Abebe Shawel PDF

COMPARISION OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE SLAB AND
PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM-HCB SLAB SYSTEM
BY
ABEBE SHAWEL
ADVAISOR DR-SHIFFERAW TAYE
A thesis submitted to
the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Structural Engineering
JANUARY 2008
COMPARISION OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE SLAB
AND
PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM-HCB SLAB SYSTEM
BY
ABEBE SHAWEL
March 2008
COMPARISON OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE
CONCRETE SLAB AND PRECAST CONCRETE
BEAM-BLOCK SLAB SYSTEM
BY
ABEBE SHAWEL
ADVISOR: DR. SHIFFERAW TAYE
March 2008
COMPARISION OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE SLAB
AND
PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM-BLOCK SLAB SYSTEM
BY
ABEBE SHAWEL
March 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
One of the pleasures of writing this thesis is acknowledging the effort of many
people whose names may not appear on the cover, but whose hard work, cooperation,
friendship and understanding were crucial to the success of this project work. Therefore, I
would like to take the opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all, whom I can name
out and who have highly devoted their time, knowledge and resources to the completion of
this thesis.
• The Almighty GOD, I would like to praise for His blessings and blissfulness, He
gave me to pass all these moments and finalize the paper on time as efficiently as
possible.
• My Advisor, Dr.Shifferaw Taye, for the encouragements, guidance, critics and

recommendations throughout my final year project.
• My lecturers, Dr.Ing Asnake Adamu, Dr.Ing Girma Zereyohannes and Dr.Ing Adil
Zekria for their help, advices and recommendations in my two year studies.
Without their continued support and interest in lectures, this thesis would not have
been the same as presented here.
• My dearest colleague, Tibebu Ayele, General Manger of Kality Construction and

construction Materials Production Enterprise, for giving me his bountiful
cooperation and commitment all the way. He has been my mentor and alliance in
gathering all the necessary information that led me actualizes my thesis.
• To my beloved & faithful Lewam and family members: Shawel, Senayet, Genet,
Wogayhu, Wondewesen, and Rebica, whom had always been there to support me
no matter how far or occupied they are. They had all the love and faith in me to
complete my two year course in Structural Engineering.
• I would also like to thank all my friends especially Girma W. and Gediyon K. for
their encouragement and supportive ideas.
• Finally to Araya H., Nausenay W., Yirgu A., Yohannes H., Temesgen A. and not to
forget my classmates for the wonderful ”SELAM” times we had.
I was fortunate to have been able to work on this project with a talented and
dedicated people. This project happened because of the enthusiasm, persistence and
professionalism of the people who revolved around me.
Abebe Shawel
Addis Ababa, March 2008
i
ABSTRACT
A prestressed hollow core slab element studied in this thesis is a precast prestressed
concrete member with continuous voids provided to reduce weight and, therefore, cost and,
as a side benefit, to use for concealed electrical or mechanical runs. Primarily used as floor
or roof deck systems, hollow core slabs also have applications as wall panels, spandrel
members and bridge deck units. This system of construction does not require form work
and Propping during installation.
Precast, prestressed concrete floors offer significant advantages in many types of
building construction. They offer design, time and cost advantages over other flooring
materials and systems and are suitable for use with all structural systems, i.e. concrete,
masonry and steel
In our country precast prestressed concrete elements are not widely used for
construction of most buildings. The conventional cast in-situ construction require lots of
formwork and construction time, and also the precast beam-slab system construction
require propping and construction time too which increases the total cost of a project.
When precast prestressed hollow core slab elements are introduced in vast amount in the
construction of buildings, an economical construction could be achieved.
The economy of the generalized hollow core slab system is require a short
construction time compared to precast beam slab system and in the quantity of slabs that
can be produced at a given time with a minimum of labor required. Each slab on a given
casting line will have the same number of pre-stressing strands. Therefore, the greatest
production efficiency is obtained by mixing slabs with the same reinforcing requirements
from several projects on a single production line. This implies that best efficiency for a
single project is obtained if slab requirements are repetitive.
In the present study, the advantages of prestressed hollow core slab elements, for
construction of the floor slabs of four story building, is shown by making cost comparison
between the precast beam-slab system and pre-stressed hollow core slab system. For this
ii
purpose, the same span length is chosen for the two slab systems. These elements are
designed for loads they should sustain when used in the construction of slabs.
Finally cost comparison is made between the two systems of slab construction. The
cost comparison showed that the prestressed hollow core slab system of construction is
more economical and faster than the precast beam-slab system.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
ABSTRUCT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGUERS viii
NOTATIONS x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General
1.2 Objectives of the study 2
1.3 Methodology of the study 2
1.4 Application of the result 3
CHAPTER 2
PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLOORINGS 4
2.1 General
2.2 Precast Beam-HCB Floor Slab System 4
2.2.1 General 4
2.2.2 Description of precast beam-block slab 7
2.2.3 Precast beam and slab block installation 7
2.2.4 Benefits of precast beam-block slab system 9
2.3 Prestressed hollow core concrete floor slab 12
2.3.1 General 12
2.3.2 Description of prestressed hollow core slab 13
2.3.3 Construction of hollow core slabs 14
2.3.4 Advantages of hollow core floor slab 16
iv
2.3.5 Diaphragm action with hollow core slabs 18
2.3.6 Connections in hollow core slabs 19
2.3.6.1 Connection details for hollow core slab system 19
CHAPTER 3 30
DESIGN OF PRECAST BEAM
3.1 General 30
3.2 Design Guide Lines 31
3.2.1 Design load combinations 31
3.2.2 Design strength 31
3.2.3 Design moments 31
3.2.4 Flexural reinforcement 32
3.2.5 Shear reinforcement design formulas 33
3.4.2 Compression resistance of the precast beam 35
3.3 Design procedure for the precast beam element 35
3.4 Design example 38
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE CONCRETE SLAB 49
4.1 General 49
4.2 Stress limits 49
4.3 Stresses at transfer 50
4.4 Prestress losses 51
4.4.1 Immediate loss 51
4.4.2 Time dependent losses 52
4.5 Flexural capacity 53
4.5.1 Serviceablity limit state of flexure 53
4.5.2 Ultimate limit ltate of flexure 56
4.5.2.1 Assumptions 56
v
4.5.2.2 Idealiazed rectangular compressive stress block for concrete 57
4.5.2.3 Prestresses steel strain components 57
4.5.2.4 Determination of the ultimate moment of resistance 59
4.5.2.5 Section containing non prestressed reinforcements 60
4.6 Deflection limits 63
4.7 Shear capacity 64
4.7.1 Shear capacity in the flexurally uncracked region 65
4.7.2 Shear capacity in the flexurally cracked region 66
4.8 Design guide line 67
4.8.1 General 67
4.8.2 Design procedures for the hollow core floor units 68
4.9 Design example on prestressed hollow core slab system 70
CHAPTER 5
COST COMPARISON 81
5.1 Construction cost component 81
5.1.1 Quantities of materials 82
5.1.1.1 Precast beam slab system 82
5.1.1.2 Hollow core floor slab 85
5.2 Construction time component 89
5.2.1 Hollow core slab System 90
5.2.2 Precast beam-slab system 91
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 93
REFERENCES 95
APPENDIX A 97
Analysis sheets for total cost determination
DECLARATION
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.1 Final output of precast beam design 48

Table 4.1 Summarized values for different concrete classes 82
Table 5.1 Calculation of total production cost of one precast beam elements 87
Table 5.2 Calculation of total production cost of hollow core floor slab 88
Table 5.3 Construction cost of topping in the first floor 89
Table 5.4 Construction cost of hollow core slab in the first floor 89
Table 5.5 Construction cost calculation using precast beam slab system 90
Table 5.6 Summery of cost for both precast beam-block slab and prestressed
hollow core floor slab 90
Table 5.7 Pricing items for comparing the two different flooring systems 91
Table 5.8 Construction schedule using hollow core slab system 92
Table 5.9 Construction schedule using precast beam slab system 93
Table 5.10 Analysis sheet for total cost of steel reinforcements 97
Table 5.11 Analysis sheet for total cost of C-25 reinforced concrete work 98
Table 5.12 Analysis sheet for total cost of Pre cast beam installation 102
Table 5.13 Analysis sheet for total cost of slab-block installation 106
Table 5.14 Analysis sheet for total cost of prestressed wire 110
Table 5.15 Analysis sheet for total cost of C-25 reinforced concrete work for
hollow core slab 111
Table 5.16 Analysis Sheet for total cost of hollow core slab installation 112
Table 5.17 Analysis Sheet for total cost of ceiling plastering for precast beam-block
slab system 116
Table 5.18 Analysis Sheet for total cost of support work for precast beam-block
slab system 117
vii
LIST OF FIGURS
Page
Figure 2.1 Typical floor slab precast beam layout 5

Figure 2.2 Elevation views of precast beam and longitudinal reinforcement 6
Figure 2.3 Cross Section of precast beam 6
Figure 2.4 Cross section of precast system after concrete casting 6
Figure 2.5 Plan, section and reinforcement at precast beam edge location 6
Figure 2.6 Plan, section and reinforcement at every precast connection. 6
Figure 2.7 The soffit of a beam and block slab in place with support 7
Figure 2.8 Typical cross section and application of precast beam slab 8
Figure 2.9 Typical hollow block for slab construction 9
Figure 2.10 Typical construction details and connections for beam and block slabs. 10
Figure 2.11 Precast beam-block slab system application procedures 11
Figure 2.12 Shear key joints between adjacent unit 12
Figure 2.13 Typical prestressed hollow core floor units in KCMPE Addis Ababa 13
Figure 2.14 Typical floor slab hollow core layout 15
Figure 2.15 Installation of hollow core floor slab 15
Figure 2.16 Hollow core slab installation procedures 16
Figure 2.17 Hollow core slabs being hoisted into position by mobile crane 18
Figure 2.18 Typical detail with concrete beams 20
Figure 2.19 Typical details with walls 27
Figure 3.1 Design of a rectangular beam section 32
Figure 3.2 Cross-section of precast beam and slab 39
Figure 4.1 Stress conditions 54
Figure 4.2 Stress blocks 57
Figure 4.3 Strains due to the effective pre-stress and at ultimate 58
Figure 4.4 Hollow core concrete floor and equivalent section 60
Figure 4.5 Section containing both tensile and compressive reinforcements 61
viii
Figure 4.6 Shear resistances of prestressed elements 65
Figure 4.7 Cross-section of hollow core floor slab 72
Figure 4.8 Design diagram 75
Figure 4.9 Stress -strain curve 79
Figure 5.1 Use of hollow core slab on concrete framed building. 91
Figure 5.2 Network diagram of slab construction using pre stressed hollow core slab
system. 92
Figure 5.3 Network diagram of slab construction using precast beam-block slab
system. 93
Figure 5.4 Hollow core slabs being hoisted into position. 96
ix
NOTATIONS
For prestressed slab design

A cross section area
A ps area of prestressing steel
A sc area of the compressive steel
A st area of non-prestressed tensile reinforcement
b width of the cross-section
Cc compressive force in the concrete
Cs compressive force in the non-prestressed steel
dc depth of neutral axis at ultimate
dn depth from the extreme compressive fiber to the neutral axis at ultimate
do depth to the non-presressing tensile steel
d s ,d p depth to the non- prestressing and prestressed steel, respectively
D overall depth of the cross-section
e eccentricity of prestress
Ec modulus of elasticity of the concrete
E ci modulus of elasticity of the concrete at transfer
Ep modulus of elasticity of the tendons
Es modulus of elasticity of the non-prestressed steel
Fb ultimate bearing stress
fb design ultimate bearing stress
f bt bottom fiber stress at transfer
f bw bottom fiber stress under working condition
f cp the compressive stresses at the centrodal axis due to prestress after all losses
f ci characteristic compressive strength of concrete at transfer
f cu characteristic compressive strength of concrete at 28 days
x
f ct compressive stress limit at transfer
f cw compressive stress limit under working service loads
ftt tensile stress limit at transfer
ftw tensile stress limit under working service loads
fut upper fiber stress at transfer
fuw upper fiber stress under working condition
f pb design tensile stress in the tendons.
f pe design effective prestress in the tendons after all losses.
f cpx design stress at a distance x from the end of member.
lc,ls lever arms distance of compressive forces in the concrete and in the steel,
respectively ,above the non-prestressed tensile
Mo moment at a cross-section at transfer
M sus moment caused by the sustained load
MT moment caused by total service load
Pe effective prestressing force after time-dependent losses
Pi prestressing force immediately after transfer
P prestresing force
Pj prestrssing force at the jack before transfer
Tp tension in the prestresed steel
Ts tension in the non-prestressed steel
V the design ultimate shear force at the section considered
Vc the design concrete shear resistance
V co ultimate uncracked shear resistance
V cr design ultimate shear resistance of a section cracked in flexure.
Wo uniformly distributed self weigh
Z b ,Zt bottom and top fiber section moduli (I/y b ,I/yt ) respectively
ε c, ε c(t) creep strain of concrete at time t
ε cu ultimate compressive strain
xi
ε cp the concrete strain at the level immediately after transfer
ε ce concrete strain at the level of the prestressed steel due to the effective
prestress
ε pe strain in the prestressing tendon due to the effective prestress
ε pu the strain in the prestressing tendon at the ultimate load
ε pt tensile strain in the concrete at the level of prestressing tendon in the
post cracking range and at the ultimate moment
ε sc, ε st strain in the non-prestressed compressive and tensile steel respectively
ε sh shrinkage strain
εy yield strain
δ mid span camber or deflection
∆ in service long-term deflection
Ф creep coefficient
σ cp stress in the concrete at the level of the prestressing steel
σ p, σ s stress in the prestressed and non-prestressed steel, respectively
For precast beam design

