.012 MPa

Then the max. shearing stress, fvmax :

fvmax = sqrt [ (fvn )2 + (fvt)2 ]
fvmax = sqrt [ (0.203)2 + (0.012)2 ]
fvmax = 0.204 MPa

3.1.4 normal deflection of purlins, y:

y = 5WnL3 / 384EI

Solving for the inertia:

I = bd3 / 12
I = (100) (1503) / 12
I =28,125,000 mm4

Then the normal deflection:

y = 5(4.059)(4)3 (10003) / 384(17300) (28,125,000)
y = 6.95 mm
4.0 SAQ #4
4.1 A wooden purlins is used on a truss with a top chord inclined at 30 0 with the
horizontal. The purlins is 50 mm x 100mm and has length of 3.5 m spaced at 0.45 m on
center. It carries a live load of 750 Pa, weight of roofing is 120 Pa and ceiling load equal
to 140 Pa. Using Apitong, calculate the following:
4.1.1 uniform load carried by the purlin in N/m.
4.1.2 max. flexural stress
4.1.3 vertical deflection of the purlin
NOTE: Please NSCP 2010, Table 6.1 for the properties of Apitong.
23

UNIT 5: DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the students can:
1. Design compression members.
2. Give details of the members.

1. WOODEN COLUMNS
1.1 BUCKLING FACTORS, Ke
24

Ke = 0.65 Ke = 0.80 Ke = 1.2 Ke = 1.0 Ke = 2.10 Ke = 2.4

End Conditions Actions

Rotation fixed, translation fixed

Rotation free, translation fixed

Rotation fixed, translation free

Rotation free, translation free

1.2 EFFECTIVE COLUMN LENGTH, Le = KeL

1.3 ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES, Fc’ :

TYPES OF COLUMN ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE

STRESS for visual graded lumber STRESS for machine stress-unit
lumber
1.0 Short Columns When Le/d = 11 or less When Le/d = 11 or less
Fc’ = Fc Fc’ = Fc
2.0 Intermediate Columns When Le/d > 11 but less than K When Le/d > 11 but less than K
K = 0.671 sqrt (E / Fc) K = 0.792 sqrt (E / Fc)
Fc’ = Fc [1 – (1/3) ((Le/d) / K )4 ] Fc’ = Fc [1 – (1/3) ((Le/d) / K )4 ]
3.0 Long Columns When Le/d > K When Le/d > K
25

Fc’ = 0.30 E / (Le/d)2 Fc’ = 0.418 E / (Le/d)2

Where:
Fc = allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain
E = modulus of elasticity
Le = effective column length
d = least dimension of the column

For round sections:

d2 = (pi) D2 / 4
D = diameter of column
d = equivalent square section

2.0 EXAMPLES
2.1 A timber column 7.0 m long and is laterally supported at a point 3m from the bottom carries
an axial load of 260 kN. If the allowable compressive stress parallel to grain is 10.34 MPa and E =
13800 MPa.
2.1.1 Compute the maximum limit of slenderness ratio which would indicate its limit
between a long column and an intermediate column.
2.1.2 What size of column should be used?
2.1.3 What is the difference between the capacity of the selected section to the required
load?

Solution:
2.1.1 maximum limit of slenderness ratio which would indicate its limit between a long
column and an intermediate column
K = 0.671 sqrt (E / Fc)
K = 0.671 sqrt (13800/ 10.34)
K = 24.513

2.1.2 size of column

Trial Area, A = P / Fc
A = 260 (1000) / (10.34)
A = 25,145.068 mm2

TRY a square section:

d2 = A , where d = side of the square
d2 = 25,145.068
d = 158.572 mm say 200 mm

TRY a 200mm x 200mm:

L1 / d1 = 4(1000) / 200 = 20
L2 / d2 = 7(1000) / 200 = 35 > 24.51 (long column)

Fc’ = 0.30 E / (Le/d)2

Fc’ = 0.30 (13800) / (35)2
Fc’ = 3.38 MPa
26

Capacity of 200mm x 200mm:

P = A Fc’
P = (200 x 200)(3.38)
P = 135,200 N = 135.2 kN < 260 kN - Not OK!

TRY a 200mm x 250mm:

L1 / d1 = 4(1000) / 200 = 20
L2 / d2 = 7(1000) / 200 = 35 > 24.51 (long column)

Fc’ = 0.30 E / (Le/d)2

Fc’ = 0.30 (13800) / (35)2
Fc’ = 3.38 MPa

Capacity of 200mm x 250mm:

P = A Fc’
P = (200 x 250)(3.38)
P = 169,000 N = 169 kN < 260 kN - Not OK!

TRY a 250mm x 250mm:

L1 / d1 = 4(1000) / 250 = 16
L2 / d2 = 7(1000) / 250 = 28 > 24.51 (long column)

Fc’ = 0.30 E / (Le/d)2

Fc’ = 0.30 (13800) / (28)2
Fc’ = 5.281 MPa

Capacity of 250mm x 250mm:

P = A Fc’
P = (250 x 250)(5.281)
P = 330,062.5 N = 330.0625 kN > 260 kN - OK!

