Electricity

1. Define resistivity of material.

2. What is the power of torch bulb rated at 2.5V and 500mA?

3. Why series arrangement not used for connecting domestic electrical appliances in a circuit?

4. Which has higher resistance – a 50W bulb or a 2.5W bulb and how many times?

5. What is the direction of flow of conventional current?

6. Why is it not advisable to handle electrical appliances with wet hands?

7. Two electric bulbs marked 100W 220V and 200W 200V have tungsten filament of same length. Which
of the two bulbs will have thicker filament?

8. How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross section?

9. D raw the following symbols

(i) Battery (ii) Switch closed (iii) Resistor of resistance R (iv) Voltmeter

10A. geyser is rated 1500W, 250V. This geyser is connected to 250V mains. Calculate –

i. The current drawn ii. The energy consumed in 50hrs.

iii. The cost of energy consumed at Rs. 2.20 per kWh.

11W. hat is the function of an electric fuse? Name the material used for making fuse. In household
circuit where is fuse connected?

12 Write one important advantage of using alternative current. How alternating current differ from
direct current?

13What is the difference between short circuiting and overloading?

14

a. ) Draw diagram showing three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in series.

b) Two resistors of resistance 4W and 12W

i) In parallel ii) In series Calculate the values of effective resistance in each case.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT I Q. PAPER II

1. Name the instrument used to measure electric current.

2. What is the mathematical form of Ohm’s law?

3. Name a metal which is the best conductor electricity.

4. Why resistance become more in series combination?

5. What is electrical power? Write its unit.

6. Why does resistance of a conductor increase with increase in temperature?

7. Current in a circuit is doubles by changing resistance. What will be the change in power loss?

8. Why are the conductors of electric heating devices such as bread toaster and electric iron made of
alloy rather than pure metal?

9. Draw the following symbols

i) Electric cell ii) Switch open iii) Electric bulb iv) Ammeter

10. A 100 watt electric bulb is lighted for 2 hours daily and four 40 watt bulbs are lighted for 4 hours
daily. Calculate the energy consumed (in kWh) in 30 days.

11. Resistance of a conductor depends on which three factors. Explain with mathematical expression.

12. What is the effect of temperature on resistance of – pure metals, insulators and semi – conductors.

13. Write 3 points of difference between direct and alternate current.

14. a) Draw diagram showing three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in parallel.

b) Two identical resistors, each of resistance 2 ohms, are connected in turn

i) In series and ii) In parallel To a battery of 12 volts. Calculate the ratio of power consumed in two
cases.
Q. 1. Why there is a need for energy?

Q. 2. Give some sources of energy?

Q. 3. Give the main categories of source of energy?

Q. 4. Which of the following are renewable and which are non-renewable sources of energy:

Coal, wind, tides, sun, petrol, bio-mass, cng, hydro-energy

Q. 5. What is solar energy?

Q. 6. Which part of the sun’s energy is responsible for drying clothes?

Q. 7. Which component of the sun’s energy responsible for skin cancer?

Q. 8. What are semi-conductors?

Q. 9. Define ocean thermal energy?

Q. 10. define geothermal energy?

Q. 11. Define bio-mass? Give its three examples.

Q. 12. Define anaerobic degradation?

Q. 13. Explain why a reflector is used in a solar cooker?

Q. 14. What causes a wind to blow?

Q. 15. Define solar constant?

Q. 16. Explain how the high temperature is maintained inside a solar cooker?

Q. 17. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy?

Q. 18. What is the use of black painted surface in solar heating device?

Q. 19. Charcoal is better fuel than wood and coal, still its use is discouraged. Why?

Q. 20. Why is bio-gas a better fuel animal dung-cake?

Q. 21. Why sun is called the ultimate source of fossil fuels?

Q. 22. Write a short note on ‘green house effect’?

Q. 23. What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

Q. 24. Why are we looking for alternate source of energy?

Q. 25. Define bio-degradable wastes?

Q. 26. What protects us from the harmful effect of ultra violent rays of the sun?

Q. 27. Define food wed?

Q. 28. Define producers and consumers and give their examples?

Q. 29. Why do we say that flow of energy in the ecosystem is unidirectional?

Q. 30. What will happen if we kill all organisms of one tropic level of food chain?

Q. 31. What is Ganga action plan?

Q. 32. Define sustainable development?

Q. 33. What is the main aim of the conservation of forests?

Q. 34. Who are stakeholders?

Q. 35. What do you mean by water harvesting?

Q. 36. What do you mean by chipko movement?

Q. 37. Why do you think their should be equitable distribution of resources

 Assignment1

Class-X

Electricity

1. Define resistivity of material.

2. What is the power of torch bulb rated at 2.5V and 500mA?

3. Why series arrangement not used for connecting domestic electrical appliances in a circuit?

4. Which has higher resistance – a 50W bulb or a 2.5W bulb and how many times?

5. What is the direction of flow of conventional current?

6. Why is it not advisable to handle electrical appliances with wet hands?

7. Two electric bulbs marked 100W 220V and 200W 200V have tungsten filament of same length. Which
of the two bulbs will have thicker filament?

8. How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross section?

9. D raw the following symbols

(i) Battery (ii) Switch closed (iii) Resistor of resistance R (iv) Voltmeter

10A. geyser is rated 1500W, 250V. This geyser is connected to 250V mains. Calculate –

i. The current drawn ii. The energy consumed in 50hrs.

iii. The cost of energy consumed at Rs. 2.20 per kWh.

11. What is the function of an electric fuse? Name the material used for making fuse. In household
circuit where is fuse connected?

12. Write one important advantage of using alternative current. How alternating current differ from
direct current?

13.What is the difference between short circuiting and overloading?

14 a. ) Draw diagram showing three resistors R1, R2 and R3 in series.

b) Two resistors of resistance 4W and 12W

i) In parallel. ii) In series Calculate the values of effective resistance in each case.
15. Name the instrument used to measure electric current.

16. What is the mathematical form of Ohm’s law?

17.Name a metal which is the best conductor electricity.

18.Why resistance become more in series combination?

19.What is electrical power? Write its unit.

20.Why does resistance of a conductor increase with increase in temperature?

