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Status of mushroom production in India

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Mushroom Research 26 (2) : 111-120, 2017 VP SHARMA et al. Invited Status Paper

Status of mushroom production in India

VP Sharma, Sudheer K Annepu*, Yogesh Gautam, Manjit Singh and Shwet Kamal

ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan (H.P) – 173213

*Corresponding author; Email: sudheerannepu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The global mushroom industry has expanded very rapidly in the last two decades by the
addition of newer types of mushrooms for commercial cultivation. However, mushroom as
a vegetable is yet to find regular place among the Indian consumers. Despite of favourable
agro-climate, abundance of agro wastes, relatively low-cost labour and a rich fungal
biodiversity, India has witnessed a lukewarm response in its growth. At present, the total
mushroom production in India is approximately 0.13 million tons. From 2010-2017, the
mushroom industry in India has registered an average growth rate of 4.3% per annum. Out
of the total mushroom produced, white button mushroom share is 73% followed by oyster
mushroom (16%), paddy straw mushroom (7%) and milky mushroom (3%). Compared to
other vegetables; per capita consumption of mushrooms in India is meagre and data indicates
it is less than 100 grams per year. In the year 2016-2017, Indian mushroom industry generated
revenue of Rs. 7282.26 lacs by exporting 1054 quintals of white button mushroom in canned
and frozen form. By considering the production statistics, the spawn demand in India is
estimated about 8000-10000 tons per annum. Majority of this commercial spawn to the
growers is being supplied by the private units and the contribution of public sector
organizations in spawn supply was limited to 10% only. In this article we made an attempt
to analyse the current scenario of the mushroom industry with the assistance of AICRP
network centres located across the country and discussed the opportunities and challenges
for development of mushroom entrepreneurship in India.

Keywords: Indian mushroom production, spawn production, Agaricus bisporus

Indian agriculture, as it exists today, has owing to its medicinal and nutritional
come a long way from its present image of properties and the consumer demand for
being non-commercial and traditional in its mushrooms markedly expanded in the recent
methods of farming. The recent trends in years. Mushrooms are considered as a potential
consumer behaviour surges the demand for substitute of muscle protein on account of their
high quality niche products and forces the high digestibility (Pavel, 2009). In addition to
agriculture sector to step up and adopt protein, mushroom is an excellent source of
commercially, technically and economically vitamin-D which is not available in other food
viable agribusiness solutions (Shirur et al., supplements (Pehrsson et al., 2003).
2016). Business and investment opportunities in Mushrooms are low in calories, fat free,
this sector have suddenly jumped manifold. In cholesterol free, gluten free and very low in
the present diet conscious era, mushrooms are sodium. Minerals such as potassium, iron,
increasingly considered as a future vegetable copper, zinc and manganese are high in fruit

Received on 26 December 2017; Accepted on 26 December 2017

http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/MR/issue/view

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 STATUS OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION

bodies. Specific bioactive compounds in production has increased tremendously as

mushrooms are responsible for improving compared to button mushroom, which is no
human health in many ways. These bioactive more the number one mushroom in terms of
compounds include lentinan in shiitake, share in global mushroom production. Presently
lovastatin in oyster, lectins in white button shiitake, oyster, wood ear and button
mushrooms, ganoderic acid β-glucans in reishi mushroom contribute 22, 19, 18 and 15%,
mushrooms, acidic polysaccharides in wood ear respectively in terms of total mushroom
mushrooms, ergothionine in winter mushroom, production in the world (Singh et al., 2017). The
cordycepin in Cordyceps and many more. All contribution of medicinal mushrooms in world
these compounds have immunomodulating trade has increased over last few decades. The
properties and promote the immune function research focusing on validation of medicinal
of the human body against the cancer risk and benefits and number of trials on use of novel
tumor growth. chemicals derived from mushrooms in cancer
research has attracted attention of industry.
Though mushroom production in Asian
countries started 1000 years ago, cultivation of Status of mushroom production in India
mushrooms is relatively new phenomenon in
India. Mushrooms such as Auricularia, Even as the mushroom production and
Flammulina and Lentinula were most likely consumption are on the rise in rest of the
cultivated for the first time around the year 600- world, India witnesses a lukewarm response in
800 AD in China and other Asian countries its growth. Mushroom industry in India is
(Chang and Wasser, 2017). Scientific overwhelmingly focused on white button
cultivation, however, started only at the mushroom which is a highly sophisticated and
beginning of the 20 th century when pure capital-intensive activity. The recent production
cultures of mushroom were prepared from data (official data of ICAR-DMR, Solan)
spore and tissue. Cultivation in the beginning showing that, the share of button mushroom
of the 20 th century was focused on button in India is maximum amounting to 73%
mushroom mainly in USA and Europe. In first followed by oyster mushroom which
half of the 20 th century the focus was on contributes about 16%. There are two main
cultivation of button mushroom in the West types of mushroom growers in India, those who
and to a lesser extent on shiitake in the East. are growing white button mushroom round the
In the second half of 20th century, there were year under controlled conditions and seasonal
rapid changes in rate of growth of mushroom growers who are growing button mushrooms
production and number of species brought during the winter seasons in north western
under commercial cultivation. By the end of part of India. The total white button mushroom
20th century the share of button mushroom in produced in India from both seasonal and high
total world production was less than 40 per tech cultivation units is estimated at 94676
cent, which in next ten years became around metric tons (Table 1). Out of this, approximately
30 per cent. 21st century, particularly last ten 8500 metric tons of button mushroom was
years, have witnessed sudden rapid rise in produced from the seasonal growing units
cultivation of mushrooms other than button. located in Haryana and Punjab which
Net result is an exponential growth in world accounted for 9% of total button mushroom
mushroom production. Due to almost production. By effectively utilizing the seasonal
unimaginable growth in production of shiitake, variations, the farmers of Punjab and Haryana
oyster mushrooms, wood ear mushroom and region have revolutionized the seasonal
Flammulina, the contribution of these cultivation process with very less inputs. Many
mushrooms to total world mushroom growers started adopting the seasonal

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 VP SHARMA et al.

Table 1. Mushroom production in India during 2016 (ICAR-DMR, Solan official data)
(Production in metric tones)

States Button mushroom Oyster mushroom Milky mushroom Other mushrooms Total

Andhra Pradesh 3000 500 15 0 3515

Arunachal Pradesh 20 5 0 1 26

Assam 20 100 5 0 125

Bihar 950 1500 150 0 2600

Chhattisgarh 20 200 35 89 344

Delhi 3000 50 20 0 3070

Goa 4200 20 0 0 4220

Gujarat 10000 1200 0 0 11200

Haryana 15000 50 50 0 15100

Himachal Pradesh 9000 110 30 10 9150

Jammu and Kashmir 565 15 50 0 630

Jharkhand 200 20 0 0 220

Karnataka 700 320 160 0 1180

Kerala 0 500 300 0 800

Maharashtra 10000 2000 50 0 12050

Madhya Pradesh 10 5 0 0 15

Manipur 0 10 0 50 60

Meghalaya 25 2 0 0 27

Mizoram 0 50 0 0 50

Nagaland 0 75 0 250 325

Odisha 126 6310 0 9550 15986

Punjab 16000 2000 0 0 18000

Rajasthan 100 1000 0 200 1300

Sikkim 1 2 0 0 3

Tamil Nadu 6500 2000 1500 0 10000

Tripura 0 100 0 0 100

Uttarakhand 8189 1228 819 0 10236

Uttar Pradesh 7000 100 0 0 7100

West Bengal 50 1500 0 500 2050

Andaman & Nicobar 0 300 0 0 300

Total 94676 21272 3184 10650 129782

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 STATUS OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION

cultivation of white button mushroom as a

livelihood and income generating activity in
this region. The advantages like nearness to
market, availability of raw materials at cheaper
price coupled with the availability of good
quality of spawn triggering the mushroom
production from this region. However, the
seasonal growers are facing the market gluts in
December and January months resulting in
distressed selling of button mushroom crop
(Mehta et al., 2011).