Use 250 mm x 250 mm section.

2.1.3 difference between the capacity of the selected section to the required load
Difference = 330.0625 kN - 260 kN
Difference = 70.625 kN
2.2 A timber column of square cross section has a length of 3.6m and a dimensions of 150mm x
150mm. It is fixed at both sides so that K = 0.67. The relevant code on the compressive
strength Fc is given on the specifications and also a table of timber with their corresponding
working stress for visually stress-graded unseasoned Apitong with 80% stress grade.
2.2.1 What type of column?
2.2.2 Which of the following gives the allowable compressive stress.
2.2.3 Which of the following gives the allowable axial load.

Solution:
2.2.1 type of column
Le / d = 3.6(1000) (0.67) / 150
27

Le / d = 16.08 > 11

From the Table 6.1 of NSCP 2010, for Apitong 80% stress grade
E = 7310 MPa
Fc = 9.56 MPa
K = 0.671 sqrt (7310 / 9.56)
K = 18.555 MPa

Le /d > 11 but less than K = 18.555 MPa,

Therefore, it is an intermediate column.

2.2.2 allowable compressive stress, Fc’

Fc’ = Fc [1 – (1/3) ((Le /d) / K )4]
Fc’ = 9.56[1 – (1/3) (16.08 / 18.555 ) 4]
Fc’ = 7.76 MPa

2.2.3 allowable axial load, P

P = A Fc’
P = (150 x 150) (7.76)
P = 174,600 N = 174.6 kN

3.0 SAQ #5
3.1 A 100mm x 300mm rectangular beam is supported in a horizontal position as shown. At
point “A” it is being held by a pin and at “B” by a cable BD inclined 3 vertical to 4 horizontal.
Assume all forces are applied to the beam along its central axis. Allowable compressive stress
parallel to the grain = 10.50 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam and cable. E = 13800 MPa.
Compute the following:
3.1.1compression capacity of beam ABC
3.1.2 max. tension of the cable
3.1.3safe value of load “W” placed at C.

cable

A Ø B C
300 mm

2.4m 2.4m

100 mm
28

3.2 In the figure shown, the weight of the cylindrical tank 3m in diameter and 4.85m high is 9 kN.
It is subjected to a wind pressure of 140 kPa on a vertical projection of the tank at a distance of
6m above the level ground. The tank is supported by four wooden posts whose lower ends rests
on a concrete footing shown. The tank is partially filled with water up to the height of 3.65m. The
column is assumed to have an effective length of 2.40m. Neglecting wind pressure acting on
bracings and in the post and using NSCP specs. With the following values based on 80% stress
grade.
Fb = 24.5 MPa
E = 13000 MPa
Fc = 8.3 MPa
Fv = 2.06 MPa

Calculate the following:

3.2.1 reaction of the most stressed columns
3.2.2 allowable compressive stress if a 150mm x150mm square section is used.
3.2.3 capacity of the 150mm x 150mm column section.

3m dia.

4.85m P
W 3.65m

6.0m

UNIT 6: FINAL REQUIREMENT: “A structural design of a two-story wooden building”

DUE DATES ACTIVITY DOCUMENTS
MID-TERM Soft copy (AUTOCAD) of the plan of a 2-story wooden building
shall be presented for approval.
Kind of wood will be given upon approval.
FINAL TERM A portfolio containing the printed plan of the 2-storey wooden
building and the structural design.
The structural design must be printed in a short size bond
paper (a computer generated).
The portfolio is a ring bound with red cover.
The content of the portfolio: (Must be in long size bond paper)
1: Copy of the plan.
29

2: The structural design of the members.

3. Each page must have a page number located at the upper
right corner of the paper.

ATTACHMENT # 1.0
PROBLEM SOLVING RUBRIC

CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1
AND
RATING
STRATEGIC Approach Valid approach Valid approach Invalid Little or no
APPROACH chosen is with minor with multiple approach that understanding
clearly shown, errors that errors that demonstrates of how to
clearly written doesn’t disrupt impede little approach the
and all understanding. understanding. understanding problem.
elements are of the problem.
valid.
30

DESIGN Appropriate Appropriate Appropriate At least one Little or no

CONCEPTS concepts that concepts that concepts concept understanding
are fully are mostly identified, but identified but of design
understood, understood but not employed unable to concepts.
clearly stated employed with or understood. demonstrate
and employed errors. understanding.
correctly.
MATH Correct Correct starting Correct starting Can identify at Incorrect
CONCEPTS starting equations. All equations. The least one equations;
equations; all mathematical mathematical equation, but demonstrates
mathematical steps are steps are hard unable to apply little or no
steps are clearly shown to follow and them. understanding
clearly shown but minor errors begin to of
and they flow errors yield impede mathematical
easily toward wrong answer. application. concepts
the correct OR involved.
answer. Correct starting
equations with
correct final
result but the
mathematical
steps are hard
to follow.
ANSWER 100% correct Correct answer Incorrect Unable to No answer.
answer analytically, but answer, but on reach a correct
not the right path. answer on this
numerically. path.