COURSE : PRONUNCIATION

MAKALAH

VOWEL SOUND
ARRANGED BY :

 ARSY NATASYA (0304192054)

 FAHRI IRAWAN (0304192092)
 M.HADDAD AL QOUSYOI (0304192048)
 NONI SULISTIA (0304192083)
 NUR AMIRAH AMANINA LUBIS (0304192057)
 SYAFA SALSABILA PUTRI ANNAZMI (0304192055)
 MUTIARA NUR AINI SIMANJUNTAK (0304192067)
 REZKY WULAN JANUARI (0304192080)
 HOTMAIDA DWI FITRIANI PURBA (0304192085)
 RAHMADINA PUTRI SRG (0304192088)

supporting lecturer : Yani Lubis, S.Ag., M.Hum.

Class : PBI – 2 /2019

ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019
 PREFACE

Our gratitude goes to God Almighty God for His blessings and gifts, the writing
of this MAKALAH can be completed. MAKALAH is about "VOWEL SOUND".

we compiled this MAKALAH with the intention of assigning the pronunciation

subject and making additional insight and understanding of the material. My hope is that
after completing the writing of this MAKALAH I will understand more about how to write
a good and correct MAKALAH

On the other hand, we gained valuable experience and knowledge in preparing the
writing of this MAKALAH. We are very grateful to all those who have helped in the
completion of this MAKALAH, especially to the lecturer supporting this subject Mr. Yani
Lubis, S.Ag., M.Hum. and my classmate class students PBI-2 2019 along with all the
parties who have supported me in completing this MAKALAH

we realize that in the preparation of this MAKALAH it is still very far from
perfection, therefore we are looking forward to criticism and advice and guidance from
lecturers for improvement in the days to come, hopefully this MAKALAH paper is useful
for all.

Medan, Nov 20 th 2019

Editor

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................4
A. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 4
A. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM............................................................. 4
B. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER ................................................................................ 4
BAB II DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................5
A. WHAT IS VOWEL? ............................................................................................. 5
B. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH SOUND : VOWELS ................................. 6
1. The ability of articulation.................................................................................... 7
2. Tounge Position .................................................................................................. 8
3. Lip Position ......................................................................................................... 9
4. Vowel Length...................................................................................................... 9
C. VOWELS VERSUS CONSONANT ............................................................ 9
D. THE ANATOMY OF A VOWEL .............................................................. 10
E. VOWEL PHONEMES ................................................................................ 10
a) The same but different again ................................................................................. 10
BAB III CLOSING ................................................................................................. 12
A. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 12
B.SUGGESTION ........................................................................................................ 12
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 13

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 BAB 1

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Every vowel sound without exception has different value in british English
and American English in addition,the next problem which cause the mistakes in
pronunciation is most learners of English always make generalization of all vowel
sound. Vowels are articulated when a voiced airstream is shaped using the tounge
and the lips to modify the overall shapes of the mouth. from a phonetic point of
view, vowels are articulated with a relatively open configuration of the vocal tract
: no part of the mouth is closed and none of the vocal organs come so close
together that we can hear the sound of the air passing between them. In English
vowels all oral vowels and take on a nasal quality only when they are bring
influenced by adjacent nasal consonant as in no, long and man.

A. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. find out what vowel sound is
2. find out what is classification of English sound
3. what is a anatomy of a vowel

B. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

1. Know how to use vowel sound
2. So that we are not mistaken in English pronunciation
3. Ading insight

4
 BAB II

DISCUSSION
A. What is Vowel?

One of speech sound that is always produced by people is vowel. Vowels

are articulated when a voiced airstream is shaped using the tounge and the lips to
modify the overall shapes of the mouth ( Kelly, 2000 : 29 )1. Vowels are those
units which functions at the center of syllable ( Crystal, 1995 : 330 ).from a
phonetic point of view, vowels are articulated with a relatively open configuration
of the vocal tract : no part of the mouth is closed and none of the vocal organs
come so close together that we can hear the sound of the air passing between
them. In English vowels all oral vowels and take on a nasal quality only when
they are bring influenced by adjacent nasal consonant as in no, long and man. And
vowel sound is defined as a vowel in its information,ie air out throught the throat
and mouth,without restriction and narrowing so that there is no friction sound2

All long vowels are followed by / : /.most of differences between British

and American English are to do with quality and length of the vowels.

/i:/ eat, sleep

/i/ silly, baby ( in final position )3

/I/ it, swim

/e/ edge, lead (=bly), said

/æ/ apple, man

/ʒ:/ earn, bird, occur4

1
Latifah Nur, An Error Analysis In Pronunciation Of English Vowel ( Surakarta,2017 ),P.11
2
Novi candra amprih jaya,the comparison of pronunciation error in vowel sound between early
adolsecene learners and mid adolscene learners in foreign language learning (Gresij,2017)
3
In contemporary RP, American English and most southern varieties of British English, In
conservative RP and northern varieties of British English, this pronounced /I/ as in silly : /sIlI/.