 Mountabu Public school

Sec 18 ,Rohini

Class X

physics

Sources of Energy ( Notes)

1. A good source of energy is one that is able to provide large amount of work per unit volume or mass,
be easily accessible at economical rate and can be easily stored and transported.

2. Conventional sources of energy: Fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, natural gas (thermal power plants),
energy of flowing water (hydrowater plants), biomass, cow-dung, plants and vegetable wastes (bio-gas
plants), wind energy (windmill).

3. Fossil fuels: Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in the Earth’s crust, such as petroleum, coal
and natural gas are called fossil fuels.

4. Alternate or non-conventional sources of energy: Solar energy-energy derived from sun, Nuclear
energy-fission of radioactive substances, Geo-thermal energy-energy derived from hot spots under the
earth, Ocean energy-ocean thermal energy, wave energy.

5. Non-renewal sources of energy: Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas non-renewable.

6. Thermal power plants: Thermal power plants should be preferably located near coal or oil fields. It is
easier to transport electricity than the fuel.

7. Hydropower plants: Convenient location to build dams. Potential energy of falling water is converted
into electricity.

8. Biomass: The plant and animal products, which act as the source of fuel is said to be biomass.

9. Biogas: Cow-dung, various plants materials like the residue after harvesting the crops, vegetable
waste and sewage decomposed in the absence of oxygen to give biogas (or Gober gas).

10 Biogas plants: Anaerobic micro-organisms (in the absence of oxygen) decompose complex
compounds of cow-dung slurry or biomass-water mix produce biogas (60-80% methane).

11. Tidal energy: The gravitational pull of the moon on the rotating earth causes rise and fall in the level
of water in the sea. The sea-level changes during the day. This phenomenon is called high and low tides
and difference in sea levels gives us tidal energy. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a dam across
narrow opening to the sea. A turbine fixed at the opening of the dam converts tidal energy to electricity.

12. Windmill: The power of wind (>15km/h) gives rotatory motion of the windmill which is used to turn
the turbine of the electric generator. The output of a single windmill is quite small and so a number of
windmills are to be erected over a large area.

13. Nuclear reactor is a device in which a fission reaction is carried out in a controlled manner. The
energy so released is used to heat water which then turns turbines and generates electricity. (Note:
Fission of heavy radioactive isotopes gives tremendous amount of energy.)

14. Environment consequences: Sources of energy as are available produce lot of pollution in the
atmosphere or cause environmental damage in other ways.

15. Quality of fuel is measured by its calorific value (heat regenerated by burning unit mass of a
substance

16. Solar energy: 47% of the sun’s energy reaching the periphery of the earth’s atmosphere reaches the
earth’s surface. One m2 of earth’s surface receives 1.4kJ/m2s. This is called solar constant. This energy is
trapped by various means such as solar cookers, solar heaters and solar cells. A typical solar cell (using
high quality silicon or silver) develops a voltage of 0.5-1V and can produce 0.7W of electricity. So a panel
of solar cells is used.

Q.1. Name the largest component of biogas.

Ans. The largest component (upto75%) of biogas in methane.

Q.2. What is greenhouse effect?

Ans. The glass roof and glass walls of a greenhouse allow heat and sunlight to enter it but do not allow
heat (infrared radiation) to escape. On account of this, greenhouse gets warmed.

Q.3. Name the gaseous fuel, out of the following which has the highest calorific value: Hydrogen,
Methane, LPG, Biogas

Ans. Hydrogen.

Q.4.Why is CNG considered an environmental friendly fuel?

Ans. CNG does not produce toxic gases on burning.

Q.5. Name a fraction obtained during refining of petroleum which does not find use as a fuel.

Ans. Lubricating oil.

Q.6. Which of the following gases is a major constituent of biogas : Carbon monoxide, hydrogen,
methane, carbon dioxide?

Ans. Methane (75%)

Q.7. What is slurry left over after generation of biogas in biogas plant used?

Ans. The slurry is rich in nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds and as such serves as an excellent
manure.

Q.8. How is the increase in demand for energy affecting our environment adversely ?

Ans. We use fossil fuels to meet the increased energy demands. As a result of this, pollutants so
produced adversely change the composition of the environment.

Q.9. Name the process by which energy is produced in a nuclear reactor.

Ans. In a nuclear reactor,energy is produced by the process of nuclear fission.

Q.10. Which one of the following is a renewable resource: Natural gas, petroleum, Ground water, Coal

Ans. Ground water.

MCQ on SOURCES OF ENERGY

Q.1. Choose the incorrect statement regarding wind power:

(a) It is expected to harness wind power to minimum in open space.

(b) The potential energy content of wind blowing at high altitudes is the source of wind power.

(c) Wind hitting at the blades of a windmill causes them to rotate. The rotation thus achieved can be
utilized further

(d) One possible method of utilizing the energy of rotational motion of the blades of a windmill is to run
the turbine of an electric generator.

Ans (b)

Q.2. Acid rain happens because:

(a) sun leads to heating of upper layer of atmosphere.

(b) burning of fossil fuels release oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the atmosphere.

(c) electrical charges are produced due to friction amongst clouds.

(d) earth atmosphere contains acids.

Ans . (b)

Q.3. In a hydro power plant

(a)potential energy possessed by stored water is converted into electricity.

(b) kinetic energy possessed by stored water is converted into potential energy.

(c) electricity is extracted from water.

(d) water is converted into steam to produce electricity.

Ans. (a)

Q.4. which one of the following forms of energy leads to least environmental pollution in the process of
its harnessing and utilization?

(a)nuclear energy (b) thermal energy (c) solar energy (d) geothermal energy

Ans. (c)

Q.5. Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?

(a)wood

(b)sun

(c)fossil fuels

(d) wind

Ans .(c)

Q.6. Ocean thermal energy is due to

(a) energy stored by waves in the ocean

(b) temperature difference at different levels in the ocean

(c) pressure difference at different levels in the ocean.

(d) tides arising out in the ocean.

Ans .(b)

Q.7. the major problem in harnessing nuclear energy is how to:

(a) split nuclei.

(b) sustain the reaction.

(c)dispose off spent fuel safely.

(d) convert nuclear energy into electrical energy.

Ans.(c)

Q.8. which is the ultimate source of energy?

