G0709084055

Sambasivarao Konakanchi.et.al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.
com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 9, (Part -8) September 2017, pp.40-55
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Laboratory Investigation on utilization of maximum percentage

of Reclaimed Asphalt pavement material in Bituminous concrete
mix (BC Grading-1) with VG-30 Grade bitumen.
*
Sambasivarao Konakanchi1, K Giridhar M.S (U.S.A)2,
Dr.T.Sureshbabu M.tech,Ph.D3
1
Post Graduate Student, Dept of Civil Engg, Visvodaya Engineering college, Kavali,AP,India
2
Assistant Professor, Dept of Civil Engg, ,Visvodaya Engineering college, Kavali,AP,India
3
Principal & Head of the Civil Engineering Dept ,Visvodaya Engineering college, Kavali,AP,India
Corresponding Author: Sambasivarao Konakanchi1
ABSTRACT
RAP is old bituminous pavement that is milled up or ripped off the roadway . This material can be reused in
new bituminous mixtures because the components of the mix (the bitumen binder and aggregate) still have
value. The main objective of this study aims to determine the maximum amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement
material percent that can be used in BC mix with Virgin VG-30 Grade bitumen. The present laboratory
investigation carried out on Bituminous Concrete (BC) mixes prepared with control mix with virgin material,
and Mixes with variable % of RAP from 10 % to 80% with VG-30 Grade bitumen. The experimental process
involves determination of characteristics of the materials procured. All the characteristics were found to be
within specified specifications as per MoRT&H and IS standards. Firstly, the quantity of RAP and virgin
aggregates are to be blended in such a way that the resultant gradation of aggregates conforms to the BC
Grading-1 as per MoRT&H. The optimum Bitumen content is the percentage of bitumen corresponding to 4%
of Air Voids was determined from Marshal graphs. Volumetric analysis, Marshall Stability, flow and water
sensitivity tests were carried out on the specimens prepared at OBC in all mixes. Inclusion of maximum
upto30% of RAP in BC with VG-30 Grade bitumen was found to be suitable for construction and rehabilitation
of flexible pavement, without compromising specifications and standards as specified.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt pavement, Bituminous concrete,VG-30 Grade bitumen, Marshall stability,
Water sensitivity.
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Date of Submission: 18-09-2017 Date of acceptance: 28-09-2017
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I. INTRODUCTION mixture. In the present investigation an attempt has

Recycling of bitumen pavements is a Nobel been made to combine 10%, 20%, 30%,40%
approach in terms of technical, economical, ,50%,60%,70%, and 80 % of RAP material with
preservation of natural resources and environmental virgin aggregate and virgin bitumen VG-30 grade.
issues. These materials are generated when In this investigation RAP to new aggregate ratio has
bituminous pavements are rehabilated , resurfacing, been adopted as 0:100,10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60,
removed for reconstruction, or to obtain access to 50:50 ,60:40, 70:30, 80: 20. The major advantages
buried utilities .Incorporating RAP in fresh materials of use of RAP are (a) Lower cost (b) Reduction in
has been favoured in the light of the increasing cost use of natural resources (c) Reduction of damage to
of bitumen, scarcity of quality aggregate, scarcity of other roads for transportation of materials from
bitumen and pressuring need to preserve the quarry site, (e) Less dependence on diesel due to
environment. RAP can be used in new hot mix energy crisis (f) Preservation of the Environment
bitumen concrete by several recycling techniques,
such as hot mix recycling, hot in-place recycling, 1.1 Objectives of the Present Project
cold mix recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full 1. Marshall Mix design with Virgin aggregates
depth reclamation. The most common method and VG-30 Bitumen (Control mix).
involves a process in which RAP is combined with 2. Marshall Mix design with Virgin materials
virgin aggregate and virgin bitumen in a central added with various proportions of the RAP
mixing plant to produce new hot mix paving from 10% to 80% with VG-30 Grade bitumen
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 40 | P a g e

Sambasivarao Konakanchi.et.al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
3. Evaluation of the properties of the bituminous II. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

mix with various proportions of the RAP. The first step is collecting the study materials. These
4 Maximum amount of RAP that can be used in materials are the virgin aggregate and the RAP as
BC-1 with VG30 bitumen was investigated well as bitumen binder
5. Cost analysis.
2.1 Aggregates: Aggregate samples of sizes 20mm
1.2 Scope ,16 mm, 10 mm and stone dust are collected from
1. Characterization of the Virgin bitumen and the Crusher site near Mederametla, Prakasam
aggregates. district ,AP State, India, and sampled aggregates are
2. Characterization of the Reclaimed bitumen and characterized for the following properties as per
aggregate. MORTH specification.
3. Marshall Method of mix design for virgin
aggregates and determination of optimum binder 2.2 Bitumen: Source of the Bitumen used for the
content and marshall properties for control mix. project work is CPCL Chennai ,Grade selected is
4. Laboratory investigation on Marshall Properties VG-30.The bitumen is tested in the laboratory as per
using the reclaimed asphalt pavement materials at the procedure laid in the relevant IS codes.
variable percentages from RAP 10% to RAP 80%
5. Performance Evaluation by Moisture 2.3 Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP): is a
susceptibility reusable mixture of aggregate and bitumen binder,
source of the RAP material is collected from NH-16
near Ongole.
Table-1 Physical Properties of Aggregates