A cv area of section for shear resistance
As area of tension reinforcement
A's area of compression reinforcement,
A sv total cross-sectional area of links at the neutral axis
bw average web width of a flanged beam
C compression force
d effective depth of tension reinforcement
d' depth to center of compression reinforcement
e min minimum or nominal eccentricity
Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
f cu characteristic cube strength at 28 days
f 's compressive stress in a beam compression steel
xii
fy characteristic strength of reinforcement
f yv characteristic strength of link reinforcement
K' maximum M/bd2 fcu for a singly reinforced concrete section taken as 0.156
by assuming that moment redistribution is limited to 10%
l33 , l22 major and minor direction unbraced member lengths.
le 33 , le 22 major and minor effective lengths, (K 33 l 33 , K 22 l 22 ).
M design moment at a section
pc compressive strength
Pe euler strength
py yield strength
r 33 , r 22 major and minor radii of gyration
rz minimum radius of gyration for angles
R LW shear strength reduction factor as specified in the concrete material
properties.
sv spacing of links
V factored shear force at ultimate design load
v shear stress
vc design ultimate shear stress resistance of a concrete beam
v' c design concrete shear stress corrected for axial forces
γf partial safety factor for load
γm partial safety factor for material strength
γc partial safety factor for concrete
γs partial safety factor for reinforcing steel
εc concrete strain.
εs strain in tension steel.
ε' s strain in compression steel.
η perry factor.
xiii
xiv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The use of inexpensive construction system in building construction is usually

associated with the question of how economical the system will be, if it is used instead of
the usual or traditional ones. However, the evaluation of the economical benefits gained
from using such systems requires a thorough study on the system.
Precast and prestressed concrete flooring offers an economic and versatile solution
to ground and suspended floors [12]. It gives both the design and cost advantages over the
most common methods of construction such as cast in-situ concrete, steel-concrete
composite and timber floors [12, 20]. Approximately, half of the floors used in commercial
and domestic buildings around the developed world are constructed using precast concrete
floors [12].
There are various methods of precast concrete flooring construction to give the
most economic solution to various types of loadings having long spans. These floors give
maximum structural performance with minimum weight and can be used with or without
structural toppings and non-structural finishes.
Precast prestressed hollow core concrete slab is one of the existing methods of
flooring construction which has got a self weight of about one-half of a solid section of the
same depth [12, 19]. It is now the most widely used type of precast flooring system in the
developed and developing countries. This success is largely due to the highly efficient
design and production methods, flexibility in use, surface finish and structural efficiency
[1, 11, 12].
In addition precast beam elements studied in this thesis are reinforced concrete
beams, in which their latticed reinforcement bars are projected out. They are used for
construction of reinforced concrete slabs, in combination with hollow concrete blocks, as
case of ribbed slab construction. This system of construction does not require formwork
for the in-situ concrete slab.
1
The increasing price of building construction, Primarily due to increasing prices of
building materials, and construction delays, call for inexpensive and faster methods of
construction. The use of such methods of construction, especially in a developing country
like Ethiopia, where there is a limited source of building materials, might be proved
economical. One of such cheaper and faster method of construction is the use of precast
pre-stressed hollow core elements for the construction of slabs.
Generally, the application of precast concrete floors in Ethiopia has been limited to
small extent since its inception in the country. In this study an alternative method of
precast concrete flooring, the precast prestressed hollow core concrete floors, is studied to
come up with recommendations and conclusions for its wider application.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the advantage of precast
prestressed hollow core concrete slab elements. This is achieved by making a cost
comparison of floor slabs, analyzed and designed by the precast prestressed hollow core
concrete slab system and the precast beam-block slab system. For the purpose of the cost
comparison the floors of a four-story condominium building slab is analyzed and designed
using both systems.
In addition, conclusions and recommendations are drawn which may be useful for
further developments and the application of this system of construction.
1.3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The following methods are employed to achieve the objectives of the research.
• Field work:
Assessment of the different plants and sites and the practice in Addis Ababa where
precast and prestressed slab production and construction employed.
• Desktop works:
Literature survey on analysis and design of precast beam-block and precast prestressed
hollow core concrete floors slab systems which include:
• Loading computations
2
• Analysis
• Detailing for various design action including connections.
• Connection practice of hollow core concrete floors with beams and walls.
• Detailed analysis and design to be followed with the design guide.
• Comparison of the slab systems
1.4 APPLICATION OF THE RESULT
The result of the thesis discloses the existence and extent of employing precast pre
stressed hollow core concrete floor in the country and the rational for its very small current
application. This is followed by what is to be done to improve the use of the precast and
prestressed concrete element technology in the country. The results of this thesis work also
offer a design guideline for prestressed hollow core concrete slabs and pre cast beam for
slab construction which can be used by the engineers.
3
CHAPTER 2
PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLOORINGS
2.1 GENERAL
Precast concrete refers to concrete components no cast in place but rather, cast off
site or in a location different from their final location. Precast concrete construction
represents a viable alternative to construction method utilizing cast-in-place concrete [3].
Structural elements may be precast either in a remote factory or at the job site. Precast
concrete may be either ordinary reinforced or pre-stressed.
Prestressed concrete, which may be considered as a modified reinforced concrete,
was not practical in general applications as late as 1933[16].surprisingly enough, however,
the basic ideas of prestressed concrete were connived almost as early as those of reinforced
concrete [16].
Particular attention must be given in the design of precast and prestressed concrete
units to reduction in weight and details to minimize the cost of erection and installation.
There are a wide range of flooring types available to give the most economic
solution for all loading conditions and spans. These floors give maximum structural
performance with minimum, weight and may be used with or without structural toppings,
non-structural finishes (such as tiles, granolithic screed). Some of these floors are studied
and made economic comparison in chapter 5.
2.2 PRECAST BEAM-BLOCK FLOOR SLABS
2.2.1 General
A beam and block slab is composed of rectangular shaped (generally) precast

concrete reinforced ribs supporting rebated filler blocks placed between two ribs. This
system is sometimes referred to as plank and block or beam and block. In-situ concrete is
poured between and over the blocks.
The beam and block slab system is more flexible in coping with irregular shapes.
Spans are smaller and the lifting capacity required to place beams is less. It is significantly
4
slower than hollow core slab in construction time as in-situ concrete must be poured and
cured. Propping of the system during construction is required with a beam and block
system.
Precast beam elements are prefabricated reinforced concrete members having
sufficient strength to carry shear and flexure. The lower portion of the reinforcement is
precast, while the upper portion is exposed and yet to be casted with in-situ concrete after
they are laid with hollow concrete blocks as shown in Figs 2.1 to 2.6.
During erection the precast beam elements are placed at certain intervals, say 0.6m,
on already constructed beams. After the hollow concrete blocks are laid across the span of
the beam elements, concrete will be casted above. Figure 2.1 shows the arrangement of
precast beams in one floor slab.
Figure 2.1 Typical floor slab precast beam layout

5000
175 31X150=4650 1 175

120
180
260
260
20 120
80
1
1Ø14 L=5400
5000
2Ø14 L=5000
5000
Figure 2.2 Elevation view of precast beam and longitudinal reinforcement
5
1Ø14
180 Ø6/150
60
80
20
120
2Ø16
Figure 2.3 Cross section of precast beam
Cast in-situ concrete

Top bar Ø6/300 mesh (in both directions)
20
60
280
260
220
120 120
625
Figure 2.4 Cross section of precast beam-block system after concrete casting
a 2Φ12-L=1870 at every pre-cast edge beam location

a
20
1300
a
180
280
360
80
50
120
160
200
Figure 2.5 Plan, section and reinforcement at precast beam edge location.
2Ø12 L=3400
at every pre-cast connection
220
120
60
40
40
80 80
Figure 2.6 Plan, section and reinforcement at every precast connection.
6
2.2.2 Description of Precast Beam-Block Slab
The most common beam spacings usually used are 560, 600, 625 and 650mm. A
non-structural hollow concrete rebated filler block is placed between these beams. The size
of the block determines the beam spacing and provides a flush soffit. A structural concrete
topping should have a minimum thickness of 50mm, or 1/10 clear distance between the
beams [21]. Welded or tied mesh reinforcement is placed in this topping to control possible
shrinkage cracks. The filler blocks may be produced in different heights ranging from 100
to 350mm which produces an overall depth of slab from 110 to 400mm with clear span up
to 10m [21]. Beams with a width of 100 to 200mm and minimum depth 60mm are used
with infill blocks 200 to 250mm long, 440 to 650mm width and 100 to350mm deep [21].
This type of slab requires temporary supports as shown in the Fig 2.7 below at
required spacing, but certain systems can also be designed to eliminate the need for props.
Figure 2.7 The soffit of a beam and block slab in place with support
2.2.3 Precast Beam and Slab Block Installation
Precast beam and hollow block Slab installation requires no mechanical aids and
is manually installed using a number of skilled and non-skilled laborers. Depending on the
number of crews are employed slabs can be erected at rate of up to 50 to 100m² per day per
floor [25].These precast and block Slabs are packed systematically according to layout
drawings provided.
Ribs are placed on the main structural beams with a minimum bearing of 100mm as
per design and drawing details at approximate centers, their position being finally adjusted
7
to suit the width of the filler block with a 25mm minimum bearing of block on rib. Closed
end filler blocks are placed at the end of each line.
Temporary propping of beams is erected to suitable level and camber. If transverse
stiffener ribs are detailed then blocks are left out to accommodate reinforcement and
concrete.
After slabs have been leveled insert stiffener rib reinforcing steel as indicated by
the designer. Place anti-crack weld mesh and electrical and sanitary conduits prior to
pouring of structural concrete topping. Structural concrete topping to be poured in-situ
over precast components. Vibrate concrete and level to finish temporary propping to be
moved when concrete reaches to the required crushing strength (or according to
supervising Engineers instructions).
Before concrete is cast, all rubble should be removed and the blocks thoroughly
wetted. Concreting should be continuous. Removal of the temporary propping before the
concrete attains acceptable compressive strength will lead to an increase in the long term
deflections.
Figure 2.8 Typical cross section and application of precast beam slab
Figure 2.9 Typical hollow block for slab construction
8
2.2.4 Benefits of Precast Beam-Block Slab system
This modern\product allows the construction market to eliminate the need for
conventional cumbersome\bulky\ in situ decking system. In addition the precast concrete
and blocks reduce the amount of in-situ concrete required [7].
The relative speedy erection and completion ensures easy access to other trades and
earlier occupation of completed building. Skilled laborers on site like bar benders and
carpenters are reduced considerably due to the simplicity of the system and ease of
handling making it ideal for the builder.
The precast beam and block slab system, eliminating the requirement for crane
erection, has proven ideally suitable for commercial and industrial developments, schools,
town houses, cluster homes and domestic homes.
Due to the reduction in weight over in situ slab, the beam and block system has
resulted in substantial savings in the building design support structure, and the erection,
thus offering the client or the investor lucrative savings towards the overall price of his
development [21].
Some of the detailed advantages of precast beam and block slab system are
• Precast slabs can be erected a lot quicker than in-situ slabs.

• Reduced erection time and labor cost over conventional reinforced concrete slabs
• Excellent structural integrity (monolithic slab)
• They are ideal for soffit plaster but fixing of suspended ceilings are also easy and simple
• It provides an economical, versatile light weight monolithic slab system. Components are
relatively light and no mechanical handling is necessary but needs a number of skilled
and non skilled labors.
• Non-highly skilled labor required for installation
• No formwork but needs propping
• Factory controlled superlative quality
• Relatively Lightweight structure
• Fast, flexible and cost effective
9
• Minimal site access required
Structural concrete topping

Thickness varies with design Mesh
Top steel at supports resisting negative moments

in the case of continuous spans.
Minimal propping
.
Rectangular
concrete beam.
Concrete hollow blocks for thermal

and acoustic insulation provide
Precast beam permanent shuttering for slab.
Figure 2.10 Typical construction details and connections for beam and block slabs
10
(a) Precast beam installation (b) Setting out of hollow blocks
(c) Hollow block installation (d) Propping under indicated positions
(e) Mesh placed over blocks (f) Sanitary and electric conduits Installation
(g) Casting concrete

Figure 2.11 Precast beam-block slab system application procedures
11
2.3 Prestressed Hollow Core Concrete Floor Slab
2.3.1 General
A hollow core slab is a precast prestressed concrete member with continuous voids
provided to reduce weight and, therefore, cost and, as a side benefit, to use for concealed
electrical or mechanical runs. Primarily used as floor or roof deck systems, hollow core
slabs also have applications as wall panels, spandrel members and bridge deck units.
These kinds of floors have roughly a self weight equal to half of a solid section of the same
depth [12, 19]. Most common depths range from 150 to 300mm and most common widths
range from 600 to 1200mm [12, 22, 24 ].
Hollow core units, which were developed around 1950s, can be used without any
structural topping [12]. This is because the slab is designed to have effective shear key
joints between adjacent units such that when grouted the individual slabs become a system
that behaves similar to a monolithic slab standard edge profiles have evolved to ensure and
adequate transfer of horizontal and vertical shear between adjacent units [7, 12]. Mostly,
these kinds of floor units are one-way spans which are simply supported and are also
prestressed.
Figure 2.12 Shear key joints between adjacent unit
The hollow core slab is manufactured in the quality-controlled conditions of a