(a) water
(b) sun

(c ) uranium

(d) fossil fuels

Ans. (b)

Q.9. The main constituent of biogas is

(a) methane

(b) carbon dioxide

(c) hydrogen

(d)hydrogen sulphide.

Ans.(a)

Q.10. the power generated in a windmill:

(a) is more in rainy season since damp air would mean more air mass hitting the blades.

(b) depends on the height of the tower.

(c) depends on wind velocity.

(d) can be increased by planting tall trees close to the tower.

Ans . (c)

Q.11. choose the correct statement:

(a)Sun can be taken as an inexhaustible source of energy.

(b) There is infinite storage of fossil fuel inside the earth.

(c) Hydro and wind energy plants are non polluting sources of energy.

(d) Waste from a nuclear power plant can be easily disposed off.

Ans.(a)

Q12. which part of the solar cooker is responsible for green house effect?

(a) coating with black colour inside the box

(b) mirror
(c) glass sheet.

(d) outer cover of the solar cooker

Ans.(c)

Q.13. In a hydroelectric power plant more electrical power can be generated if water falls from a greater
height because:

(a) its temperature increases. (b) larger amount of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. (c)
the electricity content water increases with height. (d) more water molecules dissociate into ions. Ans.
(b).

Q.14. choose the incorrect statement:

(a) We are encouraged to plant more trees so as to ensure clean environment and also provide bio-mass
fuel.

(b) Gober-gas is produced when crops,vegetable wastes etc.,decompose in the absence of oxygen.

(c) The main ingredient of bio-gas is ethane and it gives a lot of smoke and also produces a lot of residual
ash.

(d) Bio-mass is a renewable source of energy.

Ans.(c)

Q.15. Fuel used in thermal power plants is

(a) water

(b) uranium

(c) biomass

(d) fossil fuels

Ans. (d)

Question 1: What is a good source of energy?

Answer: A good source of energy fulfils the following criteria:

(I)It produces a lot of heat per unit mass.

(II) It does a huge amount of work per unit mass.

(III) It is easily accessible.

(IV) It is easy to store and transport.

(V)It is economical.

(VI)It produces less amount of smoke.

Question 2: What is a good fuel?

Answer: A good fuel produces a huge amount of heat on burning, does not produce a lot of smoke, and
is easily available.

Question 3: If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and
why?

Answer: Natural gas can be used for heating and cooking food because it is a clean source of energy. It
does not produce huge amount of smoke on burning. Although it is highly inflammable, it is easy to use,
transport, and it produces a huge amount of heat on burning.

Question 4: What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

Answer: The disadvantages of fossil fuels are as follows:

(a) Burning of coal and petroleum produces a lot of pollutants causing air pollution.

(b) Fossil fuels release oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, etc. that cause acid rain,which affects the soil
fertility and potable water.

(c) Burning of fossil fuels produce gases such as carbon dioxide that causes global warming.

Question 5: Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy?

Answer: Fossil fuels, which have been traditionally used by human beings as an energy sources, are non-
renewable sources of energy. These sources of energy are limited and cannot replenish on their own.
They are being consumed at a large rate. If this rate of consumption continues, then the fossil fuels
would be exhausted from the Earth.

Therefore, we have to conserve the energy sources. Hence, we should look for alternate sources of
energy.

Question 6: How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience?

Answer: Traditionally, waterfalls were used as a source of potential energy which was converted to
electricity with the help of turbines. Since waterfalls are few in number, water dams have been
constructed in large numbers. Nowadays, hydro-dams are used in order to harness potential energy of
stored water. In water dams, water falls from a height on the turbine, which produces electricity.

Earlier, the windmills were used to harness wind energy to do mechanical work such as lifting/drawing
water from a well. Today, windmills are used to generate electricity. In windmills, the kinetic energy of
wind is harnessed and converted into electricity. The rotatory motion of the blades turns the turbine of
the electric generator to generate electricity.

Question 7: What kind of mirror − concave, convex or plain − would be best suited for use in a solar
cooker? Why?

Answer: A solar cooker uses heat of the sunlight to cook and heat food. A mirror is used in order to
reflect and focus sunlight at a point. A concave mirror is used in a solar cooker for this purpose. The
mirror focuses all the incident sunlight at a point. The temperature at that point increases, thereby
cooking and heating the food placed at that point.

Question 8: What are the limitations of the energy that can be obtained from the oceans?

Answer: The forms of energy that can be obtained from the ocean are tidal energy, wave energy, and
ocean thermal energy. There are several limitations in order to harness these energies.

(i) Tidal energy depends on the relative positioning of the Earth, moon, and the Sun.

(ii) High dams are required to be built to convert tidal energy into electricity.

(iii) Very strong waves are required to obtain electricity from wave energy.

(iv) To harness ocean thermal energy efficiently, the difference in the temperature of surface water
(hot) and the water at depth (cold) must be 20ºC or more.

Question 9 :What is geothermal energy?

Answer: Geothermal power plants use heat of the Earth to generate electricity. This heat energy of the
Earth is known as geothermal energy.

When there are geological changes, the molten rocks present in the core of the earth are pushed to the
earth’s crust. This forms regions of hot spot. Steam is generated when the underground water comes in
contact with these hot spots forming hot springs. This trapped steam is used to generate electricity in
the geothermal power plants.

Question 10: What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

Answer: The advantages of nuclear energy are as follows:

(a) Large amount of energy is produced per unit mass.

(b) It does not produce smoke. It is a clean energy.

(c) Fission of one atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy released by burning of one
atom of carbon.

(d) Fusion of four hydrogen atoms produces huge amount of energy approximately equal to 27 MeV.
Question 11: Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not?

Answer: No source of energy can be pollution-free. It is considered that solar cells are pollution- free.
However, even their making causes environmental damage indirectly.

Also, in the case of nuclear energy, there is no waste produced after the fusion reactions. However, it is
not totally pollution-free. To start the fusion reactions, approximately 107 K temperature is required,
which is provided by fission reactions. The wastes released from fission reactions are very hazardous.
Hence, no source of energy is pollution-free.

Question 12: Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than CNG?
Why or why not?