Result
Specification Result Obtained
Code of Obtained for
Property Test Requirement as for Virgin
Practice RAP
per MORT&H Aggregates
Aggregates
Flakiness and
Particle IS: 2386
Elongation Index Max 35% 26% 29%
Shape (P-1)
(FI & EI)
Aggregate Impact
Max 24% 16% 17.0%
Value (AIV)
IS: 2386
Strength Los Angeles
(P-4)
Abrasion Value Max 30% 18% 19.5%
(LAA)
Water Coarse aggregates IS: 2386 Max 2% 0.40% 0.49%
Absorption Fine aggregates (P-3) Max 2% 0.97% 1.04%
Specific Gravity for
3.068 2.921
Specific Coarse aggregate IS: 2326
Gravity Specific Gravity for (P-3)
3.006 2.903
fine aggregate
Table-2 Physical Properties of Bitumen

Specification requirement Result Obtained Result obtained for
Code of
Test as per IS-73 for VG-30 for Virgin VG-30 Residual bitumen
Practice
Grade bitumen Grade bitumen from RAP
Softening Point IS: 1205 Min. 470C 50 82
Ductility at 270C (cm) IS: 1208 Min. 40 cm > 75 cm 27 cm
Penetration at 250C,
IS: 1203 Min 45mm 60 mm 21 mm
100g, 5s, 0.1 mm
Specific Gravity IS: 1202 Min. 0.99 1.04 1.05
Residual Bitumen in
ASTM: D2172 4%
RAP
2.4 Individual Aggregate Gradations

Individual aggregate gradations trials were conducted for all sizes of aggregates and RAP Material and the
results are summarized in the following Table 3

Table-3 Individual Gradation of Materials

IS Sieve Individual % Passing of Aggregate Specification Limits for
mm BC Grading-1
RAP 20 mm 16 mm 10 mm Stone dust Lower Upper
Limit Limit
26.50 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
19.00 97.14 60.73 99.11 100.00 100.00 90.00 100.00
13.20 84.99 0.93 46.57 100.00 100.00 59.00 79.00
9.50 75.24 0.40 6.90 93.60 100.00 52.00 72.00
4.75 50.25 - 1.30 6.04 95.82 35.00 55.00
2.36 36.89 - 0.94 0.59 75.48 28.00 44.00
1.18 28.14 - - - 60.13 20.00 34.00
0.60 20.74 - - - 44.95 15.00 27.00
0.30 14.77 - - - 31.26 10.00 20.00
0.15 9.00 - - - 17.26 5.00 13.00
0.075 3.80 - - - 6.77 2.00 8.00
Fig-1 Gradation curve for the Individual Material
2.5 Combined Gradations are meeting the desired Gradation of BC Grading-1

The Combined Gradation of virgin mix as per MORT&H Table 500-17 Grading-1and
Aggregates and different percentage for RAP such the typical Grading-curve for BC mix gradation for
as 10%,20%, 30%, 40%,50%,60%,70% and 80% different RAP mix is shown in Figure 2.
Table -4: Combined Gradation for RAP Material and Fresh Aggregate in BC Mix
IS Sieve Virgin Specifica
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
size in Aggreg tion
RAP RAP RAP RAP RAP RAP RAP RAP
mm ates Limits
26.50 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
19.00 92.75 92.86 92.60 92.71 92.45 92.20 91.94 91.69 92.21 90-100
13.20 71.48 70.97 71.07 70.56 70.67 71.30 71.40 72.04 74.12 59-79
9.50 62.24 61.01 61.46 60.23 60.68 61.99 62.50 63.75 66.06 52-72
4.75 42.61 42.60 42.68 42.67 42.74 42.86 43.84 43.06 43.25 35-55
2.36 32.76 32.65 32.52 32.42 32.29 32.16 32.79 31.91 31.80 28-44
1.18 25.86 25.66 25.47 25.28 25.09 24.89 25.30 24.51 24.32 20-34
0.60 19.33 19.16 18.98 18.81 18.63 18.46 18.74 18.11 17.94 15-27
0.30 13.44 13.36 13.27 13.19 13.10 13.01 13.24 12.84 12.76 10-20
0.15 7.42 7.46 7.50 7.53 7.57 7.61 7.82 7.68 7.72 5-13
0.075 2.91 2.95 2.99 3.04 3.08 3.12 3.23 3.20 3.24 2-8
0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%
Proporti 18%, 7%, 17%, 16%, 16%, 16%, 16%, 16%, 14%,
on*** 20%, 20%, 17%, 17%, 14%, 10%, 7%, 3%, 0%,
19%, 15%, 13%, 9%, 7%, 6%, 3%, 3%, 3%,