small to large scale factory and the only site work involved is the placing of a leveling
screed 30 to 45mm thick. Hollow core slab fitting into non-modular widths (module
normally 600mm, 900mm or 1200mm) are cut to size in the factory while concrete is fresh.
They are cut to length to suit as built building dimensions immediately after the concrete
has reached the required strength. Propping is usually not required on hollow core slabs
and following trades can start work immediately after erection [21].
12
2.3.2 Description of Prestressed Hollow Core Slab
Cores are typically either circular or elliptical. Slabs may be reinforced or pre-
stressed. The hollow cores afford a reduction in self weight of 30% or more compared with
a solid slab of the same depth. For most applications, no propping is necessary during
construction, but crane access is essential. An erection rate of up to 600m² per day per
floor is possible [21].
The longitudinal edges of the precast prestressed concrete core slab units are
designed and profiled to receive grout in the joints and create a shear interlock which
provides load transfer and prevents differential deflection. The top surface is generally
prepared to receive a floor finish, screed or structural topping, because they are cast against
a steel surface, the soffits are smooth and ready to receive a decorating finish direct
without the need for plastering.
Depending on the loading do not necessarily need structural topping, although a
leveling screed is required. Prestressed hollow core slabs are manufactured in units 900mm
or 1200mm wide with depths of 120,150, 200,240 and 260mm. Units are made in lengths
up to 12m [21]. The number and disposition of prestressing tendons varies according to
span and loading [21].
Figure 2.13 Typical prestressed hollow core concrete floor units produced in KCMPE Addis Ababa
13
2.3.3 Construction Methodology for Hollow Core Slabs
Hollow core slabs are manufactured to suit the as built dimensions of the building.
They are delivered to the site on the day that they are required to be erected onto the
building. a crane is required to place the slabs into position directly from the delivery truck
and or from the site storage area. Tower cranes give maximum reach but on normal 2, 3
and 4 storey buildings mobile cranes are used. They have a lifting capacity of 30 tones
with a 31m boom, and operate easily over a 17m radius. With hollow core slab the placing
of 600m2 to 700m2 of finished floor area per shift can be achieved [7].
(a) Hollow core slab for a townhouse complex (b) Erection of hollow core slab
Figure 2.14 Installation of hollow core floor slab
Slabs are placed on the structural beams or masonry walls with a minimum bearing
of 100mm as per design and drawing details which considering lateral displacement of the
structures. On roofs or exposed balconies, install the specified material to accommodate
thermal movement (e.g. bituminized soft board or similar). Such provision must make
allowance for changes in camber or deflection, particularly where light parapet walls are
built on prestressed HCS. In such situations light mesh reinforcement should also be
placed in the finishing screed or topping.
Hollow core slabs cast on concrete soffits are suitable for decoration direct. The
joints are featured unless the whole surface is plastered with a thin-coat plaster. Before
plastering, a bonding agent should be applied to the slab surface and a light mesh must be
placed in the leveling screed on top of the slab.
14
Whenever hollow core slabs are used on an exposed balcony or walkway, or on a
roof, light mesh reinforcement should be incorporated in the finishing screed or topping
over all joints.
The same applies in any situation where ceramic tiles are to be used. Regular
expansion joints must be allowed for large areas. As with all concrete roofs, the finished
roof surface should be light-colored and reflective, with thermal insulation provided to
reduce slab movement. In addition the executer should have river sand and cement
available close to the building on which the slabs are to be erected so that the floor
manufacturer’s grouting team can mix up a suitable grout mix and lay it in the joints
between the flooring units as shown in the Fig.2.16c below.
Figure 2.15 Typical floor slab hollow core layout
15
a) Transporting of hollow core slab (b) Hoisting hollow core slabs into position
(c)Precast hollow core slabs erected on in-situ beams (d) Grouting joint between hollow core slabs
Figure 2.16 Hollow core slab installation procedures
2.3.4 Advantages of Hollow Core Floor Slab
Hollow core slabs are most widely known for providing economical, efficient floor
and roof systems [21]. The top surface can be prepared for the installation of a floor
covering by feathering the joints with latex cement, installing non-structural fill concretes
ranging from 15 to 50mm thick depending on the material used, or by casting a composite
structural concrete topping. The underside can be used as a finished ceiling as installed, by
painting, or by applying an acoustical spray [7].
When properly coordinated for alignment, the voids in a hollow core slab may be
used for electrical or mechanical runs. For example, routing of a lighting circuit through
the cores can allow fixtures in an exposed slab ceiling without unsightly surface mounted
conduit. A hollow core slab provides the efficiency of a prestressed member for load
capacity, span range, and deflection control. In addition, a basic diaphragm is provided for
16
resisting lateral loads by the grouted slab assembly provided proper connections and
details exist [7].
The main advantages of the hollow core floor slab can be summarized as follows:-
It reduces the total dead load of the building as it provides us a smaller cross
sectional dimension, compared with other floor systems [7]. The slab itself can carry live
load without any temporary support during construction providing us with suitable
working conditions.
• Speed of erection
Time consuming activities such as propping, shuttering and concrete pouring are virtually
eliminated.
• Immediate un-propped working platform
Propping is generally not required with hollow core floors. Once a precast hollow core
floor is erected it is immediately available as a working platform.
• Minimum in-situ concrete
Using a precast hollow core floor, a relative large volume of work is carried out off site;
this reduces what can be a complex and a time consuming site operation that is subjected
to different types of climate conditions.
• Extra long spans
Factory made prestressed units offer the maximum design advantages of achieving long
span units for a given depth. This avoids the need for intermediate supports.
• Diaphragm action
Precast prestressed hollow core floor slabs, when structurally grouted; provide a floor with
full diaphragm action to the building. A structural concrete topping is not required [20].
• Structural efficiency
A hollow core slab offers the ideal structural section by reducing the dead weight whilst
providing the maximum structural efficiency within the slab depth [20].
• Factory produced to rigorous quality standards
Because precast floors are factory produced, they are manufactured in an environment
which is more controlled than a building site. Quality control systems are properly
17
implemented and are independently examined on a regular basis, under the standards
institution quality.
Figure 2.17 Hollow core slabs being hoisted into position by mobile crane
2.3.5 Diaphragm Action with Hollow Core Slabs
When hollow core slabs are used as floor or roof decks to support vertical loads,
the natural extension is to use the slabs as a diaphragm to resist and transmit lateral loads.
Lateral loads will be applied to building structures in the form of lateral earth pressures,
wind loads or seismic loads.
The function of a diaphragm is to receive these lateral loads from the building
elements to which they have been applied and transmit the loads to the lateral-resisting
elements which carry the lateral loads to the foundation. The design issues in a hollow core
diaphragm are the design of connections to get loads into the diaphragm, the strength and
ductility of the slab system to transmit these loads to the lateral-resisting elements and the
design of the connections required to unload the lateral forces from the diaphragm to the
lateral-resisting elements [7].
If any design responsibility will be delegated to the hollow core supplier, the
location and magnitude of the lateral loads applied to the diaphragm and the location and
magnitude of forces to be transmitted to lateral-resisting elements must be specified.
Where hollow core slabs must connect to other building materials or where demands on
connections go beyond simple strength demands, the connection details should be shown
in Section 2.3.6.1.
18
2.3.6 Connections in Hollow Core Slabs
Connections will be required in hollow core slab systems for a wide variety of
reasons. Most connection requirements will be for localized forces ranging from bracing a
partition or beam to hanging a ceiling [7].
Connections are an expense to a project and, if used improperly, may have
detrimental effects by not accommodating volume change movements that occur in a
precast structure. Connections may develop forces as they restrain these movements.
In specifying connection requirements, the actual forces in the connection must be
addressed. If no force can be shown to exist, the connection should not be used. Again,
cost is reduced and undesirable restraining forces will not be developed.
2.3.6.1 Connection details for hollow core slab system
Common details are shown in Figs 2.19 and 2.20 to cover a number of conditions
where forces will probably exist that need to be transmitted into or through a hollow core
slab. The conditions cover common detailing situations when hollow core slabs are used.
The commentary provided with each detail is intended to give a better understanding of the
merits of each detail. The emphasis is that these provide a guide which can be used as a
basis for better discussions with designers and local producers. The details are only
conceptual and would require detailed information to be used on a project [7].
Different types of connection details, with their description are given in Tables 2.19 and
2.20.
19
Design considerations
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces
• Can be designed as structural integrity
tie
Fabrication considerations
• Advantageous to have no hardware in
slab
• Beam embodiments’ must line
up with slab joints
• Accommodates variations in slab
length
Erection considerations
• Advantageous to have connection
completed by follow-up crew
• Difficult for welder to hold loose plate
in position
• Can transfer internal diaphragm forces
tie
• May increase beam reinforcement
For shallower beam
• Layout must have opposing slab joints
lined up
• Clean and simple
Figure 2.18 Typical details with concrete beams
20
• With large factors of safety,
friction may transfer nominal
forces
• Additional structural integrity ties
may be required
• Can transfer internal diaphragm
forces
• Can be designed as structural
integrity tie
• Consider concrete cover on
reinforcement over beam
• Slab layout must have opposing
joints lined up
Fig 2.18 Typical….. (Cont’d)
21
forces
Integrity tie
• Horizontal shear in composite
beam must be transferred
• Opposing slab joints must line up
• Clean and simple for slabs
• Beam may have to be shored until
topping is cured
• Horizontal shear reinforcement
may present safety hazard for
erector
• Core dams must be placed
• Can transfer diaphragm shear
• Can provide lateral brace for beam
• Potential for negative moment in
Slabs
• Slab insert difficult to install.
Because of tolerance on saw cut
ends, the insert should be installed
after slabs are cut to
length
• Beam and slab inserts must align
• If required for lateral beam
stability, welding may have to be
completed as slabs are set
22
forces
integrity tie
• Horizontal shear in composite beam
must be transferred
• Beam may have to be shored until
topping is cured
• Horizontal shear reinforcement may
present safety hazard for erector
• Core dams must be placed
• Potential for negative moment in
slabs
• Slab insert difficult to install.
Because of tolerance on saw cut
ends, the insert should be installed
after slabs are cut to length
• If required for lateral beam stability,
welding may have to be completed
as slabs are set
23
• Potential to develop negative
moment in slabs
• Connection can be completed with
a follow-up crew
• Lateral bracing for beam will not
be provided until keyway grout
cures
• Plates in beam must align with slab
joints allowing tolerance

forces
integrity tie

• Keyway dimensions may limit the
reinforcement diameter
24
integrity tie
• Clean and simple for both beam and
Slabs
• Reinforcement must be tied in place
• Concrete must be cast around
reinforcement
• Edge form is required for cast-in-
place concrete
• Dowels from beam may present
safety hazard
forces
• Will develop volume change
restraint forces that must be
considered in design of connection
• Slab manufacturing system must
allow bottom weld inserts
with allowance for tolerance
• Connections can be completed by
follow-up crew
• Access for welding may require
ladders or scaffold
• Spacer may be required to make
weld
25
• Tensional and lateral beam restraint
can be provided
• Will develop volume change
restraint forces that must be
considered in design of connection
• Slab manufacturing system must
allow
bottom weld inserts
• Beam and slab weld anchors must
align
With allowances for tolerance
• Connections can be completed by
follow up crew
• Access for welding may require
ladders or scaffold
• Spacer may be required to make
weld
26
Design considerations:
tie
• Can provide lateral brace for wall
• Consider axial force path through slab
ends
Fabrication considerations:
• Small tolerance for placement of bars
in walls
• Tolerance on length of slabs to
accommodate bars in joint
Erection considerations:
• With longitudinal bar, have potential
congestion
• Slab erection must consider tight
tolerance on butt joint gap
• With precast walls, consider method of
installing vertical dowel
tie
• Wall is not braced until grout is placed
and cured
Figure 2.19 Typical details with walls
27
with proper detailing
• Consideration should be given to
forces developed as slab ends rotate
• Simple for slab erection
• The mason can set bars
independent of the slab joints
• Grout at slab end may be difficult
to place
Design Considerations
with proper bar detailing
forces developed as slab ends
rotate
Fabrication Considerations
Erection Considerations
• The mason can set bars
independent of the slab joints
• Some block cutting may be
required for bars from keyway
Figure 2.19 Typical…. ( Cont’d )
28
• Can provide lateral brace for wall with
proper detailing
forces developed as slab ends rotate
• The mason can set bars independent of
the slab joints
• Grout at slab end may be difficult to
place
Design Considerations
forces developed from deflection or
camber growth
• Consider axial load path
Fabrication Considerations
• If not done in field, slots and holes
must be cut for steel
• In stack casting system slots and holes
might not be practically cut in plan
Erection Considerations
• Allowance must be made for slab
camber
• If not done in plant, holes and slots
must be cut for steel
• Wall is not braced until steel is grouted
Figure 2.19 Typical…. ( Cont’d )
29
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF PRECAST BEAM
3.1 GENERAL
Precast beam-block slab system in this study, is a system of slab construction in

which reinforced concrete precast beam elements, with their latticed reinforcement bars
projected out, are used. During construction, these beam elements will be placed at certain
intervals, to accommodate hollow concrete blocks. These blocks of specified dimensions
are placed along these prefabricate beams and across the span of these elements in a
similar fashion as in the case of ribbed slab construction. Concrete will then be casted
above the blocks and the beam elements.
The projected reinforcement bar from the beam elements are used as an anchorage
for the concrete, in addition to their main purpose, i.e. shear resistance. The beam
elements, together with the blocks, act as formwork for the concrete casted. In addition, the
beam elements will act as flexural members to carry the loads until the cast in-situ concrete
attains its full strength.
In the design of precast concrete beams, the required areas of steel for flexure and
shear shall be calculated based upon the beam moments, and shears, load combination
factors, and other criteria described herein. The reinforcement requirements are calculated
at a user-defined number of check stations along the precast beam span.
The precast beam design procedure involves the following steps:

• Design of precast beam flexural reinforcement based on initial condition
• Design of precast beam flexural reinforcement based on final condition
• Design of precast beam shear reinforcement
Finally the governing reinforcement requirement shall be provided.
30
3.2 DESIGN GUIDE LINE
3.2.1 Design Load Combinations
The design load combinations define the various factored combinations of the load
cases for which the structure is to be checked. The design load combinations are obtained
by multiplying the characteristic loads by appropriate partial factors of safety, γ f [4]. If a
structure is subjected to dead load (DL) and live load (LL) only, the design will need only
one loading combination, the following load combination for ultimate limit state might
need to be considered for the design of precast beams [4].
LC= 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL 3.1
where, LC denotes load combination
3.2.2 Design Strength
The design strength for concrete and steel are obtained by dividing the characteristic
strength of the material by a partial factor of safety, γ m [4]. The values of γ m used in the
design are listed below
1.05 for reinforcement,

γ m = 1.50 for concrete in flexure and axial load, and
3.2
1.25 for shear strength without shear reinforcement.
3.2.3 Design Moments
In the design of flexural reinforcement of precast concrete beams, the factored

loads for each load combination are obtained by factoring the corresponding loads for
different load cases with the corresponding load factors. The design moment is then
calculated at the critical beam section for the design of flexural reinforcement.
31
3.2.4 Flexural Reinforcement
The beam top and bottom flexural steel areas are designed at a user defined number
of check stations along the beam span. The following steps are involved in designing the
flexural reinforcement for the major moment for a particular beam at a particular section:
• Determine the maximum factored moments
• Determine the reinforcing steel
In the flexural reinforcement design process, both the tension and compression
reinforcement are to be calculated. Compression reinforcement is added when the applied
design moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of a singly reinforced section. The
designer has the option of avoiding the compression reinforcement by increasing the
effective depth, the width, or the grade of concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block as shown
in Fig 3.1. It is assumed that moment redistribution in the member does not exceed 10%
(i.e., β b ≥ 0.9). The code also places a limitation on the neutral axis depth, x/d ≤ 0.5, to
safeguard against ductile failures [4]. In addition, the area of compression reinforcement is
calculated assuming that the neutral axis depth remains at the maximum permitted value.
For rectangular beams, the moment capacity as a singly reinforced beam, M single , is
obtained first for a section. The reinforcing steel area is determined based on whether M is
greater than, less than, or equal to M single.
a) Beam section b) Strain diagram c) Stress diagram
32
Figure 3.1 Design of a rectangular beam section
• Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the section as a singly reinforced beam
M single =K’f cu bd2 3.3

where K' = 0.156
• If M ≤ M single, no compression reinforcement is required. The area of tension

reinforcement, As, is obtained from
M
AS = 3.4
( )
0.95 f y Z
where
 K 
Z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -  ≤ 0.95d
0.9 
  3.5
M
K= 3.6
f us bd 2
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bottom steel if the
section is under positive moment.
• If M > M single, the area of compression reinforcement, A’s, is given by [4].

M - M single
A ,S =
(f s - 0.67f cu /γ c )(d - d , )
3.7
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression face, and
2d'
f' s = 700 ( 1 - ) ≤ 0.95f y 3.8
d
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment. From equilibrium, the area
of tension reinforcement is calculated as
M single M - M single
AS =
(0.95f y ) z (0.95f y )(d - d , )
+ 3.9
A s is to be placed at the bottom of the beam and A s ' at the top for positive bending and
vice versa for negative bending.
3.2.5 Shear Reinforcement Design Formulas
33
The following steps are involved in designing the shear reinforcement for a
particular beam for a particular load combination resulting from shear forces in a particular
direction [4].
• Calculate the design shear stress and maximum allowable shear stress as
V
v= 3.10
A cv
v ≤ 0.8R LW f cu
3.11
(
v max = min 0.8R LW f cu ,5.0MPa ) 3.12
where, A cv = b w d, and
R LW is a shear strength reduction factor that applies to light weight concrete. It is equal to
1.0 for normal weight concrete. The factor is specified in the concrete material properties.
( )
If v exceeds 0.8R LW f cu or 5.0MPa, the section is overstressed. In this case, the concrete
shear area should be increased.