Answer: Hydrogen gas is cleaner than CNG. CNG contains hydrocarbons. Therefore, it has carbon
contents. Carbon is a form of pollutant present in CNG. On the other hand, hydrogen is waste-free. The
fusion of hydrogen does not produce any waste. Hence, hydrogen is cleaner than CNG.

Question 13: Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable. Give reasons for your
choices.

Answer: Two renewable sources of energy are as follows:

(a) Sun: The energy derived from the Sun is known as solar energy. Solar energy is produced by the
fusion of hydrogen into helium, fusion of helium into other heavy elements, and so on. A large amount
of hydrogen and helium is present in the Sun. Therefore, solar energy can replenish on its own. The Sun
has 5 billion years more to burn. Hence, solar energy is a renewable source of energy.

(b) Wind: Wind energy is derived from air blowing with high speed. Wind energy is harnessed by
windmills in order to generate electricity. Air blows because of uneven heating of the Earth. Since the
heating of the Earth will continue forever, wind energy will also be available forever.

Question 14: Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give
reasons for your choices.

Answer: Two exhaustible energy sources are as follows:

(a) Coal: It is produced from dead remains of plants and animals that remain buried under the earth’s
crust for millions of years. It takes millions of years to produce coal. Industrialization has increased the
demand of coal. However, coal cannot replenish within a short period of time. Hence, it is a non-
renewable or exhaustible source of energy.

(b) Wood: It is obtained from forests. Deforestation at a faster rate has caused a reduction in the
number of forests on the Earth. It takes hundreds of years to grow a forest. If deforestation is continued
at this rate, then there would be no wood left on the Earth. Hence, wood is an exhaustible source of
energy.
Question 15: A solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on (a) a sunny day (b) a cloudy day

(c) a hot day (d) a windy day

Answer: (b) A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water. It requires bright and intense sunlight
to function properly. On a cloudy day, the sunlight reflects back in the sky from the clouds and is unable
to reach the ground. Therefore, solar energy is not available for the solar heater to work properly.
Hence, solar water heater does not function on a cloudy day.

Question 16: Which of the following is not an example of a bio-mass energy source?

(a) wood (b) gobar gas (c) nuclear energy (d) coal

Answer: (c) Bio-mass is a source of energy that is obtained from plant materials and animal

wastes. Nuclear energy is released during nuclear fission and fusion. In nuclear fission, uranium atom is
bombarded with low-energy neutrons. Hence, uranium atom splits into two relatively lighter nuclei. This
reaction produces huge amount of energy. In nuclear fusion reaction, lighter nuclei are fused together
to form a relatively heavier nuclei. This reaction produces tremendous amount of energy. Hence,
nuclear energy is not an example of bio-mass energy source.

Wood is a plant material, gobar gas is formed from animal dung, and coal is a fossil fuel obtained from
the buried remains of plants and animals. Hence, these are bio-mass products.

Question 17: Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the
following is not ultimately derived from the Sun’s energy?

(a) Geothermal energy

(b) Wind energy

(c) Nuclear energy

(d) Bio-mass

Answer: (c) Nuclear energy is released during nuclear fission and fusion. In nuclear fission, uranium atom
is bombarded with low-energy neutrons. Hence, uranium atom splits into two relatively lighter nuclei.
This reaction produces huge amount of energy. In nuclear fusion reaction, lighter nuclei are fused
together to form a relatively heavier nuclei. The energy required to fuse the lighter nuclei is provided by
fission reactions. This reaction produces tremendous amount of energy. These reactions can be carried
out in the absence or presence of sunlight. There is no effect of sunlight on these reactions. Hence,

nuclear energy is not ultimately derived from Sun’s energy.

Geothermal energy, wind energy, and bio-mass are all ultimately derived from solar energy.

Geothermal energy is stored deep inside the earth’s crust in the form of heat energy. The heating is
caused by the absorption of atmospheric and oceanic heat. It is the sunlight that heats the atmosphere
and oceans.

Wind energy is harnessed from the blowing of winds. The uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the
Sun causes wind.

Bio-mass is derived from dead plants and animal wastes. Chemical changes occur in these dead plants
and animal wastes in the presence of water and sunlight. Hence, bio- mass is indirectly related to
sunlight.

Question 18: Compare and contrast fossil fuels and the Sun as direct sources of energy.

Answer: Fossil fuels are energy sources, such as coal and petroleum, obtained from underneath the
Earth’s crust. They are directly available to human beings for use. Hence, fossil fuels are the direct
source of energy. These are limited in amount. These are non-renewable sources of energy because
these cannot be replenished in nature. Fossil fuels take millions of years for their formation. If the
present fossil fuel of the Earth gets exhausted, its formation will take several years. Fossil fuels are also
very costly.

On the other hand, solar energy is a renewable and direct source of energy. The Sun has been shining
for several years and will do so for the next five billion years. Solar energy is available free of cost to all
in unlimited amount. It replenishes in the Sun itself.

Question 19: Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydro electricity as sources of energy.

Answer: Bio-mass and hydro-electricity both are renewable sources of energy. Bio-mass is derived from
dead plants and animal wastes. Hence, it is naturally replenished. It is the result of natural processes.
Wood, gobar gas, etc. are some of the examples of bio- mass. Hydro-electricity, on the other hand, is
obtained from the potential energy stored in water at a height. Energy from it can be produced again
and again. It is harnessed from water and obtained from mechanical processes.

Question 20: What are the limitations of extracting energy from − (a) the wind? (b) waves? (c) tides?

Answer: (a) Wind energy is harnessed by windmills. One of the limitations of extracting energy from
wind is that a windmill requires wind of speed more than 15 km/h to generate electricity. Also, a large
number of windmills are required, which covers a huge area.

(b) Very strong ocean waves are required in order to extract energy from waves.

(c) Very high tides are required in order to extract energy from tides. Also, occurrence of tides depends
on the relative positions of the Sun, moon, and the Earth.

Question 21: On what basis would you classify energy sources as

(a) Renewable and non-renewable? (b) Exhaustible and inexhaustible?

Are the options given in (a) and (b) the same?

Answer: (a) The source of energy that replenishes in nature is known as renewable source of energy.
Sun, wind, moving water, bio-mass, etc. are some of the examples of renewable sources of energy.