Initially, white button mushroom

production was confined to temperate hilly
regions of India. However, with the
development of short method of composting
and optimization of fruiting conditions using
Fig. 1. Major mushroom producing state of India, 2016
the chilling system, there has been a remarkable
change in its production scenario and spread
to all the corners of the country. At present, TPA) M/s Flex Foods Pvt. Ltd., (2600 TPA)
highest production of button mushroom is M/s Weikfield Foods Pvt. Ltd., M/s., Himalaya
registered from the Punjab followed by International Ltd., located in these regions and
Haryana and Maharashtra (Fig. 1). These three contributing immensely to the white button
states producing 43% of total white button mushroom production. Seasonal cultivation
mushroom produced in India. Some of the big became more popular in Haryana and Punjab
mushroom units viz., M/s Agro Dutch region producing more than 8000-8500 tons of
Industries Ltd., (6000 tons per annum) M/s white button mushrooms per year. Many
Tirupathi Balaji Agro Products Pvt Ltd.,(4000 medium to small scale units are located in the

Table 2. Some of the medium to large scale button mushroom production units in India.

S. No Name of the mushroom unit Location Production capacity

1 M/s Himalya International Pvt. Ltd. Vadnagar, Gujarat 10000 TPA

2 M/s Agro Dutch Mushrooms Pvt. Ltd Chandigarh 8000 TPA

3 M/s Himalya International Pvt. Ltd. Paonta Sahib 4000 TPA

4 M/s Zuari Agro Farm Goa 4000 TPA

5 M/s Tirupati Balaji Agro Products Pvt. Ltd Baramati, Pune 3000 TPA

6 M/s Flex Foods Pvt. Ltd Dehradun, Uttarakhand 2600 TPA

7 M/s Weikfield Foods Pvt. Ltd. Haveli, Pune 2250 TPA

8 M/s Welkins Overseas Pvt Ltd. Roorke, Uttarakhand 500 TPA

9 M/s Vikas Mushroom Farm Solan, Himachal Pradesh 500 TPA

10 M/s Kulakarni Farm Fresh Belgam, Karnataka 350 TPA

* TPA-Tons Per Annum

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 VP SHARMA et al.

Table 3. Some of the small to medium scale sub-tropical and tropical mushroom production units in India

S. No Name of the mushroom unit Type of mushroom Location Production capacity

1 M/s Prince Mushroom Milky mushroom Erode, Tamilnadu 100 TPA

2 M/s V Chandrasekaran Milky mushroom Villupuram, Tamilnadu 100 TPA
mushroom farm
3 M/s Siddharth Mushroom Oyster mushroom Nashik, Maharashtra 90 TPA
4 Mr. Mohan Prasad Oyster mushroom Jamai, Bihar 50 TPA
5 Flora Agro, Oyster mushroom Thane, Maharashtra 10 TPA
6 Dhepe Mushrooms Oyster mushroom Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 10 TPA
7 Ruchi Mushroom, Paddy straw mushroom Mayurbhanj, Odisha 40 TPA
8 Mrs. Jayanti Pradhan Paddy straw mushroom Kendupalli, Odisha 10TPA
9 SM Mushroom Laramba Paddy straw mushroom Bargarh, Odisha 10TPA
10 Mahadev Sahoo Barpali, Paddy straw mushroom Bargarh, Odisha 10 TPA
Bargarh