Calculate the design concrete shear stress from (clause 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8 [4])
1 1
0.79K 1K 2  100A s  3  400  4
v c = R LW     3.13
γm  bd   d 
where,K1 is the enhancement factor for support compression, and is conservatively
taken as 1,
1
 f 3
K 2 =  cu  ≥ 1 3.14
 25 
γ m=1.25, and
A s is the area of tensile steel.
However, the following limitations also apply
100A s
0.15 ≤ ≤3 3.15
bd
400
≥1 3.16
d
• If V≤ Vc+0.4,provide minimum links given by (clause 3.4.5.3 [4] )
Else if V c +0.4 < V < V max , provide links given by
34
A sv (V − Vc )b
≥ 3.17
Sv 0.95f yv
Else if V ≥ V max a failure condition is declared.
3.2.6 Compression Resistance of the Precast Beam
The compression resistance the top and shear reinforcement is evaluated as follows
using the compression resistance formulas stated below (clause 4.7, Annex C [4])
Pc = Ag pc 3.18
where p c is the compressive strength given by
π2E
PE = 2
λ 3.19
Py + (η + 1) PE
φ=
2 3.20
PE Py
pc = 3.21
(
φ + φ - PE Py
2
)
1/ 2
where,
η=Perry factor, 0.001 a (λ-λ 0 ) ≥ 0
a = Robertson constant from (Clause 2, Table 23 [4]).
1/ 2
π 2E 
λ o =Limiting slenderness, 0.2  , (clause.2 [4]).
 Py 
λ = The slenderness ratio in either the major, λ 22 = le 33 /r 33 , or in the minor,
λ 22 =le 22 /r 22 direction. The larger of the two values is used in the above equations
to
calculate Pc and
P y= the yield strength. For welded sections, P y is reduced by a value of 20MPa for
the purpose of calculating pc [4].
3.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE PRECAST BEAM ELEMENT
The design procedure given below can be used to design precast beam elements for
the construction of suspended beam-block slab floors. Each of these steps is demonstrated
by a practical design example as shown in the next section.
35
i- Determine the loads on the slab system both at the initial and final conditions of the
precast beam. The loading in the case of initial and final conditions of the precast
beam shall be separately analyzed for different loading considerations and an initial
trial section shall also be assumed.
a) Loading for the initial condition:
The loading considered in this condition of the precast beam are as follows:
Dead load:
• Weight of precast beam concrete.
• Weight of hollow ribbed slab block.
Live load:
• The live load at the time of handling and placing are considered here.
• Weight of wet concrete at the time of casting is also considered as dynamic load on
the precast beam.
b) Loading for the final condition:
The loading considered in this condition of the precast beam are as follows:
Dead load:
• Weight of precast beam concrete
• Weight of hollow ribbed slab block
• Weight of cast in-situ concrete
• Weight of partition
• Weight of cement screed and weight of cement plasters
Live Load:
• This depends on the purpose of the structure
ii- On the basis of the above loading for the different conditions of precast beam
determine the moment and shear at the critical sections both at the initial and final
conditions of the precast beam.
iii- Using the critical moment and shear forces the predefined section and the assumed
reinforcements shall be checked for buckling resistance and for the requirement of
temporary support for the case of the initial condition state of the precast beam.
36
Temporary supports are provided when the precast beam in its initial condition cannot
support all the loads at the initial condition state. When the length of precast beam is
getting longer (more than 3.5m), the tendency for provision of temporary support
increases.
a) Check for buckling resistance of top reinforcement:
 Calculate the critical moment in the precast beam at the initial condition state and
determine the compression force coming to the top bar using the calculated moment.
 Calculate the compression resistance of the top bar by taking in to consideration the
unsupported length of the bar. If the compression force coming to the top bar is
greater than the compression resistance one of the following actions can be taken
depending on the designer’s choice:
 Increase the diameter of the top bar.
 Reduce the center to center spacing of the diagonal stirrup to reduce the
unsupported length of the top bar.
 Provide intermediate support to the precast beam at the time of construction.
b) Check for buckling resistance of diagonal shear reinforcement:
 Calculate the critical shear in the pre-cast beam at the initial condition state and
using it, determine the compression force coming to the diagonal shear
reinforcement.
 Calculate the compression resistance of the diagonal shear reinforcement by taking
in to consideration the unsupported length of the bar. If the compression force
coming to the shear reinforcement is greater than the compression resistance, one of
the following actions can be taken depending on the designer’s choice:
 Increase the diameter of the bar
 Provide intermediate support to the precast beam at the time of construction.
vi-The moment and shear forces are then calculated based on the loading of the final
condition to calculate the bottom reinforcement and also to check the top reinforcement
determined in the initial condition, if it is sufficient for the compression reinforcement.
v- Finally the slab section in the final condition shall be checked for shear resistance and if
37
it has no sufficient resistance the section shall be increased.
Note that all the above calculations and checking shall be as per the British standard,
structural use of concrete part-1 code of practice for design and construction
(BS 8110.1997)
3.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE ON PRECAST BEAM-HCB FLOOR SLAB SYSTEM
To achieve the objective of this research, a typical four story building, the floor
plan of which is as shown in the Fig 2.1 is chosen. The analysis and design of the slab
system is carried out using the precast beam-hollow block slab as follow.
Design load combinations

From Eq. 3.1
Lc =1.4 DL + 1.6 LL
Design strength for concrete and steel
Partial factor of safety γ m taking from Eq. 3.2

Materials
Concrete C-25
f cu = 25N/mm 2
0.85 × f ck
f cd = , in compression
γm
f ctk
f cd = , in tension
γc
where,
fck ,fctk are the characteristic cylinder compressive and tensile strength of concrete,
respectively
for C-25,fck =20MPa
fctk=1.5MPa
38
0.85 × 20
f cd = =11.33MPa
1.50
3.4 Design example…. (Cont’d)
Steel S-400
The design strength of steel in tension and compression is given by

f yk
f yd =
γm
400
f yd = = 347.83MPa
1.05
60mm
160mm
60mm
600mm
Figure 3.2 Cross-section of Precast beam and slab HCB
a) Geometric property
Description Dimension Unit
Width, b 0.120 m
Depth for initial condition 0.060 m
Depth of slab, D 0.280 m
d' 0.028 m
Span length, L 5.000 m
Effective depth, d 0.250 m
Center to center distance b/n ribs 0.600 m
39
Area of slab HCB, A Sblock 0.0511 m2
A S . block 0.105 m2
b) Material property
Quality of materials Notations value unit
Concrete , C-25 f ck 20.00 N/mm2
f cd 11.33 N/mm2
f ctd 1.03 N/mm2
Steel, S-400 f yk 400.00 N/mm2
f yd 380.95 N/mm2
E 200,000.00 MPa
c) Loading
γ Concrete 25.00 kN/m3
γ S-block 19.35 kN/m3
γ Mortar 23.00 kN/m3
Live load 3.00 kN/m2 (at Service)
Live load( Erection ) 0.50 kN/m2 (during Erection)
Dead load (partition) 1.00 kN/m2
The design is done by considering the precast beam in to two different conditions.
i. Initial condition precast beam and
ii. Final condition of precast beam
i. Initial condition
Two loading cases are considered in the design at the initial condition state of the precast
beam.
Case 1: when only live load, no fresh concrete
Dead load (DL)
40
Precast beam……………0.12 0.06 25 = 0.180kN/m
Hollow block……………0.0511 19.35 = 0.989kN/m
Total dead load DL…………………….. = 1.169kN/m (unfactored)

Live load (LL)
Center to center distance between ribs = 0.60m
Live load during erection (assumption) = 0.50kN/m2
L.Load during erection………………..= 0.60m 0.50 kN/m2 = 0.30kN/m
Design load (DL + LL)...…………….. = 1.469kN/m (unfactored)
Case 2: When minimum Live load and fresh concrete poured
Dead load (DL)
Precast beam…………..0.12 0.06 25 = 0.180kN/m
Hollow core……………0.0511 19.35 = 0.989kN/m
Total dead load DL…………...............= 1.169kN/m (unfactored)
Live load (LL)
Load during erection (1/2 of LL Errection ) =1/2 0.60m 0.50kN/m2 = 0.15kN/m
Fresh concrete (LL)
Considering the fresh concrete as live load b/c of its dynamic action during pouring)
(0.28m 0.6m-(0.105m2+0.12mx0.06m))25kN/m3=1.395kN/m
Total live load LL…………..=1.545kN/m
Design Load (DL + LL)...… =2.714kN/m (unfactored)
Thus case 2 governs and the analysis will be done for the governing loading case.
Analysis for governing initial condition
i) Check for buckling resistance of shear reinforcement:
1 2
2.71kN/m
1 2
5.00m z y
1 2
41
V max = P d L/2 =6.775 kN
Center to center spacing of shear reinforcement = 0.15m 1 x 2
x=0.075m
y=0.200m
The value of z is approximately equal to √(x2+y2) =0.214m

There are two diagonals on each face. Therefore, the approximate value of Compression
force in the diagonals will be
zV
C a =   max =3.62kN
 y 2
Design buckling resistance of shear reinforcement is:
Compression resistance from Eq.3.18
P c=A g pc
where A g is area of shear reinforcement
π × 62
× pc
4
Diameter of shear reinforcement is 6mm
A g=28.26mm2
Compressive strength is calculated from Eq.3.19, 3.20 and 3.21
a (Robertson constant) =5.5

Le (unsupported length of stirrup) =214.0mm
i = d/4 = 1.5mm
λ = Le/i = 142.4≤180
P y (Yield strength) =400MPa
π2E
PE = 2
λ
P E = 97.34MPa
1/ 2
 π2E 
λ 0 = 0.2 

 Py 
λ o=14.05
and
η = 0.001 a (λ − λ 0 ) ≥ 0
42
η=0.71
Py + (η + 1) PE
φ=
2
φ =283.23Mpa
The compressive strength using Eq.3.21

PE Py
pc =
(
φ + φ 2 - PE Py )
1/ 2
p c =80.13Mpa
The compression resistance
Pc=A g p c
=2.27kN
which is less than the compression force in diagonals (shear reinforcement). Therefore
provide an intermediate support and repeat the analysis.
2.71kN/m
2.50m 2.50m
V max =4.24kN
Using the additional support at the mid span, the approximate value of compression force
in diagonals will be
zV
C a =   max
 y 4
C a =1.13kN
Compression resistance of the shear reinforcement is 2.27kN
Therefore 2.27kN > 1.13kN (the compression force in diagonals)
Hence, the precast beam is safe by providing intermediate support for shear, and the top
bar buckling resistance shall be checked by considering the intermediate support.
ii) Check the buckling resistance of top reinforcement
43
Cs
h
T

Maximum design positive moment of precast beam with in the span:
M =0.07 (P d) (L/2)2
=1.186kNm
where M is positive span moment.
The compressive force
C s =M/h=4.96kN
where h is 0.24m
Design buckling resistance of compression steel is
Compression resistance
P c=A g p c,
where A g is area of top reinforcement given by:
π × 12 2
Ag = × pc
4
Diameter of top reinforcement (d) =12mm
A g=113.10mm2
Compressive strength is calculated from Eqs.3.19, 3.20 and 3.21.
π2E
PE = 2
λ
Py + (η + 1)PE
φ=
2
PE Py
pc =
(
φ + φ 2 - PE Py )
1/ 2
E =200GPa
44
a (Robertson constant) =5.5
Le = 150.0mm
I = d/4 = 3mm
λ = Le/i = 50 ≤ 180
P y (Yield strength) = 400MPa

λ o (Limiting slenderness) = 14.05
η =Perry factor, 0.001 a (λ-λ 0 ) ≥ 0
η (perry factor)= 0.198
P E (Euler strength) =789.57MPa

φ = 672.84MPa
The Compressive Strength is calculated using Eq.3.21
Pc =302.86MPa
The compression resistance is calculated using Eq.3.18
P c=Ag pc
=34.25kN >4.96 kN compression force in top reinforcement…..ok!
Therefore "Use 1 φ 12 for top bar with c/c spacing of φ 6 stirrups = 150mm"
and proceed to the final condition.
ii- Final condition
Factored design load (P d) =1.4DL + 1.6LL
Dead load (DL):
Precast beam……………..= 0.135kN/m
Hollow concrete block ….= 0.98kN/m
Cast in-situ concrete……..= 1.39kN/m
Partition………………….= 0.60kN/m
Cement screed……………= 0.69kN/m
Cement plasters…………..= 0.27kN/m
Total dead load…………..= 4.06kN/m
Factored dead load (DL) = 1.4 × 4.06kN/m = 5.68kN/m
45
Live load = 3.0kN/m2 x 0.6m=1.8kN/m
Factored live load = 1.6 × 1.8kN/m = 2.88kN/m
Total design load P d =5.74 + 2.88 = 8.56kN/m
Therefore the maximum design moment will be:

Pdl 2
M max = = 26.75kN-m
8

Span length =5.00m
Effective depth d= D-d’= 0.260m
Ultimate resistance of the section as a singly reinforced beam form Eq.3.3
M single =K’ fcu bd2 , where K’ = 0.156.
=13.80kN-m
M > M single, compression reinforcement is required
d’=25mm
d=260mm
fy =380.95N/mm2
From Eq.3.8
 2d ' 
f' ' s = 700 1 -  ≤ 0.95f y =700(1-(2 × 25/260)) =565.38>0.95 × 380.95=361.90
 d 
 
‘ 2
So use f s =361.90N/mm
Using Eq.3.7, A , S =151.64mm2 which is greater than the top reinforcement considered in
the buckling resistance requirement.
Therefore "Use 1 φ 14 for top bar with c/c spacing of φ 6 stirrups = 150mm"
The bottom (the tension) reinforcement is obtained from Eq.3.9:
M single M - M single
AS = +
(0.95f ) z (0.95f )(d - d )
y y
,
Z = 0.777d = 201.99m
A S =341.05mm2, “Therefore use 2 φ 16 for bottom reinforcement”
46
Shear reinforcement calculation
Design shear stress and allowable shear stress
Design shear stress
v=V/A cv from Eq.3.10
V=P a l /2=8.60 × 5/2 =25.50kN

Acv = b × d =0.12 × 0.255=0.031m2
v=693.55kN/m2=0.694Mpa
Allowable shear stress
(
v max = min 0.8R LW f cu ,5.0MPa )
where R LW is shear strength reduction factor, it is equal to 1 for normal weight concrete.
The factor is specified in the British standard concrete material properties [4]
v max = 2.69MPa, which is greater than the shear stress = 0.694MPa………..ok!
(
If v exceeds 0.8R LW f cu ) or 5MPa the analysis shows an overstress. In this case, the
concrete shear area should be increased.
The design concrete shear stress obtained from Eq.3.13.
γ m=1.25
A s(area of tensile steel) = 401.92mm2
K1 (enhancement factor) =1
K2 = (fcu /25)1/2 = 0.768 ≥ 1 so take 1
1.50 ≤ 100As/bd=1.514 ≤ 3.00……ok
400/d=1.569 ≥ 1.00…..ok
(100As /bd)1/3 = 1.095
(400/d)1/4=1.119
The design concrete shear stress v c is given by
47
1 1
0.79K 1 K 2 100A s 400 4
v c = R LW ( )3 ( )
γm bd d
vc = 0.774MPa
v ≤ vc+0.4 provide shear reinforcement defined by

A sv 0.4b s
≥
SV 0.95f yv
Therefore Use φ 6 c/c spacing 150mm
.
3.4 Design example….. (Cont’d)
Following the above procedures design of precast beam is made for different classes of
concrete and section properties as shown in the table below
Concrete Geometrical Dimension Reinforcement Required

Class
b (mm) Effective Depth of Depth of PB at Initial Top Bottom

Slab d (mm) Condition h (mm) Reinforcement Reinforcement As
As'
C-25 120 260 60 1Ф14 2Ф16
100 260 60 1Ф16 2Ф16
120 260 60 1Ф12 2Ф16