The source of energy that does not replenish in nature is known as non-renewable source of energy.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. are some of the examples of non- renewable sources of energy.

(b) Exhaustible sources are those sources of energy, which will deplete and exhaust after a few hundred
years. Coal, petroleum, etc. are the exhaustible sources of energy.

Inexhaustible resources of energy are those sources, which will not exhaust in future.

These are unlimited. Bio-mass is one of the inexhaustible sources of energy.

Yes. The options given in (a) and (b) are the same.

Question 22: What are the qualities of an ideal source of energy?

Answer: An ideal source of energy must be:

I. Economical

II. Easily accessible

III. Smoke/pollution free

IV. Easy to store and transport

V. Able to produce huge amount of heat and energy on burning

Question 23: What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there places
where solar cookers would have limited utility?

Answer: Solar cooker uses Sun’s energy to heat and cook food. It is inexhaustible and clean renewable
source of energy. It is free for all and available in unlimited amount. Hence, operating a solar cooker is
not expensive.

Disadvantage of a solar cooker is that it is very expensive. It does not work without sunlight. Hence, on
cloudy day, it becomes useless.

The places where the days are too short or places with cloud covers round the year, have limited utility
for solar cooker.

Question 24: What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What
steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption?

Answer: Industrialization increases the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are easily accessible sources of
energy that fulfil this demand. The increased use of fossil fuels has a harsh effect on the environment.
Too much exploitation of fossil fuels increases the level of green house gas content in the atmosphere,
resulting in global warming and a rise in the sea level.

It is not possible to completely reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However, some measures can be
taken such as using electrical appliances wisely and not wasting electricity. Unnecessary usage of water
should be avoided. Public transport system with mass transit must be adopted on a large scale. These
small steps may help in reducing the consumption of natural resources and conserving them.

Question 25: Why a reflector is used in a solar cooker?

Answer: The reflector used in solar cookers is parabolic in shape which helps focusing incoming sun rays
to a particular point (focus). The heat generated at the focus is very large indeed.s
 MOUNTABU PUBLIC SCHOOL

SEC-18, ROHINI

PHYSICS NOTES (ELECTRICITY)

CLASS X

Q. Explain the term electricity.

ANS. Electricity:
Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and
flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena such as lightning and static
electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic
induction.

Q. What is electrical circuit?

ANS. Electric circuit :

An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. A network is
a connection of two or more components, and may not necessarily be a circuit.

Q. Define electric charge.

ANS. Electric charge :

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines
their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces,
electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the
source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces.

Q. What is an electron?
ANS. Electron:
The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It is a spin-½
lepton that participates in electromagnetic interactions, its mass is approximately 1 / 1836 of the
proton. Together with atomic nuclei (protons and neutrons), electrons make up atoms. Their interaction
with adjacent nuclei is the main cause of chemical bonding.
Q
Ampere:
The ampere, in practice often shortened to amp, is a unit of electric current, or amount of electric
charge per second. The ampere is an SI base unit, and is named after André-Marie Ampère, one of the
main discoverers of electromagnetism.
Drift speed:

The drift velocity is the average velocity that a particle, such as an electron, attains due to an electric
field. In general, an electron will rattle around in a conductor at the Fermi velocity randomly. An applied
electric field will give this random motion a small net velocity in one direction

Electric potential:
Electric potential is the potential energy per unit of charge associated with a static (time-invariant)
electric field, also called the electrostatic potential, typically measured in volts. It is a Lorentz scalar
quantity. The difference of electrical potential between two points is known as voltage.

Potential difference:
The potential difference is a quantity related to the amount of energy that would be required to move
an object from one place to another against various types of forces. The term is most frequently used as
an abbreviation of 'electrical potential difference', but it also occurs in many other branches of physics.
Only changes in potential or potential energy (not the absolute values) can ever be measured.

voltmeter:
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference between two points
in an electric circuit.

Ohm's law:
Ohm's law states that, in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

Resistance:

The degree to which a passing electric current is dissipated into heat

Rheostat:
A rheostat is a two-terminal variable resistor. Often these are designed to handle much higher voltage
and current. Typically these are constructed as a resistive wire wrapped to form a toroid coil with the
wiper moving over the upper surface of the toroid, sliding from one turn of the wire to the next.
Sometimes a rheostat is made from resistance wire wound on a heat resisting cylinder with the slider
made from a number of metal fingers that grip lightly onto a small portion of the turns of resistance
wire. The 'fingers' can be moved along the coil of resistance wire by a sliding knob thus changing the
'tapping' point. They are usually used as variable resistors rather than variable potential dividers.

Electric resistivity:
Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through
it. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance measured in siemens. Assuming a uniform current
density, an object's electrical resistance is a function of both its physical geometry and the resistivity of
the material
Voltage source:
A voltage source is any device or system that produces an electromotive force between its terminals OR
derives a secondary voltage from a primary source of the electromotive force. A primary voltage source
can supply (or absorb) energy to a circuit while a secondary voltage source dissipates energy from a
circuit. An example of a primary source is a common battery while an example of a secondary source is
a voltage regulator. In electric circuit theory, a voltage source is the dual of a current source.

Electric power:
Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI
unit of power is the watt.

Electric energy:
The electric potential energy of given configuration of charges is defined as the work which must be
done against the Coulomb force to rearrange charges from infinite separation to this configuration (or
the work done by the Coulomb force separating the charges from this configuration to infinity). For two
point-like charges Q1 and Q2 at a distance r this work, and hence electric potential energy is equal to:

Electric Current:
Electric Current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the ampere
(A), which is equal to a flow of one coulomb of charge per second.

Q. What is represented by joule/coulomb?

Answer. It represents potential difference.

Q. A charge of 2C moves between two plates, maintained at a p.d of 1V. What is the energy acquired by
the charge?

Answer. W=QV=2×1=2J

Q. Why are copper wires used as connecting wires?

Answer. The electrical resistivity of copper is low

Q. A wire of resistivity 10 ohm meter is stretched to double its length. What is its new resistivity?

Answer. It remains same because resistivity depends on nature of material.

Q. What is the resistance of connecting wire?

Answer. The resistance of a connecting wire, which is made of good conductor, is negligible.