43% 38% 33% 28% 23% 18% 14% 8% 3%

Note: *** Percentages of RAP, 20mm. 16mm, 10mm and stone dust respectively
Fig –2: Gradation Curve for Combined Gradation of RAP Material and virgin Aggregates for BC Mix
Grading-1
2.6 Marshall Method of Mix Design thermostatically controlled water bath at 600C for 30
Mixture Designs will be performed using minutes. The specimens are taken out one by one
the Marshall method by casting marshall specimens placed in a Marshall setup and the Marshall Stability
for each type of mix by varying the RAP proportion (maximum load carried in KN by the specimen
from 0 to 80 % with Bitumen content from 3.5 % before failure) and the flow values are noted. The
to 5.5 % in each proportion with the increment of corrected Marshall Stability values of each
0.5% and three specimens has been casted for each specimen are calculated by applying the appropriate
bitumen content. correction factor. Marshall Graphs were plotted for
different % of RAP materials i.e.0%, 10%, 20%,
2.7 Density-Void analysis , Stability - Flow 30% , 40% ,50% ,60%, 70% and 80% was obtained
Values, and Retained tensile strength of the OBC at 4 % Air voids and then find out Properties
mixes: like VMA, VFB, Density, Stability, Marshall
The optimum Bitumen content was chosen quotient ,and flow from Marshall graphs at OBC.
as the bitumen content that produced 4 % air voids. Water sensitivity tests were carried out on the
Bitumen content corresponding to all other specimens prepared at OBC in all mixes. The
parameters are checked for that binder content so as values along with the MORT&H Specifications are
to confirm that whether all other parameters such as given in Table 5.
VMA, VFB, Stability and flow falls within the Mix Properties for Virgin materials and varying
MORT&H specified limits. The specimens to be different % of RAP
tested are kept immersed in water in a

Fig-3 Comparison of VMA % for different percentage of RAP Mixes for varying Binder Content with VG-30
Grade bitumen
Fig-4 Comparison of Air voids % for different percentage of RAP Mixes for varying Binder Content with
VG-30 Grade bitumen
Fig-5 Comparison of Bulk density of compacted mix values for different percentage of RAP Mixes for
varying Binder Content with VG-30 Grade bitumen

Fig-6 Comparison of VFB % for different percentage of RAP Mixes for varying Binder Content with VG-30
Grade bitumen
Fig-7 Comparison of Stability values for different percentage of RAP Mixes for varying Binder Content with
VG-30 Grade bitumen
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
Flow in mm
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 % RAP 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Bitumen 3.5% 3.30 3.10 3.00 2.90 2.80 2.20 1.90 1.60 1.30
Bitumen 4.0% 3.60 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.00 2.40 2.10 1.60 1.40
Bitumen 4.5% 3.70 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.10 2.40 2.20 1.80 1.40
Bitumen 5.0% 3.90 3.60 3.50 3.50 3.30 2.60 2.30 1.90 1.50
Bitumen 5.5% 4.10 3.80 3.70 3.60 3.50 2.70 2.40 2.00 1.60
Fig-8 Comparison of Flow values for different percentage of RAP Mixes for varying Binder Content with
VG-30 Grade bitumen

Marshall quotient in KN/mm 25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Bitumen 3.5 % 3.32 3.94 4.47 4.83 5.86 8.60 11.17 14.04 19.23
Bitumen 4.0 % 3.43 4.06 4.58 4.97 6.17 8.90 11.41 15.85 20.16
Bitumen 4.5 % 3.58 4.22 4.76 5.15 6.42 9.54 11.68 15.11 21.62
Bitumen 5.0 % 3.14 3.80 4.29 4.49 5.58 8.14 10.33 13.23 18.66
Bitumen 5.5 % 2.60 3.36 3.78 4.08 4.91 7.33 9.25 11.75 16.35
Fig-9 Comparison of Marshall quotient values for different percentage of RAP Mixes for varying Binder
Content with VG-30 Grade bitumen.
2.8 Retained Tensile strength Test: Retained mixtures by comparing the stability of dry
tensile strength test, which was used to measure mix specimens which have been immersed in water bath
durability by evaluating the resistance of the at 60 C for certain times, 0.5 and 24 hours
investigated mixes to moisture damage. This test is  . Water Sensitivity (Retained Tensile
intended to measure the loss of stability resulting Strength)
from the action of water on compacted bitumen
25.00
20.00
Stability in KN
15.00
10.00
5.00
-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Stability 30 min 13.50 14.00 15.5 16.5 18.1 18.7 19.2 20.8 22.6
Stability 24 Hours 11.88 12.53 13.95 15.13 16.65 17.30 17.86 19.47 21.36
Fig-10 Comparison of Stability values at 60o C in 30 min and 24 hours for different percentage of RAP
Mixes for varying Binder Content with VG-30 Grade bitumen

III. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND percentage reduction in the bitumen content is
DISSCUSSION 0.397%,0.794%,1.191%,1.588%,1.983%,2.378%,2.7
3.1 Comparison of Marshall Properties at 72 %, and 3.167% respectively.
different RAP Percentages at OBC 3.2 Analysis of Marshall Test Results. Table 5
After finding the OBC at 4 % Air voids at the shows the results of Marshall test of the investigated
various percentages of the RAP material i.e.10%, mixes.
20%, 30% ,40%,50%,60%,70%,and 80% .the
Table-5 Mix Properties for Virgin materials and varying different % of RAP @ 4 % Air Voids with VG-30
Grade Bitumen
RAP% Criteri
a as
Parameter per
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
MORT
&H
Aggregate Bulk
Specific Gravity 3.036 3.024 3.011 3.000 2.988 2.975 2.963 2.952 2.939
(Gsb)
Apparent Specific
Gravity of 3.098 3.087 3.075 3.063 3.052 3.040 3.029 3.017 3.006
Aggregate (Gsa)
Aggregate Effective
Specific Gravity 3.065 3.051 3.040 3.039 3.035 3.016 3.000 2.987 2.972
(Gse)
Bitumen specific
1.04 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.046
Gravity Gb
Maximum
theoritical Specific
2.814 2.808 2.794 2.799 2.795 2.781 2.768 2.756 2.752
Gravity of loose
mixture(Gmm)
Bulk Specific
Gravity of
2.697 2.685 2.678 2.673 2.670 2.652 2.638 2.623 2.610
Compacted Mixture
(Gmb)
Optimum Binder
Min
Content (%) by total 4.650 4.680 4.695 4.725 4.750 4.800 4.900 4.950 5.000
5.2% *
weight of mix
% of Residual
bitumen in RAP by - 0.397 0.794 1.191 1.588 1.983 2.378 2.772 3.167
Weight of total mix
% of Virgin
bitumen VG-30
4.650 4.283 3.901 3.534 3.163 2.817 2.523 2.178 1.833
Grade by Weight of
total mix
Absorbed Binder
0.329 0.306 0.330 0.448 0.539 0.472 0.434 0.418 0.386
(Pba) (%)
Effective Binder
4.337 4.388 4.381 4.298 4.236 4.351 4.487 4.552 4.633
(Pbe) (%)
0.6 to
Dust-Binder Ratio 0.626 0.631 0.638 0.642 0.648 0.650 0.659 0.647 0.649
1.2
Voids in Mineral
Min
Aggregate (VMA) 15.20 15.20 15.20 15.10 14.80 15.10 15.30 15.40 15.60
12
(%)
Voids Filled with
73.00 73.00 73.00 73.00 73.00 73.00 74.00 74.00 74.50 65-75
Bitumen (VFB) (%)
Stability (KN at Min 9
13.00 14.40 15.80 16.60 19.30 22.20 24.70 26.00 28.80
600C, 30 minutes) KN

Flow (mm at 600C, 2-4

3.750 3.600 3.450 3.400 3.300 2.500 2.300 1.850 1.500
30 minutes) mm
Marshall Quotient 3.47 4.00 4.58 4.88 5.85 8.88 10.74 14.05 19.20 2-5
Water Sensitivity minim
(Retained Tensile 88.00 89.50 90.00 91.70 92.00 92.50 93.00 93.60 94.50 um
Strength) (%) 80%
*As per IRC: 111-2009, Cl: 3.5.2, Note-2 and Foot note of Clause 507.2.5 of MORT&H , The bitumen content
specified corresponds to Specific gravity of aggregate being 2.7 ,In case of aggregate specific gravity more than
2.7,the minimum bitumen content can be reduced proportionately
3.2.1 Analysis of Optimum Bitumen Content Results

5.100
5.050
5.000
OBC = 0.0045 RAP +4.6148
4.950
R² = 0.9437
4.900
4.850
OBC %
4.800
4.750
4.700
4.650
4.600
4.550
4.500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-11: Relationship between % of RAP Vs OBC %
Aggregate gradation is directly related to mixtures. From the fig-11 it can be noticed that the
OBC. The finer the mix gradation, the greater the optimum bitumen content is slightly increased as the
surface area of aggregate and the greater the binder RAP percent increases. The relationship between
that will be required to uniform coat the optimum bitumen content % (O.B.C) and RAP % in
particles.Fig-11 is plotted Based on Marshall test mix is as follows:
results presented in table (5) to show the optimum OBC = 0.0045 RAP +4.6148
bitumen content percent for the investigated
3.2.2 Analysis of Bulk density Results
2.720
2.700 Density =-0.0011 RAP+2.7008
R² = 0.9625
Density gm/cc
2.680
2.660
2.640
2.620
2.600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-12: Relationship between % of RAP Vs Density at OBC

Investigating the effect of using RAP on the is decreased as reclaimed percent increases. It must
density of bitumen mixtures. RAP has unpronounced be noticed that, increasing RAP percent from zero to
effect on the mix unit weight. However unit weight 80% reduce the unit weight by only 3.225%. To

examine the relationship between mix density The relationship between mix density content and
content and RAP percent figure (12) was plotted. RAP % in Mix is as follows:-
Mix Density = – 0.0011 RAP+2.7008
3.2.3 Analysis of Mix Stability Results