5
/ə/ above, support, possible, Africa, mother5

/Ʌ/ under, enough, buter

/ɑ:/ father, calm, can’t6, car7, apart

/ɒ/ add8, daughter, more

/ʊ/ put, pull

/u:/ ooze, shoe, sult

B. classification Of English Sound : Vowels

Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no obstruction
in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities. O the articulatory level the
description of vowels notes changes :

1. In the ability of articulation

2. In the tounge position
3. In the lip position
4. In their length

4
In American English, this is pronounced with the open front vowel /æ/, e.g before /nt,f,s,Ө/ as
in ‘can’t’ / kænt/, etc.
5
In RP and many varities English British the r are not pronounced after a vowel ( e.g. ‘car /ka/.
6
This rounded vowels is not found in American English, instead it is pronounced after a vowel.
7
In GA ang most American Varieteies of English this is pronounced with a r-coloured vowel.
8
In GA and most American Varieties of English , final –er is pronounced withan r-coloured vowel

6
1. The ability of articulation

All English vowels are divided into 3 grops : monopthongs,

dipthongs and dipthogoids.

Monopthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost

umchanging. They are : [ i e ǽ a: o o: U ə: ə ].

in the pronunciation of Dipthongs the organ of speech glide from one

vowel position to another within one syllable. The starting point, the nucleus,
is strong and district. They are [ ei ai oi au əu iə ʒə uə ]

in the pronunciation of Dipthongoids the articulation is sl;ightly

changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not so
district as it is the case of Dipthongs. They are [ i: u: ]

a. English pure vowels ( Monopthongs )

Vowels are produced with the vocal tract open. For that reason
they are said to be articulated with an open articulation, in opposition to
consonant. We know that in the production of a sound, several elements
participate : vibration and resonance. In the case of English vowels, they
are all produced with vibration of the vocal foids.

According to the height of the tounge, vowels can be high, mid or

low. According to the backness of the tounge, vowels can be front, central
or back. According to the rounding of the lips vowels can be spread,
rounded and neutral.

b. Gildes, moving vowels ( Dipthongs anf Tripthongs )

We entitied the previous section with the term “ pure vowels “. But
what does “ pure vowels “ mean ? well, maybe we can understand better if
we see what the opposite pf pure vowels is. Other term are Monopthongs
for p[ure vowels and Dipthongs and Tripthongs for moving vowels.

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 In the production of a glide there are two stages :

 First, the toung adopts a starting position that reminds for a short
period of time.
 Then the tounge adopts a final position thatremains longer then the
first one.

Dipthongs and Tripthongs are also other types of vocalic sounds.

They are very similar to glides in the sense that they also imply the
movement from one vowel position to another ppsition. In opposition
to glides, dhiptohongs and tripthongs imply a starting position that
lasts longer than the following positions.9

2. Tounge Position

They tounge may move forward, backward, up, down this changing
the quality of vowels.

a. When tounge is in the front part of mouth and the front part of the
toungr is raised to the hard palate a front vowel is pronounced.
They are [ i: e ǽ ]
b. When the tounge is in front part of the mouth but slightly reacted
and the part of the tounge nearer to the center than to front is
raised, a front-retracted vowel is pronounced. It is [ i ].
c. When the front of the tounge Is raised towards the back part of the
hard palate the vowel is called central. They are [ Ʌ ə: ə ]

Moving up and down in the mouth tounge may be raised to

different height towards the roof of the mouth.

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 a. When the front or the back of the tounge is raised high towards
the palate vowels is called close. They are [ i: I u u: ]
b. When the front or the back of the tounge is as low as possible
in the mouth open vowels arw pronounced. They are [ ǽ a: o : ]

3. Lip Position

When the lips are neutral oe spread the vowels are called
unrounded. They are [ i: i e ǽ a: Ʌ ə: ə ]

When the lips are down together so that the opening between them
is more or less round the vowels is called rounded. They are [ o o: u u: ]

4. Vowel Length

All English vowels are divided into long and short vowels.

Long vowels are [ i: a: o: u: ə: ]

Short vowels are [ i e o u Ʌ ə ]10

C. Vowels Versus Consonant

However, when we run to the physical description of actual vowl sounds,

it is not possible simply to reuse the parameters and features already introduced
for consonants. Of course; vowels and consonant are all speech sounds, and in
English at least, they all produced using the same pulmoic egressive airstream. In
almost in all othe respects, however, the features which allow us to classify and
understand conconants are less than helpful in distinguishing between vowels11.