Q. What should be the resistance of an ammeter?

Answer. The resistance of an ammeter should be very small and for an ideal ammeter, its value is zero.

Q. What should be the resistance of a Voltmeter?

Answer. The resistance of a voltmeter should be very high and for an ideal voltmeter, its value is infinity.

Q. Which has more resistance: 100W bulb or 60W bulb?

Answer. As R is inversely proportional to P for constant V. Thus, the resistance of 60W bulb is more.

Q. How will you join three resistances, each of 2 ohm so that the effective resistance is 3 ohm?

Answer. A parallel combination of two resistances (which will be 1 ohm) joined in series with the third
resistance (2 ohm)

Q. What happens to the current in a circuit if its resistance is doubled?

Answer. As I inversely proportional to R, the current is reduced to half of its previous value.

Q. What happens to the resistance of a circuit if the current through it is doubled?

Answer. The resistance of the circuit does not depend on the current through it., it will remain the
same.

Q. How does the resistance of a wire depend upon its radius?

Answer. As R is inversely proportional to A, R is inversely proportional to square of radius r.

Short Answer Questions 2 mark each with answers

Q. Two wires are of the same length, same radius, but one of them is of copper and the other is of iron.
Which will have more resistance?

Answer.A and l are same R depends only on resistivity and it is more for iron so iron has more
resistance.

Q. Two wires of same material and same length have radii r1 and r2. Compare their resistances.

Answer. R inversely proportional to square of radius r. R1/R2 =(r2/r1)2

Q. Given n resistors each of resistors Rs. How will you combine them to get the

( i ) maximum and
(ii) Minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance?

Answer. (i)For maximum resistance Rs= nr (Equivalent of series combination)

(ii)For minimum resistance Rp= r/n (Equivalent of parallel combination) Rs/Rp= n2

Q. A wire of length L and resistance R is stretched so that its length its doubled. How will its (a)
Resistance change (b) Resistivity change ?

Answer. (a) If the original length of the wire is l and its cross-sectional area is A, then

R = l/A. When length becomes 2l, cross-sectional area reduces to A/2 because

volume does not change. The new resistance =(2l)/A/2=4 l/A = 4R

(b) Resistivity does not change

Q. How much work is done in moving a charge of 3 coulumb from a point at the volts 115 to a point at
125 volts?

Answer. Potential difference V= 125 - 115=10 volts Charge Q = 3 coulomb

V= W/Q W=Vx Q 10x3= 30 Joules.

Q. Ammeter burns out when connected in parallel. Give reasons.

Answer. Ammeter consists of a wire of low resistance when connected in parallel; a large amount of
current passes through it hence gets burnt i.e. short circuited.
 Mount Abu Public School

Class-x

Notes (Magnetic field)

(Q.) What is magnetic field?

(Ans) The region around the magnet, where force of attraction or repulsion can be felt by magnetic
materials, is called as magnetic field.

(Q.) What will be the frequency of an alternating current, if its direction changes after every 0.05 s?

(Ans) The time period (T) of one cycle would be = 2 x (0.05 s) = 0.1 s.

frequency, f = 1/T. Hence, f = (1 / 0.1) = 10 Hz.

(Q.) What is the principle on which working of electric generator is based? What are its important parts?

(Ans) The working of electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Important parts of electric generator are armature, slip rings, brushes and field magnets.

(Q.) Why two magnetic lines of force don’t intersect each other?

(Ans) If so then at the point of intersection there will be two different directions of magnetic field which
is not possible.

(Q.) Give two methods by which we can increase the strength of magnetic field produced by a circular
coil carrying current?

(Ans) The two methods by which we can increase the strength of magnetic field are given below:-

1. By increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil.

2. By increasing the current flowing through the coil.

(Q.) What are the patterns of magnetic field lines inside and outside of a solenoid? What do they
indicate?

(Ans) (i)The field lines inside the solenoid are parallel straight lines. This indicates that the magnetic field
is uniform and is therefore, same at all points inside it.

(ii)The field lines outside the solenoid are curved lines. This indicates that the magnetic field is non-
uniform.
(Q.) What are the factors which govern the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in
a uniform magnetic field depends?

(Ans) The factors which govern the force expericed by conductor which is placed in a uniform magnetic
field are:-

1. strength of the magnetic field in which conductor is placed.

2. strength of current flowing through the conductor.

3. length of conductor.

(Q.) Distinguish between an electric motor and generator?

(Ans) The major differences between an electric motor and generator are stated below:

Electric Motor

1. It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2. It needs electrical energy for its working.

3. They are used as water pumps, marble grinders e.t.c

Generator

1. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

2. It needs mechanical energy for its working.

3. They are used as water pumps, marble grinders e.t.c

3. Diesel generator, hydro-electric generator are the examples of it.

(Q.) Why mostly all electrical home appliances like refrigerator, toaster etc. are provided with a wire
having green insulation?

(Ans) Earth wire is the insulated green coloured copper wire which is connected to a metal plate deep
inside the earth near the house. It is used as a safety measure.

It is kept at zero potential by connecting it to the ground, thus, providing a low-resistance conducting
path for the current.

When by electric fault, if current flows through the metallic body of electric appliance and we touch it,
then current finds the lower resistance path of earth wire than our body. So, current flows through
earth wire only and we remain safe.
(Q.) Describe domestic household circuit.

(Ans) From an electric pole or underground cables, we receive electric supply in our homes. Domestic
electric circuit consists of three main wires.The wire with red insulation is called live wire.

The wire with black insulation is called neutral wire. Potential difference between the neutral and the
live wire is 220 V.

The wire with green insulation is called earth wire. It is connected to a metallic body deep inside the
earth.

According to new International Convention, insulation of live wire should be of brown colour whereas
neutral and earth wires should be of light blue and green (or yellow) insulation cover. In our homes, we
receive AC electric power of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. Live wire and neutral wire maintains the
p.d. of 220 V. These wires pass through the fuse board. Fuse is specially connected with the live wire.
Current rating of this fuse depends on house load. From the fuse board, these wires pass through the
electric metre. From the metre, the earth wire is locally inserted inside the ground of the house. After
the electric metre, these wires pass through the main switches and fuses in different rooms. Depending
on the power of electrical appliances, two types of fuse (5A or 15 A) are used. From the switch and fuse
board, the power lines are distributed to different electrical appliances.