35.000
Stability = 0.2023RAP+11.996
30.000
R² = 0.9812
25.000
Stability in KN
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-13: Relationship between % of RAP Vs Stability at OBC
One of the most important properties of increased by about 27.69%. ,when the RAP percent
bitumen mix is the stability. The mix stability is an increases from 30% to 80% the increase in the
important indicator for resisting pavement stability value from 16.6 KN to 28.8 KN i.e.
distresses. The stability of the investigated mixtures increased by about 73.49%. To deduce the
is presented in the table 5. Referring to the table it relationship between mix stability and recycled
can be noticed that, the mix stability is increased as aggregate percent figure (13) was plotted. The
RAP percent increases. It can be also noted that, relationship between mix stability and RAP percent
increasing RAP percent from zero to 30% increase in mix is as follows:
the stability value from 13 KN to 16.6 KN i.e. Stability = 0.2023 RAP+11.996
3.2.4 Analysis of Mix Flow Results

4.500
4.000
3.500
3.000
Flow in mm
2.500
2.000 Flow = -0.0291 RAP+4.013
1.500
R² = 0.9253
1.000
0.500
-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-14: Relationship between % of RAP Vs Flow at OBC

Mix flow value gives an indicator for the mixtures, table (5) was prepared. The mix flow is
resistance to permanent deformation. Based on the decreased as the RAP percent increases. When RAP
flow values obtained for all the investigated percent increases from zero to 40%, the flow value

decreases from 3.75 mm to 3.3 mm.i.e. decreased by percent reaches to 70%. This flow value is out of
about 12%.When the RAP percent increases from specification limits. To derive the relationship
40%,50%,60%, 70% and 80% the decrease in the between mix flow and RAP percent, fig-14 was
flow values of mix are 3.3,2.5,2.3,1.85 and 1.5 mm plotted. The relationship between mix flow and RAP
respectively, decreases of flow value from 40% RAP % in Mix is as follows.
to 80 % RAP by about 54.54%.It must be noted that Mix flow = -0.0291 RAP+4.013
the mix flow reaches a value of 1.85 as the RAP
3.2.5 Analysis of Marshall Quotient of Mix Results

22.00
20.00
Marshall Quotient in KN/mm
18.00 Marshall quotient = 0.1824 RAP+1.1115

16.00 R² = 0.8619
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-15: Relationship between % of RAP VsMarshallQuotient at OBC
Marshall Quotient (MQ) also known as about 293%..It must be noted that the mix Marshall
rigidity ratio is the ratio of stability to flow value of Quotient value reaches a value of 5.85 KN/mm as
the mixture and the Marshall Quotient values of the RAP percent reaches to 40%. This value is out
Bituminous concrete mix with different RAP of specification limits. Therefore, it is
contents are shown in Fig.15. It is observed that recommended to use RAP up to the percent of 30
Marshall Quotient (MQ) increases with increase of only with VG-30 Grade bitumen in Bituminous
RAP content. It can be also noted that, increasing concrete mix.. To derive the relationship between
RAP percent from zero to 30% increase the Marshall Quotient (MQ) and RAP percent, fig-15
Marshall Quotient (MQ) value from 3.47 KN/mm to was plotted. The relationship between mix Marshall
4.88 KN/mm i.e. increased by about 40.63%. ,when Quotient (MQ) and RAP percent in Mix is as
the RAP percent increases from 30% to 80% the follows.
increase in the Marshall Quotient (MQ)value from Marshall Quotient = 0.1824 RAP+1.1115
4.88 KN/mm to 19.2 KN/mm i.e. increased by
3.2.6 Analysis of Air voids results Fig-4 the Air Voids value goes on slightly increased
The air voids is an important factor that while increasing the RAP content. Analysing the
must be considered when designing bitumen data in the Fig-4, it can be seen that virgin bitumen
Concrete mixture. The air voids limits are in the may not perfectly blended with the RAP binder as
range 3-5 % of the total mix volume. When air voids its percentage increases. This may be due to the
lower than 3% bleeding of bitumen will occur ineffective old bitumen in the aggregate pores which
specially with higher temperature. On the other hand prevent partly the virgin bitumen from occupying
for air voids percent greater than 5% of the mix, the deeply the aggregate pores
pavement will be weak and unstable. For these The results of the investigated mixes are shown in
considerations the bitumen binder is a very sensitive table-5 were Based on the 4 % air voids.
element in pavement design. It is observed that from
3.2.7 Analysis of Voids in Mineral Aggregate Results

18.000
17.000 VMA = 0.004 RAP+15.051
R² = 0.2469
16.000
VMA %
15.000
14.000
13.000
12.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-16: Relationship between % of RAP Vs VMA at OBC
VMA must be high enough to achieve an when RAP reached to 40% again it is increasing to
adequate bitumen film thickness ,which results in a 15.6% as the RAP percent increases to 80%. No
durable pavement. Bituminous mixes with below change is noted in VMA upto 20% of RAP, The
minimum VMA values will have thin film of decrease in VMA is of low rate up to RAP % of
bitumen and will provide bituminous pavement with 40% i.e. decreased by about 2.63%. when the RAP
low durability. Table (5) presents the voids in % increases from 40% to 80% the VMA is slightly
mineral aggregate for all the investigated mixes. increased by about 5.4%. To derive the relationship
VMA is satisfying in all mixes of Variable % of between the voids in mineral aggregate and the
RAP from 0 to 80% and it’s value is more than the RAP% in mix, figure (16) was plotted and the
minimum value of 12 as specified. From the table it relationship is as follows: VMA =0.004
can be noted that, the VMA of mix is 15.2%upto RAP+15.051
20% of RAP there after it is reducing to 14.8%
3.2.8 Analysis of Voids Filled with Bitumen Results