10
Sziliyagyi Laszlo, Put English Phonetics Into Practice ( Beregzasz : 2014 ), p.13
11
April McMahon, An Introduction toEnglish Phonology, P.67-74

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 D. The Anatomy of a Vowel

I classifiying vowels, we nee not indicate mechanism, since it will always

be pulmonic egressie, and we can generally assume that vowels are all voiced and
oral: allophonic exceptions will be discussed in chapter 7. To describe vovel
adequately and accurately, we then need to consider three different parameters, all
of which can be seen as modifications of the place or maner of articulation
continua for consonant: as we shall see, these are height, frontness and rounding.
Additionally, vowels may be long or short ( lone ones are marked with a
following below) and the monpthongs or dipthongs.12

E. Vowel Phonemes
a) The same but different again

Most of the feautures which worl well in classifiying and describing

consonants are entirely inappropriatefor vowels, while vowels var in
dimensions ( such as tounge height ) which are not relevant for consonants.
However, when we turn to the criteria for esthablishig phonemes, and the
exceptions to these reviewd in chapter 2 and 5, it turn out that vowels and
consonant behave very similarly indeed. The section below therefore fulfil a
dual role of providing more information about vowels, while following some
revision of notions like complementary distribution, allophonic rules, free
variation, neuralisation and phonetic similarity which are first introduced
mainly in connection with consonant.

Every vowel sound without exception has different value in british

English and American English13 in addition,the next problem which cause the

12
April McMahon, An Introduction toEnglish Phonology, P.79
13
Afzalkhan& Soleman awad mithkal alzobidy,vowel variation between American English and
British English, 2018. P.1

10
 mistakes in pronunciation is most learners of English always make
generalization of all vowel sound.14

14
Wardina A.laadi. the use of short story in teaching pronunciation of English vowel sound, 2014.
P.2

11
 BAB III

CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION

Vowels are articulated when a voiced airstream is shaped using the tounge and
the lips to modify the overall shapes of the mouth ( Kelly, 2000 : 29 ). Vowels are
those units which functions at the center of syllable ( Crystal, 1995 : 330 ).from a
phonetic point of view, vowels are articulated with a relatively open configuration
of the vocal tract : no part of the mouth is closed and none of the vocal organs
come so close together that we can hear the sound of the air passing between
them. Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no obstruction in
the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities. O the articulatory level the description
of vowels notes changes :

1. In the ability of articulation

2. In the tounge position
3. In the lip position
4. In their length
I classifiying vowels, we nee not indicate mechanism, since it will always
be pulmonic egressie, and we can generally assume that vowels are all voiced
and oral: allophonic exceptions will be discussed in chapter 7. To describe
vovel adequately and accurately, we then need to consider three different
parameters, all of which can be seen as modifications of the place or maner of
articulation continua for consonant: as we shall see, these are height, frontness
and rounding. Additionally, vowels may be long or short ( lone ones are
marked with a following below) and the monpthongs or dipthongs

B.SUGGESTION
The author's suggestion to the reader with this paper is that we can all
increasingly understand the material about "vowel sound" so that we can
understand what are the types of pronunciation in vowel sound so that we are not
wrong in saying words in English

12
 REFERENCES

Nur, latifah karyatyastuti. (2017) An errors analysis in pronunciation of English

vowels of the first semester students of english education department iain
Surakarta in the academic.P.11

Kang,ching liu. English vowels. National Taipei university

Musk,Nigel . the vowels&consonant of English . department of culture and

communication

J,Kathryn davis .(2009).vowel patterns. USA. Entire content

Jones,Daniel (1909).the pronunciation of English.New York.University

press,Cambridge

Harcout,phonetics practice book. USA. Harcout school publisher

Laszlo,szillagyi.(2014). Put English phonetics into practice. Beregsasz

McMahon,April (2002). An introduction to English phonology.Edinburgh .

University Edinburgh

Hill,Chapel. Speech sound:vowels.USA,cochlear Americas

Strand,skills.(2003) .core knowledge language Arts. New York .

A. Wardina Laddi. (2014). The use of short story in teaching pronunciation of

English vowels sounds.Vol.2 no 2 .P.2

Khan,Afzal&Soleman Awad Mthkal Alzobidy. (2019). Vowel variation between

American English and birtish English . Vol 9.No 1 P.9

Candra,Novi Amprih Cahya . (2017). The comparison of pronunciation Error in

vowel Sounds Between Early Adolscene Leasners and Mid Adolscene Learners in
foreign Languange Learning. Vol 1 no.1 P.1

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