(Q.) Describe about short circuiting and overloading in detail.

(Ans) Short Circuiting: Short-circuiting occurs in a circuit when the live wire comes in direct contact with
the neutral wire. This causes much damage to the electric appliances connected with them.

Reason of short-circuiting: When the live wire touches the neutral wire, the contact portion of the two
wires behave like load and due to very low resistance of copper wire, it draws very large amount of
current. In the presence of this high current, the copper wire catches fire, due to joules heating effect.

Overloading: Overloading occurs in a circuit when the current in the circuit increases abruptly. It causes
overheating of the wire and might lead to the fire. It can also occur due to accidental increase in the
supply voltage or on connecting too many appliances to a single socket

(Q.) What is an electromagnet? On what factors its magnetic field depends? Mention the differences
between an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.

(Ans) Electromagnet is a magnet formed by the magnetization of a piece of a magnetic material (such as
soft iron) by inserting it into a solenoid. The magnetic field (strength) of an electromagnet depends
upon:

(i) Amount of current passing through the coil (ii) Number of turns of the coil

(iii) Nature of core material present inside coil

Differences between electromagnet and permanent magnet are:

Electromagnet Permanent Magnet

1.It is temporary magnet and can be demagnetized. 1.It is a permanent magnet and cannot be
demagnetized easily.

2.Magnetic strength can be changed. 2. Its strength is fixed.

3.Its polarity can also be changed. 3.Its polarity is fixed.

4.It is prepared from soft iron. 4.It is prepared from hard steel.

(Q.) What do you understand by magnetic effect of electric current?

(Ans) The phenomenon due to which, a wire behaves like a magnet when electric current is passed
through it, is called as the magnetic effect of electric current.

(Q.) Explain Maxwell's right hand thumb rule?

(Ans) According to Maxwell's right hand thumb rule,

“If we hold the current-carrying conductor in our right hand in such a way that the thumb is stretched
along the direction of the current, then the curled fingers give the direction of the magnetic field
produced by the current”,

(Q.) What are the properties of magnetic field due to a current through a straight wire?

(Ans) The properties of magnetic field due to a current through a straight wire are:

1. The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a given point increases as the current through the
wire increases.

2. The magnetic field produced by a given current in the conductor decreases as the distance from it
increases.

3. The concentric circles representing the magnetic field around a current-carrying straight wire become
larger and larger as we move away from it.

4. If the direction of the current is reversed in the wire, the lines will still be circular, but the directions of
the lines will be reversed, which can be verified using the compass needle.
(Q.) Which rule is used find the direction of the force on a conductor in a magnetic field. Explain?

Ans) To find the direction of the force on a conductor in a magnetic field, a simple rule known as
Fleming's left-hand rule is used.

According to Fleming's left-hand rule, if you stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left
hand such that they are mutually at right angles, If the First finger points in the direction of the field. The
second finger represents the direction of the current (in the classical direction, from positive to
negative), then the thumb will point in the direction of the force acting on the conductor or in the
direction of the resultant motion. Thish rule is used to know the direction of the induced current

Q. Give characteristics of magnetic field lines.

Ans: (i) They represent the magnetic field.

(ii) They are directed from north to South Pole outside a magnet and from south to North Pole inside a
magnet.

(iii) The field lines are closed curves.

(iv) The strength of magnetic field in a region is determined by closeness of the field lines in that region.

(v) The closer the field lines are, greater will be the field strength and vice–versa.

(vi) No two field lines ever cross each other as it would mean two different directions of field at point of
intersection, which is not possible.

(viii) The parallel lines represent the uniform magnetic field whereas converging lines or diverging lines
represents the non uniform magnetic field.

Q.) What do you mean by electromagnetic induction?

(Ans) "The process, due to which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another
conductor, is called electromagnetic induction".

Q. A current through a horizontal power line flows in north to south direction.What is the direction of
magnetic field (i)at a point directly below it and (ii)at a point directly above it?

Ans. (i) West to East (ii) East to West

Q. A straight wire carrying electric current is moving out of plane of paper and is perpendicular to it.
What is the direction and type of induced magnetic field?

Ans . Induced magnetic field will be in the form of concentric circles in the plane of paper.

Q. How can it be shown that magnetic field exist around a wire carrying current?

Ans:By using magnetic compass which, shows deflection.

Q. How can a solenoid be used to magnetise a steel bar.

Ans :By inserting the steel bar inside the solenoid and switching on electric current.

Q. Can a 5 A fuse be used in wire carrying 15 A current? Why?

Ans:No, because both of them would then be ineffective in controlling the amount of current flowing.

Q. Give the factors that affect strength of magnetic field at a point due to a straight conductor carrying
current.

Ans : Magnitude of electric current, perpendicular distance between that point and conductor.

Q. Where do we connect a fuse: with live wire or with neutral wire?

Ans: It is always connected with live wire.

Q. Give two uses of electromagnets.

Ans: (i) It is used in cranes for lifting heavy loads.

(ii) used in electric bells.

Q. Name any two devices which use permanent magnets.

Ans: Loudspeakers, Galvanometer, voltmeter.

Q. A current-carrying straight conductor is placed in the east-west direction. What will be the direction
of the force experienced by this conductor due to earth’s magnetic field? How will this force get affected
on? (a) reversing the direction of floe of current (b) doubling the magnitude of current.Ans .11 The
direction of earth’s magnetic field is from G-south to G-north. Let current

is from west to east. Therefore force is vertically upwards.

(a) By reversing the direction of current, the direction of will be reversed i.e.

vertically downwards.

(b) The magnitude of the force is doubled.

Q. An electron enters a magnetic field at right angles to it as shown in fig. The direction of the force
acting on the electron will be:

(a) to the right (b) to the left (c) out of the page (d) into the page

Ans .12 When a conductor carrying current is placed perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field,
the acting on it is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. Since the direction of current is the same as that of
the motion of a positive charge, the d irection of force acting on it when moving perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field is the same as that acting on a current-carrying conductor placed

perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. Obviously, the force acting on an electron is opposite to
that. Therefore in this case it is into the page.