80.000
VFB = 0.0183 RAP + 72.656
R² = 0.6981
75.000
VFB %
70.000
65.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-17: Relationship between % of RAP Vs VFB at OBC
VFB criteria helps to avoid those mixes that in the range of 73 to 74.5% at OBC. From the table
would be susceptible to rutting in heavy traffic it can be noted that, the VFB of mix is 73% upto50%
situation. The main effect of the VFB criteria is to of RAP there after it is slightly increasing to 74.5%
limit maximum levels of VMA, and subsequently, when RAP reached to 80%. No change is noted in
maximum levels of Bitumen content. VFB is used to VFB values upto50% of RAP, when the RAP %
ensure proper asphalt film thickness in the mix, if it increases from 50% to 80% the VFB is slightly
is too low the mix will have poor durability or if it is increased by about 2.05%. To derive the
too high, the mix can be unstable. Table (5) presents relationship between the voids filled with bitumen
the voids filled with the bitumen for all the and the RAP% in mix, figure (17) was plotted and
investigated mixes. VFB is satisfying in all mixes of the relationship is as follows: VFB
Variable % of RAP from 0 to 80% and it,s value is =0.0183RAP+72.656

minimum value of 80% as specified. It is clear that

3.2.9 Analysis of Retained Tensile Strength Test increasing of recycled material percent decreases the
Results loss of stability of mix. It is noticed that, increasing
The loss of stability test was conducted on RAP percent from zero to 30% resulted decrease in
bitumen concrete specimens prepared at the loss of stability value from 12 % to 8% i.e by about
optimum bitumen content obtained in Marshall test. 33.3 % of its original value. But when the RAP
This test is considered an important measure of mix percent reaches from 30% to 80%, the decreasing in
durability by evaluating the resistance of the loss of stability value reaches from 8% to 5%; i.e. by
investigated mixes to moisture damage. The results about 37.5% .To derive the relationship between the
of the Retained tensile strength test are presented in Retained Tensile Strength and the RAP percent,
table (5) and it can be noted that Retained tensile figure (18) was plotted and the relationship is as
strength is satisfying in all mixes of Variable % of follows
RAP from 0 to 80% and its value is more than the Retained Tensile strength =0.0008 RAP+0.8864
95%
Retained Tensile strength in %
94% Retained Tensile strength =0.0008 RAP+0.8864

R² = 0.9614
93%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-18: Relationship between % of RAP VsRetained tensile strength at OBC
IV. COST ANALYSIS 660 per MT and the rate of VG-30 Grade bitumen is
The primary saving in central hot mix Rs 32600 per MT , the cost of a 100 percent virgin
recycling comes from savings in the cost of virgin mix with OBC at4.65percentbitumen the material
bitumen materials and aggregates. Fig-19 shows cost cost worked out to Rs 2145 per MT of Mix. The cost
of mix per MT by using Variable percentages of of milling machine and hauls the RAP back to the
Reclaimed bitumen pavement (RAP) with VG-30 Central hot mix plant, the total cost for RAP is
Grade bitumen. Based on AP SSR Rates 2016-2017 worked out to Rs 708/MT
it is obtained Average rate of Virgin aggregates is Rs
2500
2250
2000
1750
Cost in Rs
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Cost per MT 2145 2,033 1,916 1,803 1,689 1,584 1,494 1,389 1,284
RAP %
Fig-19: Comparison of Cost in RS per 1 MT of Mix materials for different percentage of RAP with VG-30
Grade bitumen