states of Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, country at the time of 2010. The present
Tamilnadu, Uttharakhand, Uttar Pradesh and production status revealed that, Maharashtra
Goa. and Odisha are emerging as the leading states
in mushroom production. By considering the
Growth of mushroom production in India present production data, mushroom industry in
India recorded an average annual growth rate
There has been significant increase in of 4.3%. During this period, the productivity
production of mushrooms in the last few years, has raised from 20% to 24.5% by the releasing
especially of the oyster and paddy straw (Fig. 2) of improved strains in commercial edible
mushrooms in India. The country’s production mushroom.
in 2010 was 1.00 lakh metric tons, of which
button mushroom accounted for 89% of the Relative contribution of different mushroom
total production, followed by oyster (6%), milky species
(1%) and others (4%). Punjab, Uttrakhand,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu were In India, there are five mushroom species
the leading producers of the mushroom in the viz., white button mushroom (Agaricus
bisporus), oyster (Pleurotus spp.), paddy straw
(Volvariella volvacea), milky (Calocybe indica) and
shiitake (Lentinula edodes) are in commercial
cultivation. Even though, cultivation
technologies of many exotic were
standardized, the commercial markets are still
dominated by Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus spp.
and Volvariella volvacea. These three
mushrooms are contributing about 96% of total
mushroom produced in India (Fig. 3). Milky
Fig. 2. Production and productivity of mushrooms in mushroom (Calocybe indica) is indigenous
India tropical mushroom of the country (Kumar et

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 STATUS OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION

Sylvan, from USA, started operations in India

marketing spawn produced at their European
centres. But unfortunately, they did not find
the market big enough to set up their own
production unit. We do not have large spawn
companies operating in India with a R&D back-
up facility, the spawn companies that are
operating just multiply the spawn and sell it.
The availability of strains is limited to non-
hybrid strains of A.bisporus and on hybrid
strain i.e., U-3. A dozen species of Pleurotus are
also available in India for cultivation in
different agro-climatic zones of India. Later
with the continuous research efforts from
ICAR-DMR (earlier NRCM), 11 new strains
Fig. 3. Relative contribution of different mushroom were released for commercial cultivation viz.,
species in total production DMR-Button-03; U3-54 (High yielding strains of
white button mushroom); DMR-Button-06
al., 2017). However, the commercial cultivation (High yielding strains of brown button
is restricted to south Indian states only and mushroom); NBS-1 & NBS- 5 (Browning
contributing up to 3% to the total mushroom resistant strains of white button mushroom);
production. Production of paddy straw DMRO-247 & DMRO-484 (High yielding
mushroom became more popular in the states strains of paddy straw mushroom); DMRO-38
of Odisha and Chhattisgarh and its production & DMRO-388s (High yielding strains of
was registered at 7% to the total mushroom shiitake mushroom); DMR-334 (High yielding
production. The short duration cultivation strains of milky mushroom); DMR-Macrocybe -
technology of shiitake under indoor conditions 01 (High yielding strains of Macrocybe
was standardized at ICAR-DMR, Solan mushroom). The cultures of all these strains are
(Sharma et al., 2017), but still this valued available from the culture bank maintained at
mushroom has so far not been exploited at the centre at ICAR-DMR, Solan. Today our
commercial scale in India. Few of the growers centre is the chief source of mushroom cultures
in Uttharakhand and Himachal Pradesh in the country. We maintain cultures in our
successfully cultivated the shiitake mushroom culture bank in a refrigerator (frequent sub-
using the technology developed by ICAR-DMR, culturing), in liquid paraffin and liquid nitrogen
Solan. However, the markets are dominating (cryopreservation).
by the dried mushrooms imported from China
and Taiwan. In North Eastern states, Spawn is prepared and supplied in 1kg
Uttharakhand and Chhattisgarh states, oyster polypropylene packs and one kg of mushroom
mushroom cultivation is emerging as one of the spawn costs about Rs.70.00. Some big spawn
leading cottage industry. companies are supplying spawn to commercial
growers in India at almost 3 times the price of
Spawn production that available locally. The quality of the spawn
produced by Indian companies is comparable
With the setting up of the National to the best in the world except that it is in small
Research Centre for Mushrooms at Solan, packs of 1kg and the choice of strains is limited.
spawn was made available from the centre to The big companies from US and Europe can
small and marginal farmers. In the late eighties, make it big in India if they cater to the markets