C - 30
100 240 60 1Ф16 2Ф16
120 240 60 1Ф12 2Ф16

C - 40
100 220 50 1Ф14 2Ф16
Table 3.1 Final output of precast beam design for different classes of concrete
48
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE CONCRETE SLAB
4.1 GENERAL
The design of hollow core slabs is governed by the BS.8110:1997 part-1 code of
practice for design and construction requirements for structural concrete. As with
prestressed concrete members in general, hollow core slabs are checked for prestress
transfer stresses, handling stresses, service load stresses deflections and design (ultimate)
strength in shear and bending.
To this effect different mathematical and empirical formulas including codes
provisions for precast members are assessed on the basis of which the design of the hollow
core floor units are considered. These are then demonstrated using examples. Finally, the
prestressed hollow core slab is compared with the precast beam-block floor slabs. In the
foregoing presentation, the sign convention will be negative for compressive stress and
positive for tensile stresses.
4.2 STRESS LIMITS
Depending on the serviceability requirements for a particular structure, a

designer may set limits on the tensile and compressive stresses in concrete both at transfer
and under the full service loads.
For the design of a fully prestressed member, stress limits both at transfer and
full loads are selected to ensure that cracking does not occur at any time. Different codes of
49
practice set maximum limits on the magnitude of the concrete stress, both in tension and
compression. For partially prestressed members, where cracking is permitted under service
loads and the tensile stress limits are exceeded, a detailed non-liner analysis is required to
determine the behavior of the structure in the post-cracking range [9].
There are relatively few situations that specifically require no cracking as a
design requirement. These include:
• For long span members, where self-weight is a major part of the design load, relatively
large prestressing forces are required to produce an economic design.
• Fully prestress construction is also desirable if a crack-free or water-tight structure is
required or if the structure needs to posses high fatigue strength.
In building structures, however, where the spans are generally small to
medium, full prestressing may lead to excessive camber and partial prestressing is often a
better solution.
British standard code of practice for design and construction (BS.8011:1997 part-1)
presents provisions for the flexural design of prestressed concrete members.
The applicable concrete stress limits are paraphrased as follows [12, 4].
• Permissible stresses immediately after transfer
a) Extreme fiber stress in compression: 0.5fci
b) Extreme fiber stress in tension: 1N/mm2, for no flexural cracking allowed
0.45 f ci , for no visible cracks
• Permissible stresses at service loads
a) Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.33fcu
b) Extreme fiber stress in tension 0 for no flexural cracking allowed
0.45 f cu for possible crack
where,f ci is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete at transfer
fcu is the cube strength of concrete
BS.8110:1997 part-1 also set mandatory limits on the tensile stress in the prestressing steel
at various stages of loading. Accordingly, at the time of initial tensioning, initial prestress
should not normally exceed 70% of the characteristic tensile strength and in no case should
it exceed 75%. Final stress after allowing for all losses of prestress should not be greater
than 60% of the characteristic tensile strength of tendons [9].
50
4.3 STRESSES AT TRANSFER
When the prestressing strands are cut to apply the prestressing force to the concrete,
only the slab self weight is present to counteract the effects of eccentric prestress. A check
of stresses is required at this point to determine the concrete strength required to preclude
cracking on the tension side or crushing on the compression side. The concrete strength at
the time of transfer may be only 50% to 60% of the 28 day design strength [7].
4.4 PRESTRESS LOSSES
The accuracy of any calculation method is dependent on the preciseness of concrete

and prestressing steel material properties as well as external factors such as humidity used
in the calculation procedure. The accuracy of loss calculations has little effect on the
ultimate strength of a member.
Prestress loss calculations are required for prediction of camber and for service load
stress calculations. Since the success of a project is judged on service load performance
rather than ultimate strength, it behooves any slab producer to use a loss calculation
procedure which best predicts the behavior of the product as produced. For low relaxation
strand and for special cases (e.g., long spans or special loadings) using stress relieved
strand, the BS.8011:1997 part1 code references several sources for prestress loss
calculations and considers the following parameters.
4.4.1 Immediate Loss
∆ε
Immediately after transfer, the change in strain in the prestressing steel p caused
by elastic shortening of the concrete is equal to the strain in the concrete at the steel level,
ε cp . The compatibility equation can be expressed as follows [9].
σ cp Δσ p
ε cp = = Δε p =
Ec Ep
The loss of stress in the steel, Δσ p due to elastic shortening is
51
Ep
Δσ p = σ cp 4.1
Ec
where, σ cp is the concrete stress at the steel level immediately after transfer
pi pie2 M oe
σ cp = - + 4.2
A I I
Where, M o is the external moment resulting from the load acting at transfer.
4.4.2 Time Dependent Losses
The gradual loss of prestress that takes place with time is called time dependent loss.
i) Shrinkage Losses
When ordinary Portland cement hydrates and subsequently dries, it undergoes
shrinkage in volume. The amount of this shrinkage depends to some extent on the richness
of the mix and on the initial water content [6].
The loss of stress in a tendon due to shrinkage of concrete may be approximated by [9].
Δσ p = ε sh E p 4.3
where ε sh (t) is the shrinking strain at the time under consideration.
E p is the modulus of elasticity of the prestressing tendons
For the purpose of prestressed concrete design it is usually assumed that this
shrinkage has a maximum value of the order of 300 10-6 and this is the value to be
recommended by BS.8011:1997 for design. This is the total reduction in volume that may
be expected from the time of the initial set. On the other hand, a concrete which is damp-
cured and which remains quite damp until stressing, will have undergone little change in
volume. How ever, for normal curing something like 100 10−6 will have occurred before
2 2
stressing [6].This will result to a shrinkage loss of between 57.5 N/mm and 60 N/mm ,
respectively, which is about 5% in both cases [9, 12].
ii) Creep Losses
The creep of concrete is dependent upon the following factors magnitude of stress
on the concrete section, the age of the concrete at the time of application of the stress, the
52
quantity of mixing water, the strength of the concrete and the properties of the aggregates
and cement [6].
Assuming the concrete stress at the tendon level remains constant with time and
equal to its initial (usually high) value σ c , the creep strain at any time t after transfer may
be calculated from [9]:
σc
ε c (t) = φ 4.4
Ec
where,
ε c ( t ) is the creep strain , φ is the creep coefficient, σ c is the concrete stress at the centroid
of prestressing steel at mid-span immediately after the application of the full sustained
load, M sus.
p i p i e 2 M sus e
σc = - - + 4.5
A I I
Δσ p = ε c ( t )E p 4.6
The magnitude of the creep coefficient φ varies depending upon the humidity,
concrete quality, duration of applied loading and the age of the concrete when loaded. The
general values recommended for the creep coefficient vary from 1.5 for watery situations
to 4.0 for dry condition with a relative humidity of 35% [9].
iii) Steel relaxation loss
This is a loss resulting from a stress relieving heat treatment process. A 1000-hour
relaxation test value is provided by manufactures. Codes of practice add margins to this
value. BS.8110:1997 give a factor of safety of 1.2. The relaxation loss ranges from 3 to 6
percent [4, 12].
4.5 FLEXURAL CAPACITY
4.5.1 Serviceability Limit State of Flexure
The moment capacity of a prestressed member is a function of the ultimate stress

developed in the prestressing strands. As with non-prestressed concrete, upper and lower
53
limits are placed on the amount of reinforcing to ensure that the stress in the strands is
compatible with concrete stresses for ductile behavior of the structure. For a partially
prestressed member, where flexural cracking allowed but not with visible crack, the
serviceability moment of resistance is given by the lesser of.
(
M sr = f bc + 0.45 f cu Z b )
or 4.7
M st = (f tc + 0.33f cu )Z1
1 e  1 e 
where f bc = p e  +  and f tc = p e  - 
 A Z b   A Z t 
This ensures that when the concrete develops flexural cracks, the prestressing steel
will not have reached its full design stress. Violation of this criterion might result in strand
fractures at the point of flexural cracking with a resulting brittle failure.
The serviceability moment of resistance, M sr is calculated by limiting the flexural
compressive and tensile stresses in the concrete both at transfer condition and in service.
Figure 4.1 shows the stress conditions at each of these stages
e yb
P P
Prestressing Bars Geometric centroid
Pi Pi e f ut
−
A Zb
(a) At the support immediately after transfer
+ =
-
Pi
-
Pi e − f bt
A Zb
ηPi ηPi e MT − f uw
- −
A Zb Zt
+ + = (b) At mid span after all losses and full loads
54
ηPi ηPie MT
- - f bw
A Zb Zb
Figure 4.1 Stress conditions
At transfer, the maximum concrete tensile and compressive stresses occur at the
support. The tensile top fiber stresses must be less than the tensile stress limit f tt .
The compressive bottom fiber stress must be numerically less than the compressive
stress limit f ct.
pi pie
f ut = - + ≤ f tt 4.8
A Zt
pi pie
f bt = - − ≤ f ct 4.9
A Zb
A A 1
Assuming α u = and α b = and expressing as a liner function of e, we get:
Zt Zb pi
1 αue -1
≥ 4.10
pi Af tt
1 αbe + 1
≥ 4.11
p i − Af ct
After all the time-dependent loss has taken place, the maximum tensile stress
occurs in the bottom concrete fiber at mid-span and must be less than the tensile stress
limit,ftw.
ηp i ηp i e M T
f bw = - - + ≤ f tw 4.12
A Zb Zb
Rearranging gives:
1 η(α b e + 1)
≤ 4.13
pi -Af tw + α b M T
The prestress loss factor η can be assumed to be in the range 0.75 to 0.85 in pretensioned
concrete [9].
55
Equations 4.10, 4.11 and 4.13 may be plotted on a graph of 1/p i versus e, and a design
diagram is constructed that ensures satisfaction of the selected stress limits both at the
support at transfer and at the critical section of maximum moment under the full service
loads. This is demonstrated by the example in the next sections.
For a fully prestressed member, the compressive stress in the top fiber must also satisfy the
appropriate stress limit. Therefore,
ηp i ηp i e M T
f uw = - + + ≥ f cw 4.14
A Zt Zt
Rearranging gives:
1 η(α u e - 1)
≤ 4.15
pi -Af cw + α u M T
Equation 4.15 may also be plotted on the design diagram, but the compressive stress limit
f cw at the critical section is rarely of concern in a pre-tensioned member of constant cross-
section.
To find the maximum sized section required to satisfy the selected stress limits
both at the support and at the mid-span at all stages of loading, Eq.4.9 may be substituted
into Eq.4.12 to give:
MT
ηf ct + ≤ f tw
Zb
This gives;
MT
Zb ≥ 4.16
f tw - ηf ct
Equation 4.16 can be used to select the initial trial, and then the required prestressing force
and the maximum permissible eccentricity can be determined using Eqs.4.10, 4.11 and
4.13.
4.5.2 Ultimate Limit State of Flexure

4.5.2.1 Assumptions
56
To determine the ultimate bending strength M ur of a cross-section, the following
assumptions are usually made.
i- The variation of strain on the cross-section is linear, i.e. plane section before bending
remain plane after bending remain plane after bending
ii- concrete carries no tensile stress, i.e. the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
iii- The stress in the compressive concrete and in the steel reinforcement (both pre-stressed
and non-pre-stressed) are obtained from actual or idealized stress-strain relationship for
the respective material.
4.5.2.2 Idealized rectangular compressive stress block for concrete
In order to simplify numerical calculations for ultimate flexural strength, code of

practice usually specify idealized rectangular stress blocks for the compressive concrete
above the neutral axis as shown in the figure below
Geometric centriod
Pre-stressing Bar e
P P
Pre-stressing wire
ε cu σ cu 0.67fcu /γ m
dn 0.9d n cs
ε pt σ pu σ pu /γ m T
a) Strain b) Actual stresses c) Idealized rectangular stress block
Figure 4.2 Stress blocks
According to BS 8110:1997 part-1, the extreme fiber compressive strain at the ultimate
moment, ε cu = 0.0035. The depth of the rectangular stress block is 0.9d n and the uniform
f cu
stress intensity is 0.67 , [1, and 6].
γm
57
4.5.2.3 Prestresses steel strain components
For reinforced concrete cross-section, the strain in the non-prestressed steel and in the
concrete at the steel level is the same at any stage of loading. In a pre-stressed concrete
section, this is not so for the prestressing tendons. The strain in the bonded prestressing
steel at any stage of loading is equal to the strain caused by the initial prestress plus the
change in strain in the concrete at the steel level.
To calculate the ultimate flexural strength of a section, an accurate estimate of the
final strain in the prestressed and non- prestressed steel is required. For a bonded tendon,
the tensile strain in the prestressing steel at ultimate ε pu is usually considered to be the sum
of several sub-components.
ε cu
dn
εce εpt
(a) Strain due to the effective prestress (b) Strain at ultimate

Figure 4.3 Strains due to the effective prestress and at ultimate
Figure 4.3 (a) shows the elastic concrete strain caused by the effective prestress when the
externally applied moment is zero. The strain in the concrete at the tendon level is
compressive, with magnitude equal to:
1  p e p e e 2 
ε ce = + 4.18
E  A I 
where A is the area of the section and I is the second moment of area of the section about
its centroidal axis. The stress and strain in the prestressing steel are
pe σ pe
σ pe = and ε pe = 4.19
A ps Ep
Provided that the steel stress is with in the elastic range,

Figure 4.3 (b) corresponds to the ultimate load condition. The concrete strain at steel level
ε pt can be expressed in terms of the extreme compressive fiber strain ε cu and the depth to
the natural axis at failure d n as:
58
 dp - dn 
ε pt = ε cu  
 4.20
 dn 
The strain in the pre-stressing tendon at the ultimate load condition may be obtained from:
ε pu = ε pe + ε ce + ε pt 4.21
In general, the magnitude of ε ce is very much less than either ε pe or ε pt , and usually be
ignored with and without introducing serious errors [9].
4.5.2.4 Determination of the ultimate moment of resistance, M ur
In order to calculate the ultimate bending strength, the depth to the natural axis d n
and the final stress in the prestressing steel σ pu must first be determined. An iterative trial
and error procedure is usually used to determine the value of d n and hence M ur as given
below [9].
i-Select an appropriate trial value of d n and determine ε pu from Eq.4.21 by equating the
tensile force in the steel to the compressive force in the concrete, determine the stress
in the tendon.
ii-Plot the point ε pu and σ pu on the graph containing the stress-strain curve for the
prestressing steel. If the point falls on the curve, then the value of d n selected is
correct.
iii-If point (ε pu , σ pu ) obtained is not sufficiently close to the stress-strain curve for the
steel, repeat with a new estimate of d n .
iv-Interpolate between the plots from steps 2 and 3 to obtain a close estimate for ε pu and
σ pu and also the corresponding valve for d n .
v-With the correct values of σ pu and d n determined in step 4, calculate the ultimate
moment M ur .
When the rectangular stress block is less than the thickness of the flange, i.e. when
the portion of the section subjected to the uniform compressive stress is rectangular; the
section is considered to be rectangular and the equations derived for this kind of section are
59
applicable in this case, the ultimate strength M ur is unaffected by the shape of the section
below the compressive stress block.
When the compressive stress block acts on the non-rectangular portion of the cross-
section the idealized stress block may still be used. But some modifications to the
compression force and the geometry are made as follows.
It is convenient to separate the resultant compressive force in the concrete into a
force in the flange C cf and a force in the web C cw as shown in the Fig.4.4 below.
t 0.9dn
cu 0.67f cu/m

ccf
t ccw
dn 0.9dn
bw
pt pu/mTp
b
Figure 4.4 Hollow core concrete floor and equivalent section
0.67f cu tb 0.67f cu (0.9d n - t )b w

C cf = and C cw = 4.22
γm γm
Final width of the webs b w can be taken to be as the sum of each of the individual
webs approximated by the circumscribing rectangle as shown in Fig.4.4 above.
By equating the tensile and compressive forces on the section, the depth to the
neutral axis d n can be determined by trial and error and the ultimate moment M ur can be
obtained by taking moments about of the internal forces about any convenient point on the
cross-section.
4.5.2.5 Section containing non-prestressed reinforcements
Non-prestressed reinforcement may be used in both the compressive and tensile

zones of a cross-section. In the tensile zone, it is used to provide additional flexural
60
strength and also to improve crack control. In the compressive zone, it is used to increase
the ultimate strength and also causes increased curvature at failure and therefore improves
ductility. Non-prestressed reinforcement also reduces long-term deflections caused by
creep and shrinkage and therefore improves serviceability.
Geometric centriod
e
P P
Prestressed Tendons
Non prestressed bar
ε cu 0.67fcu /γ m
Cs
dc ε sc σs
dn 0.9d n Cc
do dp lc ls
σpu/γm Tp
εpt lp
σst/γm Ts
εst
a) Strain b) Stresses c) Force
Figure 4.5 Section containing both tensile and compressive reinforcements
From the geometry, the magnitude of strain in the compressive steel is:
ε cu (d n - d c )
ε sc = 4.23
dn
ε scE s , for ε sc ≤ ε y
σ sc =
fy , for ε sc >ε y
The magnitude of strain at ultimate in the non-prestressed tensile steel is:

ε cu (d o - d n )
ε st = 4.24
dn
61
ε st E s , for ε st ≤ ε y
σ st =
fy , for ε st >ε y
The depth of the neutral axis is determined by trial and error procedure, similar to
that given in Section 4.5.2.4, until the equation given below is satisfied.
Tp + Ts = C c + C s 4.25
Taking moments about the non prestressed tensile reinforcement level gives:
M ur =C cl c +C sl s-T p l p
4.26
where C c and C s are magnitudes of the compressive force in the steel and concrete,
respectively, and are therefore considered to be positive in the equation.
If the design strength is less than the design moment, the section is not adequate
and additional reinforcement is required. In addition it is important to ensure that the
section is ductile. To ensure ductility, the depth of the neutral axis at failure, d n should be
less than or equal to 0.3d p [12].
If d n is greater than this value, some additional non-prestressed compressive reinforcement
has to be provided to reduce d n . This will be a case of doubly reinforced cross-sections.
If the design strength M url is less than the design moment and if d nl is small so
that ductility requirement is fulfilled, the area of non- prestressed steel A st may be obtained
from Eq.4.27[9].
M ur - M url
A st ≈ 4.27
f yl
where; M ur is the required strength of the section

M url is the strength of the section prior to the inclusion of additional steel
l is the lever arm between the tensile force in the additional steel T s and equal and
opposite compressive force C c2 which result from the increase in the depth of the
compressive stress block.
The lever arm may initially be approximated as [9].
62
l = 0.9(d 0 − γd nl ) 4.28
where d nl is the depth to the neutral axis corresponding to M url.
If the inclusion of additional tensile reinforcement causes ductility problems,
doubly reinforced cross - section result. The equal and opposite forces which result from
the inclusion of the non-prestressed steel are:
Ts = A st σ st and C c = A sc σ sc 4.29
The minimum area of the tensile reinforcement is given by [4, 9].