45.00
Savings of Cost % =0.5003RAP+0.5418
40.00
R² = 0.9988
35.00
30.00
Savings %
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RAP %
Fig-20: Savings % by using diffrent percentages of RAP with VG-30 Grade bitumen
V
. CONCLUSIONS RAP from zero to 80% decreases the mix
The following conclusions were determined density by 3.225 % only,
based upon the experimental results obtained from a Mix Density =– 0.0011 RAP + 2.7008
laboratory investigation of mixes of Control mix 5.3 At optimum binder content the Marshall
with Virgin materials ( 0% RAP) and mixes with Stability value of control mix was 13 KN
Variable % of RAP from 10 to 80% which contain found to be less than RAP 30% 16.6 KN by
both RAP and Virgin Material on Bituminous 27.69%. Mix stability increases as the RAP
Concrete Grade-I. percent increases. However, the increasing
The results obtained showed that there were stability of bitumen mix is more significant
no significant difference in Volumetric Properties of when the percent of RAP is higher than 30
mix, between Control mix with Virgin materials ( %.,increases of RAP from zero to 30% the
0% RAP) and mixes with Variable % of RAP from mix Stability increases by27.69 %,whereas
10 to 80%. But there are significant effect on the from increase of RAP from 30% to 80% the
Marshall stability, flow of mix, Marshall quotient increases in the mix Stability by73.49 %
and water sensitivity test values were noted. Stability =0.2023 RAP + 11.996
5.1 The optimum binder content for Control Mix 5.4. At optimum binder content the mix flow
was at 4.65% bitumen, OBC for RAP 30% value of control mix was 3.75 mm found to
Mix is 4.725%. It was also observed that the be more than RAP 30% 3.4 mm by 9.33%.At
optimum binder content for RAP mixes was optimum binder content flow value of RAP
slightly increased as the RAP percent mixes were lesser than the control mix.The
increases. This may mainly due to decrease of mix flow decreased as the RAP percent
bulk specific gravity of compacted mix as the increased. However, the decreasing flow of
percentage of increasing RAP, and the mix bitumen mix is more significant when the
gradation is very slightly finer when percent of RAP is higher than 40 %.,increases
increasing of RAP causing the slightly of RAP from zero to 40% the mix flow
increasing the surface area of aggregate and decreases by12 %,whereas from increase of
the greater the binder that will be required to RAP from 40% to 80% the decrease in the
uniform coat the particles. mix Flow by54.54 %
OBC = 0.0045 RAP+4.6148 Mix flow = -0.0291 RAP +4.013
5.2 At optimum binder content the density of 5.5 At optimum binder content the mix
Control mix (RAP 0%) was 2.697 g/cc Marshall Quotient of control mix was
which is slightly higher than that of RAP 3.47KN/mm found to be less than RAP
30% which had density 2.673 g/cc by 0.89 % 30% 4.88 KN/ mm by 40.63%.It is
Increasing RAP has unpronounced effect on observed that Marshall Quotient (MQ)
the mix unit weight. However, increasing increases with increase of RAP content.It
can be also noted that, increasing RAP

percent from zero to 30% increase the VFB = 0.0183 RAP + 72.656
Marshall Quotient (MQ) value by about
40.63%. ,when the RAP percent increases 5.9. At optimum binder content Retained tensile
from 30% to 80% the increase in the strength of control mix was 88 % found to be
Marshall Quotient (MQ)value from 4.88 less than RAP 30% mix value of 91.7% by
KN/mm to 19.2 KN/mm i.e. increased by 4.2%.Increasing of RAP percent decreases
about 293%.It must be noted that the mix the loss of stability of bitumen mix and there
Marshall Quotient value reaches a value of by increases the percentage of Retained
5.85 KN/mm as the RAP percent reaches to Tensile strength. it can be noted that Retained
40%. This value is out of specification tensile strength is satisfying in all mixes of
limits. Mixes having Marshall Quotient Variable % of RAP from 0 to 80% and its
(MQ) value more than 5 KN/mm are not value is more than the minimum value of
acceptable because pavements with such 80% as specified
mixes tend to be less durable and prone to % of Retained tensile strength=0.0008
cracking prematurely under heavy volumes RAP + 0.8864
of traffic. Therefore, it is recommended to
use RAP up to 30% only with VG-30 Grade In this present paper, based on the laboratory studies
bitumen in bituminous concrete Grading-1. it was concluded that upto maximum 30% RAP
The relationship between mix Marshall with VG-30 Grade bitumen was satisfied the
Quotient (MQ) and RAP percent in mix is Volumetric properties of compacted mix, stability,
as follows. Flow, Marshall quotient ,and Retained tensile
Marshall Quotient =0.1824 RAP + strength than the other mixes Hence Maximum upto
1.1115 30% RAP can be used in the Bituminous concrete
5.6 Specimen prepared with Control Mix (0% of mix with VG-30 Grade Bitumen. It was also noted
RAP) sample has less Air Voids value than that the use of 30% RAP in Bituminous concrete
specimen prepared with RAP mixes it will save 16 % of mix initial cost.
indicates that Air Voids value goes on
slightly increased while increasing the RAP VI. SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
content. It can be seen that virgin bitumen 6.1 A large scale study can be carried out taking
may not perfectly blended with the RAP into considerations of several parameters like
binder as its percentage increases. This may age of RAP materials, Residual binder
be due to the ineffective old bitumen in the content, availability of RAP, viscosity of
aggregate pores which prevent partially the binder etc and corrections also need to be
virgin bitumen from occupying deeply the established with respect to age of RAP and
aggregate pores. The results of the other factors example residual binder,
investigated mixes are shown in table-5 were percentages etc.
Based on the 4 % air voids. 6.2 Performance based test methods can be
carried out are Static or Creep, Dynamic
5.7 At optimum binder content the VMA of loading and Rutting tests to provide accurate
control mix was 15.2 % found to be slightly and realistic relationship under the actual
more than RAP 30% 15.1 % by 0.65%. VMA traffic loading and environmental conditions.
is satisfying in all mixes of Variable % of
RAP from 0 to 80%. No change is noted in
VMA upto 20% of RAP, The decrease in REFERENCES
VMA is of low rate up to RAP % of 40% i.e. [1]. MaulikRao, Dr.N.C.Shah, Utilisation of
decreased by about 2.63%. When the RAP % RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement)
increases from 40% to 80% the VMA is Material Obtained By Milling Process:
slightly increased by about 5.4%. With Several Options in Urban Area at
VMA = 0.004 RAP + 15.051 Surat, Gujarat, India, Int. Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
5.8. It was found that VFB at optimum binder ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol.4, Issue 7 (Version
content for control mix was 73%. It was also 4), July 2014, pp.01-04.
observed that at optimum binder content for [2]. Khushbu M. Vyas, Shruti B. Khara,
RAP mix 30% was same as that of Control Technical viability of using
mix. No change is noted in VFB values reclaimedasphalt pavement in Ahmedabad
upto50% of RAP at OBC, when the RAP % BRTScorridor for base course
increases from 50% to 80% the VFB is [3]. Saurabh S Mahankale1, Satish R Patel,
slightly increased by about 2.05% Vishal APatil, Abhishek A Dalvi,