116
 VP SHARMA et al.

from surrounding areas like China, Indonesia, world trade trend shows that the mushroom
Thailand and other countries. The biggest export/import has also continuously increased
advantage India offers is the lower cost of during the period. On the export front, till 1993,
production of spawn with low cost of inputs. Indian contribution to the world trade was
Presently, Indian market demand is about almost negligible, but it was heartening to note
8000-10000 tones of commercial spawn. Out of that for the first time, during 1994, India not
this requirement, the share of spawn supplied only figured in the US imports, but emerged as
from public organizations (including ICAR- the second largest exporter of canned
DMR, AICRP networks centres and KVKs) is mushrooms replacing Taiwan. In the year
limited to less than 10%. In the last five years, 2016-2017, the total exports of white button
ICAR-DMR, Solan has supplied a total number mushroom from India in canned and frozen
of 2129 cultures of different mushrooms to form stood at 1054 quintals and generated an
different spawn production units, research labs income of Rs. 7282.26 lakhs (DGCIS export
and mushroom growers to prepare the quality data. 2017). There is a tremendous scope for
spawn. A total amount of 52.1 tons of diversifying mushroom export by including
commercial spawn was sold to farmers and other mushroom species. Scientific and
mushroom growers from the centre from 2012- technical manpower on mushrooms in the
2017. The demand for quality spawn is still country coupled with the skill-up gradation will
fulfilled by private spawn suppliers in India. cater to the technological needs of the industry.
This trend is very clear with the mushroom Mushroom industry is getting its due support
production status, where the higher production both from the public as well as private funding
is recorded from the states viz., Punjab, agencies and is making rapid strides under the
Haryana, Uttarakhand, Tamilnadu, Govt.’s policy of liberalization and
Maharashtra and Odisha where more number globalization.
of private spawn labs are located.
Major export destinations for Indian
Export avenues mushroom are European countries, USA and
Hon Kong. India exports mushroom in two
World mushroom production has gradually forms-fresh and prepared/processed. Button
increased from 0.30 million tons to 3.41 million mushroom accounts for approximately 95 per
tons over a period of last 50 years from 1965 cent of total mushroom exports. Regarding the
to 2015 (Singh et al., 2017). Resultantly, the imports, mushroom spawn has registered

Table 4. Import of mushroom spawn from India (Value in Rs. Lacs; Quantity in quintals)

Country 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 % growth on

Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value previous year

Netherland 4.18 15.39 12.72 43.10 21.06 69.69 61.69

France 0.81 3.90 0.80 3.81 2.17 9.97 161.68
Thailand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.59 9.27 100.00
Denmark 0.12 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Italy 0.47 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
United States 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 -100.00
Total 5.58 21.51 13.54 46.94 25.82 88.93 89.45

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 STATUS OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION

Table 5. Export of white mushrooms from India in dried form (Value in Rs. lacs; quantity in quintals)

Country 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value

Germany 37.55 876.67 53.54 1,159.53 67.37 1,481.75

France 9.11 1,383.21 6.72 736.31 3.55 354.84
Hong Kong 0 0 0.63 86.14 1.57 141.53
United States 6.46 176.19 6.33 159.57 4.79 108.82
Israel 0.12 2.98 1.24 32.5 0.73 19.56
Switzerland 4.77 942.64 0.36 53.18 0.09 10.01
Canada 6.65 149.09 0 0 0 0
China P Rp 2.88 399.12 1.68 223.9 0 0
Russia 0 0 1.64 18.75 0 0
Sweden 0.08 13.43 0.05 4.86 0 0
Total 67.62 3,943.33 72.19 2,474.74 78.1 2,116.51

Table 5. Export of white button mushrooms in preserved form

Country 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value

Switzerland 193.21 3,830.19 188.56 2,629.55 207.27 2,333.70

France 263.93 3,965.12 315.84 3,578.44 263.59 2,215.37
United States 3.9 67.27 381 149.87 442.16 226.63
Germany 23.3 258.44 55.26 312.2 27.9 134.06
China P Rp 94.81 1,448.89 15.59 202.28 22.5 122.94
Hong Kong 19.65 4.97 2 26.85 8.6 83.21
Spain 0 0 0 0 2.5 25.24
Japan 0.48 11.94 0.72 15.05 0.72 15.3
Sweden 1.4 24.7 3.2 37.25 1 9.3
Canada 190 35.74 0 0 0 0
Mexico 40.28 51.05 0 0 0 0
UK 1.5 32.19 0 0 0 0
Unspecified 0 0 2.84 43.01 0 0
Total 832.46 9,730.53 965.01 6,994.50 976.24 5,165.75