M u - M ul
A st = 4.30
σ st (d o - d c )
where M u the required strength of the doubly reinforced cross-section
M ul -the strength of the singly reinforcement section
For conventional non-prestressed steel, σ st = f y provided that the depth to the neutral axis
d n satisfies the stated ductility requirements.

From equilibrium, the forces in the top and bottom non-prestressed steel are equal and
opposite, i.e. C s = T s since C c = T p . From Eq.4.29,
A st σ st
A sc = 4.31
σ sc
If the depth of the natural axis is greater than about 0.3d p, the section is non-ductile and the
value of d n must be reduced.
4.6 DEFLECTION LIMITS
Deflection calculations are always carried out for prestressed members. It is not
sufficient to check span-effective depth ratios as in a reinforced section. This is because the
strength-to-stiffness ratio of a prestressed section is considerably greater than in a
reinforced section. The effects of strand relaxation, creep etc. has greater effects as the
degree of prestress increases.
The general method of curvature area may be adopted in pre-stressed design. For
non deflected strands the curvature diagram is rectangular.Net deflection is found
superposition of upward camber due to pretensioning and downward gravity loads.
63
Calculations are based on a flexurally un-cracked stiffness E c I using the transfer value E ci
for initial camber due to prestress and the final E c and appropriate creep factor for long-
term deflections.
Pre-camber deflection comprises of three parts:
a) Short term value due to prestressing force Pi’ after initial elastic, strand relaxation
and shrinkage losses, plus;
b) Long term value due to the prestressing force after all losses P e and
c) Self weight deflection
The Upward mid-span camber δ is calculated using the flowing equation [4,12,15]:
p i ' e L2 Φ Pe e L2 5w o L4 (1 + Φ )
δ=- - + 4.32
8 E ci I 8 EcI 384 E c I
where, Ф is creep coefficient for the time interval.
W o is the unit uniformly distributed self weight.
In-service long-term deflections ( ∆ ) are calculated in the usual manner taking into
consideration the support conditions, loading arrangement and creep. Service loads are
used in the calculations. These deflections are limited to span/500 or 20mm where brittle
finishes are to be applied, or span/350 or 20mm for non-brittle finishes. The net deflection
(imposed minus pre-camber) should be less than span/1500 [12].
4.7 SHEAR CAPACITY
Hollow core slabs are designed for shear according to the same BS.8110:1997 Code
provisions used in general for prestressed members. In dry cast systems, the normal
practice is to not provide stirrups when the applied shear exceeds shear capacity because of
the difficulty encountered placing stirrups in most production processes, the only
reinforcement being longitudinal bars or pre-stressing strands. Therefore the shear capacity
of these units depends on the shear resistance of the concrete in combination with dowel
action alone.
An alternative used to increase shear capacity is to reduce the number of cores used
in a given slab. This may be done by either leaving out a core for the entire length of a slab
64
or by locally breaking into the cores and filling them solid while the concrete is still in a
somewhat plastic state.
The provisions for shear as given in BS code are summarized as follow.
In pre-stressed sections shear capacity is calculated for two conditions
1. The flexurally uncracked section; and
2. The flexurally cracked section
Prestressing bars
Point of first flexural crack
d
uncracked cracked
Figure 4.6 Shear resistances of pre-stressed elements

The ultimate uncracked shear resistance V co is greater than the ultimate cracked
value V cr because the full section properties are considered and a small amount of diagonal
tension in the concrete is permitted.
4.7.1 Shear Capacity in the Flexurally Uncracked Region
The ultimate shear capacity according to BS 8110 is given as [4, 9, 12 ]

Vco = 0.67 b w D f t2 + 0.8f cp f t 4.33
where; f t - tensile stress at the centroidal axis
f t = 0.24 f cu
f cp is the compressive stress at the centroidal axis due to prestress after all losses
b w is for flanged section is taken as the web width (i.e. the narrower part)
D is the overall depth of the section.
65
f cu is characteristic cube strength of the concrete
Although the above expression is derived using a rectangular section, it is used for
non-rectangular section such as hollow core units with about 10% difference from the
exact value [12]. But it is always on the conservative side.
In flanged sections where the centroidal axis is in the flange, equation 4.33 should be
applied at the junction of the web-flange, i.e. fcp is calculated there [9, 12].
The critical shear may occur in the prestress development zone where fcp is not fully
developed. It is known that prestressing forces develop parabolically and therefore a
reduced value fcpx is used [9].
x  x 
f cpx =  2 - f cp 4.34
ld  ld 
where l d -the development length which is greater of the transmission length (l t ) or depth
of section
x= is from the end of unit measured at 450 to the inner bearing edge.
The transmission length may be taken as [9, 12]
Ktφ
lt = 4.35
f ci
240 for standard or super strand
and K t = 360 for drawn strand
400 for crimped wire
600 for plain or indented wire
where,
φ is the tendon diameter
fci is characteristic compressive strength of concrete at transfer
The shear resistance calculated for the flexurally uncracked region extends to a
point one effective depth beyond the point at which the net flexural stress in the tension
zone becomes zero, i.e. the decompression point where the applied moment M o = Z b 0.8f cb
[12].
4.7.2 Shear Capacity in the Flexurally Cracked Region
66
In the flexurally cracked region shear resistance is a function of both the concrete
and dowel action, as in reinforced concrete, plus a contribution of the level of compressive
stress causing shear friction in the compressive zone. The shear resistance is computed
from the formula [9, 12, 17].
 f pe 
Vcr = 1 - 0.55 Vc b w d + M o V 4.36
 f pu  M
 
≥ 0.1 f cu b w d
where, V is the design ultimate shear force at the section considered

M is the design ultimate bending moment at the section considered
M o = Zb 0.8fcb
V c is design concrete shear resistance given by:
( )  f c,  3  400  4
1 1
0.79 100 A st + A p
vc =   25   d 
4.37
γ m  bwd  
(
100 A st + A p ) 400
where, ≤ 3; ≥ 1 ; f c' ≤ 40MPa; γ m = 1.25
bwd d
It is assumed that at a critical section the design shear force V cannot exceed V cr,
and so V ≤ V cr . Similarly, the ultimate design moment M cannot exceed M u, therefore
M ≤ M u. Thus, a unique value for V cr exists as given below [4, 12].
 f 
1 - 0.55 pe Vc b w d
 f pu 

Vcr,min = 4.38
0.8Z b f bc
1-
Mu
4.8 DESIGN GUIDE LINE
4.8.1 General
In general, the variables which must be established in the design of any statically
determinate pre-stressed members are:-
• Shape and size of the section,
67
• The amount and location of both the prestressed steel and non-prestressed
reinforcement, and
• The magnitude of the prestressing force.
In this section, the general procedures are given for the design of precast pre-
stressed hollow core concrete floor units and demonstrated using example. Finally, a
comparison is made be between these kinds of floors and a solid slab.
4.8.2 Design Procedures for the Hollow Core Floor Units
The design procedure given below can be used to design fully prestressed hollow
core floor units. Each of these steps is demonstrated by a practical example given in the
next section.
i-Determine the loads on the floor unit both at transfer and under the most sever load
combination for the serviceability limit states. Hence determine the moments at the
critical section both at transfer and under the full service loads M o and M T ,
respectively.
ii-Choose an initial trial cross section using equation 4.16.
iii-Estimate the time dependent losses and determine the pre-stressing force and
eccentricity at the critical section.
iv-Calculate both the immediate and time dependent losses. Ensure that the calculated
losses are less than those assumed in step-3, if necessary.
v-Check the deflection at transfer and the final long-term deflection under maximum
and minimum loads. Adjust section size and or prestress level, if necessary.
vi-Check the ultimate flexural strength at the critical section, If necessary, additional
no prestressed tensile reinforcement may be used to increase strength and compressive
reinforcement may be used to improve ductility, as required.
Vii-Check the shear strength of the beam
Viii-Check bearing capacity
In practice, standard cross sections and reinforcements are designed to provide
for all combinations of floor loading and spans. Section sizes are selected at incremental
depths, usually 50mm, and a set of reinforcement patterns are selected. Moment resistance,
68
shear force resistance and flexural stiffness (i.e. deflection limit) are first calculated and
then compared with design requirements. Most of the time, the floor units are partially
prestressed. For this case the following steps can be followed
i-Determine the design loads, moment and shear by choosing one trial section that fits
from the standard cross-sections and reinforcements.
ii- Determine the compressive and tensile stress limit both at transfer and working
conditions. (Section 4.2)
iii-Determine both the immediate and time-dependent prestress losses. (Section 4.4)
iv- Check for flexural capacity (Section 4.5)
a) Compute the serviceability moment of resistance of the partially pre-stressed
member, Msr, by using equation 4.7 and check for serviceability limit state of
flexure.(Section 4.5.1)
b) Compute the ultimate moment of resistance, Mur, and check for serviceability limit
state of flexure.(section 4.5.2)
v- Check for deflection limits. (Section 4.6)
vi- Check for shear capacity (Section 4.7)
a) Check for the shear capacity in the flexurally uncracked region (Section 4.7.1)
b) Check for the shear capacity in the flexurally cracked region. (Section 4.7.2)
vii- Check the bearing capacity.
Viii-Repeat the above steps if the selected section does not fulfill one of the checks given
above by revising the section.
69
4.9 DESIGN EXAMPLE ON PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE SLAB SYSTEM
Using a typical floor slab shown in the figure 2.15, the floor constitutes eight
prestressed precast hollow core concrete floor units of width 1.2m and length 5m. The
floor carries a live load of 3kN/m2 and a dead load of 2kN/m2 in addition to its self-weight.
Consider the finishes are non-brittle. The materials used in the floor are C-25 concrete and
a prestressing standard strand of diameter 10mm. A relaxation loss 2.5% is to be taken as
given by manufactures. The data required for the design are summarized according to
BS.8110:1997 part 1 as follows.
30 100 30
127.5 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 127.5
1200
Figure 4.7 cross-section of hollow core floor slab
5m length and 1.20m width hollow core slab

Concrete C-25
Prestressing steel strand
f pu = 1.750kN/mm2 [9]
E p =195kN/mm2 [9]
Step 1: Determine the loadings
70
Assuming overall depth ‘D’ of the cross-section is 240mm, the other dimensions are
calculated below.
• Height of voids ≤ 240 – 50 = 190mm…….Use d v =180mm
• Minimum flange thickness(t f ) = 1.6 = 24.79mm … Use 30mm for the top flange
3.9 Design example.… (Cont’d)

• Also use a thickness of 30mm for the bottom flange.
• Width of web ≥ 30mm => Use t w = 30mm
• Width of hollow core slab b=1200mm
1200 + t w - d v f
Number of voids (n) = =5
tw + dv
Moment of inertia of the cross-section
bd 3  πd v 
4
I= − n
12  64 

I =1124750132mm4
I
Section modulus of the cross-section = Z b = Z t = = 9372917.77mm3
C
Self weight of the floor unit
  π0.18 2 
25kN / m 3  (0.24 × 1.20) − 5   = 4.02kN / m
  4 
  
For a length of 5m:
The critical mid-span moment due to self weight is:
4.02 × 5 2
M sw = = 12.56kN - m
8
The critical mid-span moments due to the superimposed dead and live loads are:
Due to dead load = 2 1.20 = 2.40kN/m
2.4 × 5 2
MG = = 7.50kN − m
8
71
Due to live load = 3 1.2 = 3.6kN/m
3.6 × 5 2
MQ = = 11.25kN - m
8
The critical mid span moment at transfer,
M o = M sw = 12.56kN-m
The critical mid span moment under the full loads
M T = M sw + M G + M Q = 31.31kN-m

Step 2: Initial trial section
From Eq. 4.16,
MT
Zb ≥
f tw − ηf ct
Where ftw is tensile stress limit at service loads =0

fct is compressive stress limit at transfer =8.75N/mm2
ftt is tensile stress limit at transfer =1.00N/mm2
η is prestress loss factor = 0.75
=> Zb ≥ 4771017.828mm3,
Since the section property Z b = 9372917.77mm3, the trial cross-section is ok.
Step 3: Prestressing force and eccentricity
The section properties are

A = 160765.50mm2
I = 1124750132mm4
Zt =Z b = 9372917.77mm3
A A
αu = = αb = = 0.01715
Zt zb
Equations 4.10, 4.11 and 4.13 becomes
1 a u e - 1 1 0.01715e - 1
≥ ⇒ ≥
pi Af tt pi 160765.50
72
1 a be + 1 1 0.01715e + 1
≥ ⇒ ≥
pi - Af ct pi 1406698.13
1 η(a b e + 1) 1 0.01715e + 1
≤ ⇒ ≤
p i - Af ct + a b M T p i 715955.33
The plot of these three straight lines is shown in Fig.4.8 below.