Prof.Kaustubh. U. Saraf,Use of RAP

material in Bituminous Pavement
[4]. Brajesh Mishra, U.P. Cane Development
Department, Lucknow, India,A Study on
Use of Reclaimed AsphaltPavement (RAP)
Materials in FlexiblePavements
[5]. Jaspreet Singh, Jashanjot Singh, A.K
Duggal ,A REVIEW PAPER ON
RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT
(RAP)
[6]. T.AnilPradyumna a, AbhishekMittal
,Dr.P.K.Jain,Characterization of Reclaimed
Asphalt Pavement (RAP) for Usein
Bituminous Road Construction
[7]. S.K Khanna and C.E.G. Justo, Highway
Material Testing (Laboratory Manual),
Nemchand and Bros, Roorkee (1997).
[8]. Mix Design Methods, Asphalt Institute,
Manual Series No.2, Sixth Edition, USA.
[9]. Asphalt Hot-Mix Recycling, Asphalt
Institute, Manual Series No. 20, Sixth
Edition, USA.
[10]. Specification of Road & Bridge Works –
Fifth Revision, Ministry of Road Transport
& Highways.
[11]. Tentative Guidelines for The Design of
Flexible Pavement, IRC-37:2012, Indian
Road Congress, New Delhi.
[12]. Specification for Dense Grade Bituminous
Mixes, IRC:111-2009 Indian Road
Congress, New Delhi
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is UGC approved

Journal with Sl. No. 4525, Journal no. 47088. Indexed in Cross Ref, Index Copernicus (ICV
80.82), NASA, Ads, Researcher Id Thomson Reuters, DOAJ.
Sambasivarao Konakanchi. “Laboratory Investigation on utilization of maximum percentage of

Reclaimed Asphalt pavement material in Bituminous concrete mix (BC Grading-1) with VG-
30 Grade bitumen.” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ,
vol. 7, no. 9, 2017, pp. 40–55.

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Sambasivarao Konakanchi.et.al.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Laboratory Investigation on utilization of maximum percentage

I. INTRODUCTION mixture. In the present investigation an attempt has

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 40 | P a g e

3. Evaluation of the properties of the bituminous II. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

Table-1 Physical Properties of Aggregates

Table-2 Physical Properties of Bitumen

2.4 Individual Aggregate Gradations

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 41 | P a g e

Table-3 Individual Gradation of Materials

Fig-1 Gradation curve for the Individual Material

2.5 Combined Gradations are meeting the desired Gradation of BC Grading-1

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 42 | P a g e

43% 38% 33% 28% 23% 18% 14% 8% 3%

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 43 | P a g e

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 44 | P a g e

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 45 | P a g e

Marshall quotient in KN/mm 25.00

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Flow (mm at 600C, 2-4

3.2.1 Analysis of Optimum Bitumen Content Results

Fig-11: Relationship between % of RAP Vs OBC %

3.2.2 Analysis of Bulk density Results

Fig-12: Relationship between % of RAP Vs Density at OBC

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 48 | P a g e

3.2.3 Analysis of Mix Stability Results

Fig-13: Relationship between % of RAP Vs Stability at OBC

3.2.4 Analysis of Mix Flow Results

Fig-14: Relationship between % of RAP Vs Flow at OBC

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3.2.5 Analysis of Marshall Quotient of Mix Results

18.00 Marshall quotient = 0.1824 RAP+1.1115

Fig-15: Relationship between % of RAP VsMarshallQuotient at OBC

3.2.7 Analysis of Voids in Mineral Aggregate Results

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Fig-16: Relationship between % of RAP Vs VMA at OBC

3.2.8 Analysis of Voids Filled with Bitumen Results

Fig-17: Relationship between % of RAP Vs VFB at OBC

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minimum value of 80% as specified. It is clear that

94% Retained Tensile strength =0.0008 RAP+0.8864

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 52 | P a g e

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 53 | P a g e

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 54 | P a g e

Prof.Kaustubh. U. Saraf,Use of RAP

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is UGC approved

Sambasivarao Konakanchi. “Laboratory Investigation on utilization of maximum percentage of

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0709084055 55 | P a g e

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