Q. A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What would happen if a bar magnet is
(i) Pushed into the coil? (ii) Withdrawn from inside the coil? (iii) Held stationary inside the coil?

Ans (i) Due to change in magnetic flux linked with coil, the galvanometer shows deflection (say towards
right).

(ii) Due to change in magnetic flux linked with coil, the galvanometer shows deflection (say towards left
opposite to that in case one).

( ii i) As it is stationary no change in magnetic flux linked with coil, so galvanometer shows no deflection.

Q.A magnetic compass needle is placed in the plane of paper near point A as shown in Figure 13.6. In
which plane should a straight current carrying conductor be placed so that it passes through A and there
is no change in the deflection of the compass? Under what condition is the deflection maximum and
why?

Ans: In the plane of the paper itself. The axis of the compass is vertical and the field due to the
conductor is also vertical. It could result in a dip of compass needle which is not possible in this case
(dips result only if axis of compass is horizontal). The deflection is maximum when the conductor
through A is perpendicular to the plane of paper and the field due to it is maximum in the plane of the
paper

Q. Under what conditions permanent electromagnet is obtained if a current carrying solenoid is used?

Ans: (i) The current through the solenoid should be direct current.

(ii) The rod inside is made of a magnetic material such as steel

Q. It is established that an electric current through a metallic conductor produces a magnetic field
around it. Is there a similar magnetic field produced around a thin beam of moving (i) alpha particles, (ii)
neutrons? Justify your answer.

Ans: (i) Yes, Alpha particles being positively charged constitutes a current in the direction of motion.

(ii) No. The neutrons being electrically neutral constitute no current.

Q. Meena draws magnetic field lines of field close to the axis of a current carrying circular loop. As she
moves away from the centre of the circular loop she observes that the lines keep on diverging. How will
you explain her observation.

Ans: Strength of the magnetic field falls as distance increases. This is indicated by the decrease in degree
of closeness of the lines of field.

Q. What does the divergence of magnetic field lines near the ends of a current carrying straight solenoid
indicate?

Ans: The divergence, that is, the falling degree of closeness of magnetic field lines indicates the fall in
strength of magnetic field near and beyond the ends of the solenoid.

Q. What is the role of the two conducting stationary brushes in a simple electric motor?

Ans: The brushes are connected to the battery and touch the outer side of two halves of the split ring
whose inner sides are insulated and attached to the axle.

Q. What is the difference between a direct current and an alternating current? How many times does AC
used in India change direction in one second?

Ans: Direct current always flows in one direction but the alternating current reverses its direction
periodically. The frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz and in each cycle it alters direction twice. Therefore AC
changes direction 2 × 50 = 100 times in one second.

Q.What is the role of fuse, used in series with any electrical appliance? Why should a fuse with defined
rating not be replaced by one with a larger rating?

Ans: Fuse is used for protecting appliances due to short-circuiting or overloading. The fuse is rated for a
certain maximum current and blows off when a current more than the rated value flows through it. If a
fuse is replaced by one with larger ratings, the appliances may get damaged while the protecting fuse
does not burn off. This practice of using fuse of improper rating should always be avoided
(Q.) What is the principle behind the working of electric generator? Explain its working with the help of
well labeled diagram.

(Ans) Principle of working (Electric generator): The electric generator works on the principle that when a
conductor is moved in a magnetic field then current is induced in the conductor. The direction of the
induced current is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

Construction and Working: The construction of a simple electric generator is shown in the figure below:

It has a rectangular coil which is placed between two strong horse-shoe magnets. On the periphery of
coil large turns of insulated copper wire is wound.

Here the ends A and D of the coil are connected to slip rings R1 and R2. They rotate along with the coil,
while two carbon brushes B1 and B2 keep contact with them.

Suppose coil starts rotating in the clockwise direction than current is induced in the coil, which flows
from points ABCD. The direction of current is given according to the Flemings left hand rule.

After half rotation of the coil, arm CD starts moving up while AB starts moving down. Now the flow
current induced is reversed, that is current flows through DCBA. Hence we may say that after every half
cycle direction of flow of current is reversed. Because of this reason the current produced by the
generator is also called as alternating current.

(Q.) Explain the construction and working of electric motor?

(Ans) Construction: An ordinary electric motor consists of an armature ABCD (a coil of large number of
turns) wound on an iron core.The armature is placed in a strong magnetic field.The ends of the armature
are connected to two halves (P and Q) of a split ring.In electric motors, the split ring acts as a
commutator (a device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit is called
commutator). P and Q are in contact with carbon brushes X and Y, respectively.The carbon brushes are
then connected to a battery and a key.

Working: As soon as the key is closed, the current in arm AB of the coil flows from A to B and the current
in arm CD flows from C to D.According to Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, the arm AB will move downwards
while the arm CD will move upwards, resulting in the anticlockwise movement of the armature along
with the split ring. As soon as the armature ABCD reaches its vertical position while rotating, the current
through the coil is cut off as the brushes (X and Y) touch the gap between P and Q. The coil does not
stop rotating as it has gained momentum and it goes beyond the vertical position. When coil goes
beyond vertical position, the direction of current along the arms AB and CD is reversed .Therefore, the
direction of force acting on AB and CD gets reversed. Now, AB moves up and CD goes down. Again, due
to momentum, the armature continues its anticlockwise rotation. Finally, the coil reaches its initial
position. The cycle continues as long as there is flow of electric current through the armature. An axle
can be attached to the rotating split ring which can be used to do work.
Q. Why does a magnetic compass needle pointing North and South in the absence of a nearby magnet
get deflected when a bar magnet or a current carrying loop is brought near it. Describe some salient
features of magnetic lines of field concept.

Ans: Current carrying loops behave like bar magnets and both have their associated lines of field. This
modifies the already existing earth’s magnetic field and a deflection results. Magnetic field has both
direction and magnitude. Magnetic field lines emerge from N-pole and enter Spole. The magnetic field
strength is represented diagrammatically by the degree of closeness of the field lines. Field lines cannot
cross each other as two values of net field at a single point cannot exist. Only one value, a unique net
value, can exist. If in a given region, lines of field are shown to be parallel and equispaced, the field is
understood to be uniform.