Source: DGCIS Annual Export

89.45% of growth rate in the year 2016-17 Although the current share of India in
compared to the previous year. Mushroom world exports is less than 1 percent, India has
spawn is mainly importing from the countries a great export potential. European Union and
like Netherlands, France and Taiwan. the United States are the biggest markets and

118
 VP SHARMA et al.

Poland and China are the biggest competitors ● Identifying existing markets and trading
for Indian mushrooms. The countries in Middle routes, and identifying any niches to be
East are emerging as potential markets for filled (for example, organic mushrooms, fair
Indian mushrooms. trade or cooperative produce).

Marketing of mushrooms Opportunities for mushroom production in

India
Mushroom cultivation is a reliable and
effective way for resource poor cultivators to India is not a major producer of any of the
grow nutritious food in a short space of time. mushroom varieties, but it does cultivate all
It also provides an opportunity to generate a edible and medicinal mushrooms in one or
highly tradable commodity, thereby other part, due to its diverse climatic conditions.
contributing to income generation. But, India has a good combination of both the
majority of the farmers fails to make profits out technical and non-technical manpower needed
of their mushroom production activity due to to operate the mushroom growing activities.
the poor marketing strategy (Shirur et al., 2015). Mushroom cultivation is based on recycling of
Marketing of mushrooms in India is not yet agricultural residues, which are available in
organised. It is the simple system of producers huge quantities in every corner of the country.
selling directly to retailer or even to consumer, Black carbon emission from biomass burning,
which has its own limitations. The production is the second largest contributor to the current
of mushrooms, mainly seasonal, has also global warming. At present the areas with Rice-
exacerbated its marketing problems. There have Wheat cropping system of India is facing tough
been frequent reports of gluts in north Indian challenge to handle the mounting crop
States during the winter months forcing the residues. Mushroom cultivation can effectively
distress sale of the mushrooms. This reinforces utilize these agro residues for production of
that effort to increase the production without protein rich food and plays crucial role in
solving its marketing problems, would be management of these agro residues.
counter-productive. Here are some approaches
for successful marketing: The supply and demand gap in the world
trade of mushrooms and the shrinkage of
● Exploring various marketing options for production in western countries due to high
fresh mushrooms – depending on transport labor costs would result in better market prices
infrastructure, selling directly to local for Indian mushroom producers. With a
customers, local traders, markets, domestic population of more than 1.2 billion,
intermediaries, regional wholesalers, local India itself is a large market for mushrooms.
restaurants, shops or farmer cooperatives. The development of rapid infrastructure
facilities and well-organized distribution
● Adding value and increasing the shelf-life network provides the greater scope for
of the mushrooms by creating processed marketing of perishable products in order to
products, including dried or pickled meet domestic consumer demands. To be
mushrooms, sauces, teas, extracts, etc. successful in both domestic and export market
it is essential to produce quality fresh
● Becoming organized and teaming-up with mushrooms and mushroom fortified value
other producers, to bulk up on volume and added products at competitive rates without
the variety of mushrooms, and attract any agro chemical residues. Efforts should also
traders regularly to enable reliable sales of be made to exploit the commercial utilization
the perishable produce. of mushroom substrate left after cultivation for

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 STATUS OF MUSHROOM PRODUCTION

preparation of organic manure, vermi compost, Research for Commercial Use. Technical
briquettes, etc. One final reason for optimism Bulletin pp.11-13.
concerning India’s potential as a major
mushroom producer is its strategic 6. Shirur, M. and N.S. Shivalingegowda.
geographical location, making it more 2015. Mushroom Marketing Channels
convenient to export mushrooms to the Middle and Consumer Behaviour: A Critical
East, Southeast Asia and European countries. Analysis, Mysore Journal of Agricultural
Sciences 49 (2); 390-393.
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