The maximum eccentricity occurs at the intersection of Eqs. 4.10, 4.11 and 4.13
at e = 45.5mm.
1.0E-05
1/pi
5.0E-06
0.0E+00
e
-75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 mi
n
-5.0E-06
-1.0E-05
EQ4.10
-1.5E-05 EQ4.11
EQ4.13
-2.0E-05
Figure 4.8 Design Diagram
The corresponding minimum pre stress p i from Eq.4.13 is

− Af tw + α b M T
pi = = 402.17kN
η(α b e + 1)
The minimum number of strands, n, needed with
φ =10mm
π × 10 2
A= =78.50mm2
4
A p ≈315mm2
Assuming 5% immediate losses at mid-span, the minimum jacking force is
73
pi
pj = = 423.37kN
0.95
The minimum number of 10mm diameter standard strand with cross-sectional area of
78.50 mm2 is
Pj
n= =3.6, therefore take 4 φ 10mm or
0.85f pu A
Use 12 φ 6 standard strand with eccentricity e = 45.5mm with A p = 315mm2
Step 4: Determine the pre-stress losses
The immediate losses are found using Eq.4.2:
pi pie2 M oe
σ cp = − − + = −2.734N/mm 2
A I I
The loss of stress in the steel due to elastic shortening is obtained from Eq.4.1:
Ep
Δσ p = σ cp = -17.77N/mm 2
Ec
Therefore the loss of pre-stress at mid-span due to elastic shortening is
Δσ p A P = 5.58kN , which is approximately 1.4% of P i
Time dependent losses

a) Shrinkage loss is given by Eq.4.4:
Δσ p = ε sh E p
where ε sh(t)=300 100-6 for normal conditions of indoor manufacture and exposure
E p = 195kN/mm2
Δσ p = 300x10 × 195 = 0.0585kN/mm 2 = 58.5N/mm 2
6
Δσ p A P = 58.5 × 314.159mm = 18.38kN ,

2
which is approximately equal to 4.6%
of P i
b) Creep loss is given by Eq.4.5:

σ
ε ct (t ) = c Φ
Ec
where Φ= is the creep coefficient taken to be 2.
M sus (Mid-span moment under the full sustained load) = M T =31.31kN/m
p i p i e 2 M sus e
σc = − − + = −1.98N/mm 2
A I I
The creep strain
74
σc
ε c (t ) = Φ = 0.132
Ec
Therefore, from Eq. 4.6:

Δσ p = ε c (t )E p = 25.68N/mm 2 , which is approximately equal to 2% of P i
c) Steel relaxation loss
A relaxation loss of 2.5% is to be taken as given by manufacturers. Using a factor

safety of 1.2, the relaxation loss is (2.5% 1.2) = 3%.
pi 402.17N × 10 3
σ pi = = = 1280.16N/mm2
Ap 314.16
Therefore, the relaxation loss will be
3
Δσ p = 1280.16 × = 38.40 N / mm 2
100
314.159mm 2
Δσ p A P = 38.40 × = 12.065kN .This is 3%of Pi
1000
Total time dependent losses is given by

Δσ p = 58.5 + 25.68 + 38.40 = 122.58N/mm
2
This value is less than the assumed value 0.25σ pi =1280.16 0.25=320.04N/mm2.
Therefore, it is acceptable
Step 5: Check deflection
The precamber deflection is obtained from Eq.4.32:

p ' eL2 ΦPe eL2 5W0 L4 (1 + Φ )
δ=- i - +
8E CI I 8E C I 384E C I
where Φ is creep coefficient
p' i is prestressing force after initial elastic, relaxation and shrinkage losses
=Pi – (∆σ p A p + ∆σ p A p + ∆σ p A p )
= 402.17-(5.58+12.06+18.39) = 366.14kN
P e is the prestressing force after all losses
75
= 402.17-(5.58+12.06+18.38+8.07)
= 358.08kN
Φ =2.00
Wo = 4.019kN/m
The precamber deflection (δ) is -1.824mm
In service long-term deflection (∆):
5wL4 (1 + Φ )
Δ=
384E c I
3.9 Design exampled…. (Cont’d)

W= 5 1.2 = 6kN/m (due to dead and live load)
∆ = 4.34mm < 5000/350 = 14.29mm < 20mm for non – brittle finishes.
The net deflection (imposed minus precamber) will be
= (-1.824+4.341) = 2.52mm < 5000/1500 = 3.33…ok.
Step 6: Ultimate flexural strength
The design load is

Wd = 1.4 × (Wsw + WG ) + 1.6WQ = 14.75kN/m
The design moment at the critical section is:
W l2
M d = d = 46.08kNm
8
The strain components in the prestressing steel is calculated form Eq.4.18 to 4.20
1  p e p e e 
2
ε ce = + = 0.0000962
E  A I 
Pe 358.08
ε pe = = = 0.005845
A ps E p 315 × 195
 dp - dn 
ε pt = 0.0035 

 dn 
ε cu =0.0035
The strain in the prestressing tendon at the ultimate load condition is calculated from
Eq. 4.21 is:
76
 dp -dn 
ε pu = −9.621×10 -5 + 5.845 ×10 -3 + 0.0035 

 d n 
A simple check of horizontal equilibrium indicates that 0.9d n is greater than t=30mm from
Eq.4.22.
0.67 × f cu × t × b
C cf =
γm
0.67 × 25 × 30 × 1200
C cf = = 402.00kN
1.5
The web width is approximated to be b w =300mm
0.67 × f cu (0.9d n - t ) × b w
C cw =
γm
0.67 × 25(0.9d - 30 ) × 300

C cw = = 3.35(0.9d n − 30 )
1.5
The resultant compressive force is:
C = C cf + C cw
C = 402 + 3.35(0.9d n − 30 )
C=3.01+ d n +301.50
The resultant tensile force is:
T = A p × σ pu = 315 × σ pu
From equilibrium equation C=T
σ pu =0.0096d n +0.9597
Trial values of d n may be used to determine ε pu and σ pu from the above equations as
tabulated below and the resulting points are plotted on the stress-strain diagram. Note the
stress-strain is done only for demonstration purpose.
Trial dn (mm) ε pu σ pu Point plotted

On Fig.4.9
82 0.0108 1746.66 a
85 0.0105 1775.45 b
88 0.01105 1804.24 c
77
Figure 4.9 Stress -strain curve

From Fig. 4.9, the natural axis is close to d n =85mm, the depth of the stress block is
0.9d n = 76.5mm, which is greater than the flange thickness.
And the resultant forces on the cross-section are;
T = Ap σ pu = 557.78kN
C cw = 155.78kN
C cf = 402.00kN
By taking moments of the internal compressive forces about the level of the tendons,
M ur =86.73kNm, which is greater than the design moment M d =46.08kNm
 t    0.9d p − t f 
Μ ur = C cf  d p − f  + C cw  d p − t f −  
 2  
  2 
 30    0.9 × 195 - 30  
M ur = 402195 -  + 155.78195 - 30 -    = 86.73kN > M d
 2   2 
Step 7: Shear capacity
a) Shear capacity in the flexurally uncracked region

The compressive stress fcp at the centrodal axis due to prestress after all losses is
2.23N/ mm2
78
b w = 300.00mm
D= 240.00mm
f t = 0.24 f cu = 1.20N/mm 2
The transmission length is calculated using Eq.4.35:
K t =240.00 for standard or super strand
φ =10mm diameter
f ci =17.50N/mm2
k tφ 240 × 10
lt = = = 573.71mm
f ci 17.5
The development length is greater of the transmission length, l t =573.71mm or
depth of section, D = 240.00mm
Therefore take l d = 573.71mm
The critical shear point x = 100(bearing assumed) + 120 (height to centroid) = 220mm
3.9 Precast prestressed…. (Cont’d)
From Eq.4.34
x x
f cpx =  2 − f cp = 1.28N/mm 2
ld  ld 
where
f cp is the design stress at the end of the prestress development length l d .
Therefore, the shear capacity in the flexurally uncracked region is obtained from Eq.4.33:
Vco = 0.67b w D f t2 + 0.8f cp f t
= 0.67 × 300 × 240 × 10 −3 1.20 2 + 0.80 × 1.28 × 1.20

=78.86kN
The maximum design shear at the critical section is V=36.87kN, which is less than
shear capacity calculated above.
b) Shear capacity in the flexurally cracked region
The minimum value for Vcr is calculated form Eq.4.36:
Mo = Z b 0.8f bc = 29.74kNm
1 e 
where, f bc = p e  +  = 3.965N/mm 2
 A Zb 
79
f pe
≈ 0.46
f pu
(
100 A st + A p ) 400
= 0.582 ≤ 3 ; = 2.222 ≥ 1 ; f c' ≤ 40Mpa ; and γ m = 1.250
bwd d
M u = M ur = 86.73kNm
( ) 
1 1
0.79  100 A st + A ps f c'

 3  400  4
vc =   = 0.64N/mm
2
γ m  bwd  25    d 
 
Form Eq.4.37, the design concrete shear resistance is (Calculated from step 6 above)
3.9 Precast prestressed…. (Cont’d)
 f 
1 − 0.55 pe  v c b w d
 f pu 

Vcr = =39.67kN which is greater than V …ok
0.8Z b f bc
1−
Mu
According to the above computation the following summarized outputs are stated below
for 5.00m length and 1.20m wide hollow core floor slab.
Concrete Depth No of Depth Area of the Momentof Prestress strands

class (mm) voids of voids section inertia
(mm2) (mm4)
C-25 240 5 180 160765.50 1124750132 12 6
C-30 230 5 170 162509.97 1011708625 12 6
C-40 200 6 140 147637.18 686855540.6 16 5
Table 4.1 Summarized values for different concrete classes
80
CHAPTER 5
COST COMPARISON
As the main objective of this study is to investigate the advantages of the use of
prestressed hollow core slab elements with the precast beam-block slab constructions, this
section deals with cost comparison of the two systems
The cost comparison is divided in to two components, the first is construction cost
component, and the second one is construction time component.
5.1 CONSTRUCTION COST COMPONENTS
In this section, the cost of construction (Material, Labor and equipment including
profit and overhead costs), using the two slab systems of four-story building is calculated.
Disposition of cost calculation
Direct cost + Indirect costs = Bid sum
Direct cost + Site overhead cost = Production cost
Production cost + General overhead cost = Self-costs
Self costs + Risk and profit = Bid sum
81
i) Direct costs
a) Material costs
• Quantity
• Loading, unloading and transportation costs
• Wastages
b) Labor costs
• Standard wages
• Extra pay
c) Equipment costs
• Ownership of plant
• Hire of plant
ii) Indirect costs

a) Site overhead costs
b) General overhead costs
c) Risk and profit
In this study the overheads, risk and profit are considered as 25% of the direct costs.
5.1.1 Quantities of Materials
Information’s required are:

• Quantity of material required to produce a unit amount
• Basic price at the source of material
• Transport, loading and unloading to the site
• Waste/loss
The quantities of materials required for the construction of the floors, in both
systems, are calculated referring the layout plans on Figs. 2.1 and 2.15
5.1.1.1 Material quantity of precast beam-block slab system
Materials
• Concrete = 0.088m3/m2
82
Floor Slab: 9.34 6(0.088 5.00) = 24.66m3
• Reinforcement
φ 6 c/c spacing 300mm for one floor slab:
Mass = 0.222 (30 32+101 9.5) =426.13kg
• Slab HCB
Number of Slab HCB Per one floor
 4.8 
14 × 6 ×   = 2016pcs
 0.2 
The cost of Slab-HCB, used in this study, is taken form Kality Construction and
Construction Materials Production Enterprise (KCCMPE) and Prefabricated Building Parts
Production Enterprise (PBPPE) selling price.
Therefore, the total cost of class ‘A’ Slab-HCB including transportation, loading and
unloading is 6.95birr/pc.
• Precast beam elements
 9.00 
Total number of precast beams in one floor slab: 6 ×  + 1 = 96pcs
 0.60 
• 2mm thick ceiling plastering
Total area of one floor ceiling plastering
Assuming 10% of the ceiling covered by partitions wall
6 0.9 (5.00 9.00) =243m2
• Formwork cost is estimated as follows; using sheet metal
1cm 1cm
6cm 6cm
12cm
Formwork cost for one precast beam where, length of beam is 5m

material current price (2m 1m 2mm sheet metal) = 300 birr/pcs
Development length = (2 6cm) +12cm+ (2 1cm) =26cm
 5.00 
Material cost = 0.26 × 300  = 195.00
 2 
83
Indirect cost is 25% of Labor and equipment cost = 48.75
Total cost = 243.75 birr/pc
Since the production of precast beam elements can be performed on a level
ground, it can be used for many times without being damaged. Assuming 12 usage of the
steel formwork,
243.75
Direct cost = = 20.31birr/pc
12
The quantity of materials used for precast beam element, per one piece, is estimated as
follow:
Length of precast beam element is 5m
Volume of concrete per one precast beam element is 0.06 0.12 5.0 = 0.036m3
Reinforcement
φ 6 length = 2 23.5+8+5 = 60cm (length for one stirrup)
 5.00 
Total length for one piece =  + 1 × 0.60 = 20.60m
 0.15 
Mass,
Shear re-bar….. φ 6= 0.222kg/m 20.60m = 4.57kg
Top re-bar ……1 φ 14 = 1.208kg/m 5.00m = 6.04kg
Bottom re-bar... 2 φ 16 = 1.577kg/m 2 5.00 = 15.77kg
Total mass = 26.38kg
Labor costs
Required information for the calculation of labor cost
• Number and type of skilled and unskilled manpower for a particular type of work,
(crew)
• Performance of crew per hour for a unit amount of work.
• Indexed hourly cost of the workmanship.
• Utilization factor (UF) of the workmanship: Share of a particular personal per hour
for the specified work
84
Equipment costs
Required information for the calculation of equipment cost
• Type of equipment for a particular item of work.
• Performance of equipment per hour for a unit amount of work (production rate)
Two methods of calculation are known.
i) With charges accounted for depreciation, interest return and monthly repair costs
ii) With monthly/hourly rental charges and it is considered in this study.
Table 5.1 Calculation of total production cost of one precast beam elements
Materials Unit Quantity Cost per unit* Cost per one
birr/unit pcs
1-Concrete m3 0.036 828.78 29.84

2-Reinforcement
a)diameter 6 kg 4.57 17.20 78.60
b)Diameter 14 kg 6.04 17.20 103.88
c)Diameter 16 kg 15.77 17.20 271.24
3-Steel formwork Pcs 1.00 20.31 20.31
4-Welding Joints 34.00 0.20 6.80
Direct cost 510.67
25% (profit and overhead) 127.66
Total cost (birr/pc) 638.34
* The cost per unit of concrete and reinforcement is taken from appendix A Tables 5.10
and 5.11
5.1.1.2 Material quantity of hollow core floor slab system
• Length of hollow core slab = 5.00m
85
• Width =1.20m
• Total depth of hollow core slab = 0.24m
• Number of voids =5
• Depth of void = 0.18m
• Number of slab required for one floor is 48pcs
Materials for Hollow core slab
• Concrete
Volume of concrete for one hollow core slab
 5 × π × 0.18 2 
51.2 × 0.24 −  = 0.804m3per one hollow core slab
 4 
 
Total volume of concrete required for one floor
48 0.804 = 38.59m3
• 35mm thick topping provided on the top of hollow core slab
Total volume of topping concrete required for one floor
30 9.50 0.035 = 9.98m3
• Prestressing wire
12 φ 6 prestressing wires
• Plane reinforcement for topping work
φ 6 c/c spacing 300mm
Weight
0.222kg/m (30m 32+101 9.5m) = 426.13kg
Table 5.2 Calculation of total production cost of one hollow core floor slab
Materials Unit Quantity Cost per unit * Cost per one pcs
birr/unit
1-concrete including formwork m3 0.804 992.48 797.95

2-Diameter 6 Prestressing wire kg 16 35.26 564.16
86
Direct cost 1362.11
25% (profit and overhead cost) 340.53
Total cost (birr/pcs) 1702.64
Materials Unit Quantity Cost per unit * Total cost in birr
(birr /unit)
1-Concrete m3 9.98 828.78 8271.22

2-Reinforcement 6mm kg 426.13 17.20 7329.45
Direct cost 15600.67
25% profit and overhead cost 3900.17
Total cost (birr/unit)or per floor 19500.84
*:-The cost per unit of prestress strand and concrete is taken from appendix A tables 5.14
and 5.15 respectively.
Table 5.3 Construction cost of topping in the first floor

* :-The cost per unit of concrete and reinforcement is taken from appendix A Tables 5.10
and 5.11
Table 5.4 Construction cost of hollow core slab in the first floor
Materials Unit Quantity Cost per unit* Total cost
(birr /unit) in birr
H ll
1-Production land
b construction pcs 48 1858.54 89209.92
t
2-Topping 15600.67
87
Total cost (birr/unit) 131013.24
* :-The cost per unit of installation of hollow core slab in the first floor is taken from
appendix A Tables 5.16(a)
:-The direct cost of topping construction in the first floor is taken from table 5.3
Table 5.5 Construction cost calculation using precast beam-block slab system in the first
floor
Cost per unit Total cost
Materials Unit Quantity (birr/unit) in birr
1-Production and construction cost pcs 96.00 652.93 62681.28
2-Slab HCB pcs 2016 9.02 18184.32
3-Diameter 6 reinforcement kg 426.13 17.20 7329.44
4-Concrete work cost m3 24.66 827.36 20402.70
5-Support Work pcs 96.00 19.33 1855.68
6-2mm thick ceiling plastering m2 243.00 42.20 10254.60
Total cost (birr/unit) 150885.03
Cost per unit of installation of precast beam, slab HCB, reinforcement, concrete, support
and 2mm thick ceiling plastering works are taken from appendix A table
5.12(a),5.13(a),5.10,5.11(a),5.18 and 5.17 respectively.
Cost comparison
Table 5.6 Summery of cost comparison for both precast beam-block slab and prestressed
hollow core floor slab
Precast beam-block Slab cost in Prestressed hollow core slab cost Difference
Floor birr in birr in cost
( birr)
88
Direct Indirect Total Direct Indirect Total
cost(a) cost(b) c= a + b Cost(d) Cost (e) f= d+ e g=c-f
1st 120708.02 30177.01 150885.03 104810.59 26202.65 131013.24 19871.79
2nd 121253.68 30313.42 151567.10 105879.55 26469.88 132349.44 19217.66
3rd 122112.35 30528.09 152640.44 107305.15 26826.29 134131.44 18509.00
4th 123300.84 30825.21 154126.05 109300.51 27325.13 136625.64 17500.41
Total 487374.89 121843.73 609218.62 427295.80 106823.95 534119.76 75098.86
Form the above table the difference in the total cost between the two systems is 75,098.86
birr.
Total area of floors = 4×0.00×9.50 = 1140m2
Hence the saving per floor area, from construction cost is,
75,098.86
= ≅ 65.90birr/m 2
1140
5.2 CONSTRUCTION TIME COMPONENT

Table 5.7 summarizes areas where costs are generated on site for a particular item.
Naturally the most important cost saving is that of time. The use of hollow core floor slab
system allows for immediate access to the floor below than precast beam-block floor
system.
Figure 5.1 Use of hollow core slab on concrete framed building.
89
Table 5.7 Pricing items for comparing the two different flooring systems
Activity Beam and block Prestressed hollow core
Time related costs *

Precast material delivery to site * **
Erection of material * incl. above
Propping (*)
Reinforcing steel *
Concrete (incl. placing) *
Plastering soffit *
* Item needs pricing,** Price normally includes supply and erection, (*) This item may need pricing
It is known that the major advantage of using prestressed hollow core slab
elements for construction is the speed of construction, i.e. the use of this system saves
construction time. Since construction time delay is one of the main causes of claims in the
construction industry, the use of hollow core systems is believed to solve this problem, in
addition to cost saving.
In this section, the advantage of the prestressed hollow core slab system over the
precast beam-block slab system with regard to construction speed will be shown by the
critical path method of construction schedule technique. In most construction activities, a
number of crews are involved in particular activity to speed up the rate of construction,
provided that, the contractor is capable of providing the necessary equipment and there is
enough working area. For the purpose of comparison, in this research two crews are
assumed to participate in each activities respectively, in both systems, i.e. the total output
will be two times those in appendix A, tables 5.10 through 5.18.
5.2.1 Hollow Core Slab System
Table 5.8 Construction schedule using hollow core slab system

Activity Designation Quantity Output/1crew Out put per Duration
2crew (days) Job logic
90
Hollow core HCs 192pcs 26pcs/day 52pcs/day 4 1-2
slab
Slab
reinforcement SR 1704.52kg 96kg/day 192kg/day 9 1-3 & 3-5
2
Topping Tp 39.92m3 14.40 m3/day 28.80 m3/day 1-4 & 4-5
The network diagram is as shown below

HCs SR TR
1 2 3 4
4 9 2
Figure 5.2 Network diagram of slab construction using pre stressed hollow core slab system.
Form the above network diagram, the project duration for the slab construction, using this
slab system is 15 days.
5.2.2 Precast beam-block slab system
Table 5.9 Construction schedule using precast beam-block slab system

Activity Designation Quantity Output/1crew Output per Duration Job Logic
(Avg) 2crew (days)
PCB work PCB 384pcs 13pcs/day 26pcs/day 15 1-2
HCB work HCB 8064pcs 128pcs/day 256pcs/day 32 1-3
Reinforcement SR 1704.52kg 96kg/day 192kg/day 9 3-4
Concrete work C 98.64 m3 14.40m3/day 28.80m3/day 4 4-5
The network diagram is as shown below

2
PCB
15
HCB SR C
1 3 4 5
91
32 9 4
Figure 5.3 Network diagram of slab construction using precast beam-block slab system.
From the above network diagram, the project duration for the slab construction
using precast beam-slab system is 45 days.
As it can be clearly seen from the network diagrams of the two systems, the
construction time saving by using the precast prestressed hollow core slab system is 30
days. This means the hollow core slab system of construction will take only 33% of the
time taken by the precast beam slab system.
The current rental cost of buildings, on average, is about 85 birr/m2/ month. The
owner of a building project will be benefited this sum, if the project is completed before
the anticipated project duration. Hence the saving gained from the speed of construction
may be converted to financial value as:
30
Saving from construction time = × 85.00birr/m 2
30
= 85.00birr/m2
The total cost of saving is the sum of the saving from construction cost and construction
speed.
Total saving = 65.90+85.00
= 150.90birr/m2
The current total construction cost of building projects using the precast beam slab
systems is estimated to be about 2500.00 birr/m2 this means the total saving obtained from
the use of prestressed hollow core slab system is about 6.04% of the total construction cost.
92
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
The use of a relatively cheaper system of construction for building construction

instead of the widely used ones, will not only have economical benefits but also avoids the
dependence on usual systems, thereby reducing the competition in the construction
industry. Precast prestressed hollow core slab system of construction is a system, which
does not need very heavy equipment for erection, and the component members can be
produced with locally abundant construction materials.
In addition it is a precast, prestressed concrete slab system with continuous voids
provided to reduce weight and, therefore, cost and, as a side benefit, to use for concealed
electrical or mechanical runs. Primarily used as floor or roof deck systems, hollow core
slabs also have applications as wall panels, and bridge deck units.
It should be understood that the main objective of the present study is to investigate
the advantage of pre cast prestressed hollow core slab elements for floor slab construction,
by comparing with the precast beam-block slab system. All construction projects are
designed to end up with an optimum economy and safety. To fulfill these criteria the
construction method to be adopted should be the one with minimum total cost that satisfies
the strength requirements.
93
A cost comparison between the two systems of construction the hollow core slab
system and the precast beam slab system was made by designing the floor slabs of a
typical four-story building, using both systems.
Based on the cost comparison, the theoretical investigation the following conclusions
and recommendations may be drawn.
1. The cost comparison shown that the hollow core slab system of construction is faster
and less expensive than the precast beam-block slab system. The total saving obtained
from the use of system is abut 6.04% of the total construction cost of a building using
the precast beam-block slab systems. In addition to the economical benefits gained the
application of this system is believed to solve problems associated with delays in the
construction industry, since construction delays are one of the main causes of disputes.
2. As it can be seen from the cost comparison the saving from construction cost
component is 44% of the total saving. Higher value of construction cost saving and
hence total saving could have been obtained if the precast pre-stressed hollow core slab
elements are designed and produced more economically
3. For the production of the precast prestressed hollow core slab elements. it is
recommended to use a minimum concrete class C-25 and the upper surface of the slab
elements should be sufficiently roughened to create a good bond with the floor finish
cement screed or structural topping and the lower surface slab surface should be
smooth enough for final painting. The top surface is generally prepared to receive a
screed or structural topping. Because they are cast against a steel surface, the soffits are
smooth and ready to receive a decorating finish direct without the need for plastering.
4. During handling, transporting and erecting the hollow core slab elements great care
should be taken not to impair some structural properties. A minimum of two-point
lifting mechanism is recommended to use as shown in Fig. 5.4 below.
94
Figure 5.4: Hollow core slab being hoisted into Position.
5. For a country like Ethiopia, where timber and eucalyptus poles resource are limited the
application of this system of construction not only has economical benefits but also
preserves the national resource by avoiding excessive use of formwork and scaffolding.
6. Finally, it is believed that the result of this study are encouraging and has shade light
into the introduction of precast pre-stressed slab systems in the construction industry.
However, it is suggested that further research be carried out in this area for proper
utilization of the system. It is hoped that the present study serve as an aid for further
developments and other related studies.
REFERENCES
1. Arthur H. Nilson 1987. Design of prestressed concrete, 2nd edition. Canada: John
Wiley and Sons.
2. Ben C. Gerwick,Jr 1971.Construction of prestressed concrete structures. New York:
Wily inter-science.
3. Biruh Habtu 2005, Precast prestressed hollow core concrete floor slabs. MSc.
thesis: school of graduate studies, Addis Ababa University of technology faculty.
4. British standard (BS) 8110 1997.Structural use of concrete, part1, code of practice for
design and construction. London: British standards institution.
5. Chudley R.1996. Construction technology, 2nd edition. England : Longman group
limited.
6. Dharris J. and Smith I.C. 1963.Basic design and construction in prestressed concrete
London: Chatto and Windus
7. Donald R. Buettner and Roger J. Becker 1998. Prestrssed hollow core concrete slab
95
design manual, 2nd edition. U.S.A. Precast prestressed concrete institute, Chicago.
8. Fredrick S. Merritt, M.Kent Loftin. and Jonathan T. Ricketts 1996.Standared hand
book for civil engineers ,4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill
9. Gilbert, R.I. & N.C. 1990.Design of prestressed concrete. London: Academic
Division of Unwin Hyman Ltd.
10. Kenneth Leet 1991. Reinforced concrete design, 2nd edition. U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill.
11. Kent Preston H. and Norman J. Sollenberger. 1967. Modern prestressed concrete.
New York :McGraw-Hill
12.Kim S. Elliott 2002. Precast concrete structures construction.Oxford,Boston:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
13.Libby James R.1971.Modern prestressed concrete design principles and
construction methods. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold co.
14.Lin,T.Y and Ned H.Burns. 1982. Design of prestressed concrete structures,
3rd edition. Canada: John Wiley and Sons.
15.Mallick and Rangasami 1977. The mechanics of prestressed concrete design,

3rd edition. Delhi: Khanna Publishers.
16. Michael Chi and Frank A.Bibestein1963. Theory of prestressed concrete.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-hall inc.
17. Ramaswamy G.S.1978. Modern prestressed concrete design. London: Pitman
publishing limited.
18. Robert A.Hartland 1975.Design of precast concrete: an introduction to practical
design.London: Survey university press: International text book Co.
19. Tihamer Koncz Dr.Ing.1968. Manual of precast concrete construction. Germany:
Bauverlag Gmb H. Wiesbaden and Berlin.
20. Bison. Hollow core floors for multiple occupancy housing, UK: Bison concrete
products limited.2007 from:
<e-mail: concrete@ bison.co.uk,web site: www.bison.co.uk.>
21. Concrete Manufacturers Association 1996. Precast concrete floor slabs design
96
manual, Randburg:The association < e-mail: cma@cis.co.za, website: www. cma.org.za>
< http://www.cma.org.za/UploadedMedia/precast_concrete_floorslab%5B1%5D.pdf>
22. Old castle precast building systems division. 2007, from:
<http://www.oldcastlesystems.com>
23. Precast prestressed hollow core slab hand book 2006, PNK Enterprise Co.,Ltd.
Retrieved 2007, from <http:/www.pankmarkering.com/web/contact.php>
24. Quick cell technology Products Pty. Ltd. Retrieved 2007, from
< http://www.quickcelltechnolgy. com/products.?prod=lipf>
25. Structural floor and roof systems precast prestressed concrete technical brochers
Canada:precast prestressed concrete institute. Retrieved 2007, from
< http://www.cpci.ca/downloads/structural_floor_and_roof.pdf >
DECLARATION
I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis entitled “COMPARISON OF PRECAST-

HCB SLAB SYSTEM AND PRE-STRESSED HOLLO CORE CONCRETE SLAB
SYSTEM” is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other
university and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been duly
acknowledged.
Name: _______________________
Signature: _______________________
97
Place: Faculty of Technology, Addis Ababa University
Date of Submission: June 2008
98

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COMPARISION OF PRESTRESSED HOLLOW CORE SLAB AND

PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM-HCB SLAB SYSTEM

ADVAISOR DR-SHIFFERAW TAYE

ADVISOR: DR. SHIFFERAW TAYE

• My Advisor, Dr.Shifferaw Taye, for the encouragements, guidance, critics and

• My dearest colleague, Tibebu Ayele, General Manger of Kality Construction and

Table 3.1 Final output of precast beam design 48

Figure 2.1 Typical floor slab precast beam layout 5

For prestressed slab design

For precast beam design

The use of inexpensive construction system in building construction is usually

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

1.4 APPLICATION OF THE RESULT

PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLOORINGS

2.2 PRECAST BEAM-BLOCK FLOOR SLABS

A beam and block slab is composed of rectangular shaped (generally) precast

Figure 2.1 Typical floor slab precast beam layout

175 31X150=4650 1 175

Figure 2.2 Elevation view of precast beam and longitudinal reinforcement

Figure 2.3 Cross section of precast beam

Cast in-situ concrete

a 2Φ12-L=1870 at every pre-cast edge beam location

Figure 2.6 Plan, section and reinforcement at every precast connection.

2.2.3 Precast Beam and Slab Block Installation

Figure 2.9 Typical hollow block for slab construction

• Precast slabs can be erected a lot quicker than in-situ slabs.

Structural concrete topping

Top steel at supports resisting negative moments

Concrete hollow blocks for thermal

(c) Hollow block installation (d) Propping under indicated positions

(g) Casting concrete

Figure 2.12 Shear key joints between adjacent unit

The hollow core slab is manufactured in the quality-controlled conditions of a

Figure 2.15 Typical floor slab hollow core layout

Figure 2.16 Hollow core slab installation procedures

2.3.4 Advantages of Hollow Core Floor Slab

2.3.5 Diaphragm Action with Hollow Core Slabs

2.3.6.1 Connection details for hollow core slab system

Figure 2.18 Typical details with concrete beams

Fig 2.18 Typical….. (Cont’d)

Fig 2.18 Typical….. (Cont’d)

Fig 2.18 Typical….. (Cont’d)

• Can transfer internal diaphragm

• Clean and simple

• Clean and simple

Fig 2.18 Typical….. (Cont’d)

Fig 2.18 Typical….. (Cont’d)

Figure 2.19 Typical details with walls

Figure 2.19 Typical…. ( Cont’d )

Figure 2.19 Typical…. ( Cont’d )

DESIGN OF PRECAST BEAM

Precast beam-block slab system in this study, is a system of slab construction in

The precast beam design procedure involves the following steps:

3.2.1 Design Load Combinations

3.2.2 Design Strength

1.05 for reinforcement,

3.2.3 Design Moments

In the design of flexural reinforcement of precast concrete beams, the factored