CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on the various studies, analysis and different literary texts
found in relevant and reliable fields which able to give the inspiration and fully facilitate
within the cementation of the various points being created in the succeeding
chapters. The following literary pieces found in this chapter contains relevant
and helpful ideas that may result to the further exploration among the deeper depths of
the subject and supply a wider image into the issues that are being mentioned, and soon
resolved within the study. The discussion of the related literature is divided into three
major themes: Generation of New Media, Usage of Social Media for Entertainment, and
Impact of Using Facebook on Academic Performance.

Generation Z on New Media

According to Durfy, L. (2019), the newest generation on the block are those
individuals born from 1996-2012. They have just begun to enter and derange the
workforce, but in the year 2020, they will be represented as the largest group of
consumers worldwide. Dissimilar to Millenials, they never experienced a world without
social media– 44% monitor their profiles on their social media account on an hourly
basis. Since day one, they already had accessed to the internet and social media platforms
and are true digital indigenous individuals. The source for news, entertainment, and
communication is the social media. The Generation Z people are typically perceived as
more realistic, independent and private than their antecedent. They have gain knowledge
from over-sharing mistakes of the previous and are opt for social media platforms that are
more exclusive and sensitive to time.
Futhermore on sharing on more exclusive and time-sensitive platforms like Snapshat
and Instagram, they also have spent a great amount of time-consuming content via
Youtube. There are 95% people in this generation who are accessing videos on Youtube
and over half have said they can barely live without it. Many prefer it when it comes to
spending their leisure time on traditional media such as television. Generation Z is not
using social media to show off, unlike their counterparts, but rather as a place to be
entertained.

As stated by Viens, A. (2019) in her article, Visualizing Social Media Use by

Generation, generation Z is likely to be known as the first group in the history that has
live a world with internet. Gen Z exceed the Millennials in daily activity on social media
accounting 2 hours and 55 minutes spent per day as they are engrossed on the online
world since birth. Moreover, leading in the number of social accounts they’re actively
using are the North American, Latin American and European Generation Z-ers. Many are
also moving away from online platforms such as Facebook in favor of multimedia-heavy
sites like YouTube and Instagram. In addtions, given the declining rate of growth of
social media, the use of social media is still growing. The average person increased use
by three minutes a day from 2017 to 2018, while becoming a new user with 0.8 social
media accounts. Social media is a large, multifaceted, and dynamic industry that appeals
to a wide variety of cultures, age groups, and individuals. Although growth in social
media activity may slow down, we may see more opportunities to stay connected with a
growing global population.

According to Jenkins, R., just 14 percent of U.S. adults had access to the Internet in
1995, according to Pew Research. That figure was 87 percent by 2014. During the most
rapid and game-changing times of technological progress in human history, Generation Z
grew up. They do not know a world out of control of a smart device. Generation Z
actually spends online on smart phones an average of 3 hours 38 minutes, about 50
minutes longer than the average Internet user. Using a super computer in their pocket
24/7 access to the world's information has rewired how Generation Z solves issues,
networks, interacts, learns buys, and eventually how they will behave in the workplace.
Generation Z-ers are early smart phone adopters, indigent to messaging, anticipating
omnipresent communication, finding entertainment on demand, and prioritizing gaming.

Usage of Social Media for Entertainment

According to Leggatt, H. (2011), the new "Edelman Value Engagement and Trust in
the Age of Social Entertainment Survey" have revealed that over a year ago 56% of U.S.
respondents were on the Internet, while 52% spent more time on their mobile phone. In
the United Kingdom, the number of people using the Internet for entertainment was
slightly higher than in the United States at 63 percent, and 40% used their mobile phone
more. Over half of the respondents have believed that social media is for entertainment.
President of Edelman’s Western U.s. Region, Gail Becker, said, "With so many forms of
entertainment, consumers are spreading their attention across multiple platforms -
leading to a decline in perceived value in any one format. Given the ongoing debate
about revenue models and what we see from this year's study findings, entertainment
companies have a real opportunity to regain trust by articulating a stronger value
proposition to their consumers and by offering the opportunity to engage with them
through multiple platforms." In the meantime, over the globe in China, a massive shift in
the last 2 years regarding media consumption using Internet. The time spent on the
Internet made progress to almost 45%,. On the other hand, the time spent on watching
television decreased by 42% between 2009 and 2010.
Malay, S. (2017) stated that the breath of entertainment industry is technology. The
mode and quality of entertainments are changing dynamically and dramatically as
technology evolves. In the 1990’s, people have watched films on VSH and DVD and in
time, home entertainment has travelled through VCD and DVD technology. Quite
seemingly, technology has rigorously transformed people’s way of viewing contents and
it moves in an unexpected directions. To remain successful, therefore, those in the
production, distribution, and broadcasting of content should be updated to the latest
trends and technologies.
Additionally, because of the abundance of communication and entertainment devices,
people are more connected today than ever in the past. Advanced smart phones, tablets
and phablets have made it possible to view online content from anywhere and anywhere.
Today viewers access the content that was previously restricted to linear TV on demand.
While the Internet has eliminated all communication barriers, social media platforms
have made it easier and simpler to construct a highly organized and sophisticated
experience. Today people can share their social networking views and issues with others.
Research have shown that more than 60% of adults in the US use multiple online social
media sites. TV show and feature film ratings are highly dependent on viewer feedback
and social media network comments. The more audiences discuss a series, the more
likely it is to remain popular on the market. Even basic hashtags and casual comments
such as' Must See' make the conversation easy to track and help to determine the movie
or series ' confidence.
Brown, K. (2011) stated that more and more people are using the internet as their
entertainment outlet, rather than watching TV shows and films. Many of them are now
using social media not only for information sharing and a contact channel, but for
entertainment purposes they have found a great benefit from it. For example, Facebook
has evolved into som ething different from what it used to be as one of the largest social
media networks. There was even a time ago when writing on the virtual walls, tagging
images, or being poked by friends was a form of entertainment for many people, and that
was enough to convert the users of daily net surfers. Even today, the way people use it
when sharing videos, checking in at places, making virtual transactions, playing various
apps, and playing poker games was perfect for entertainment. In reality, most people log
in to their social media accounts to be amused rather than being updated. Although
communication may still be an important factor, when people see no entertainment value
in it, it will never be successful.
Furthermore, As an app platform, these social media sites have greatly enhanced
their stickiness as a gateway. With their millions of users and counting they seem to last
pretty well. For example, Google+ introduced games soon after its social networking
scene debut. Besides being an entertainment access point, social media has become a
distribution point for creators, brands, television networks, etc. when it comes to
providing entertainment. Facebook and Google+ are among those who aim to become as
omnipresent as possible in order to achieve a holistic goal and to be the web's social
network as a whole. Instead of being a single destination, the different social media sites
are trying to follow where their users are going. In conclusion, indeed, social media
websites are competing to provide their users with the most engaging conversation and
quality entertainment. And what's really exciting is that nobody knows what the next
thing in line would be. One thing is certain, though, as time goes by social media will
continue to change in its every way and the technology will continue to be more
advanced. The way people see communication and entertainment will continue to
influence and change.
Impact of Using Facebook on Students’ Academic Performance
In a research conducted by Bedassa, F. (2014), he stated in his study that Martinez
Aleman and Wartman's latest literature (2009) aimed to better understand Facebook's
campus culture through college students ' eyes. The researchers examined the ideas and
perceptions of Facebook use among college students through an ethnographic study,
where students used Facebook for a myriad of reasons (Martinez Aleman & Wartman,
2009). Four common themes were established by the authors to reflect their college
student Facebook findings: (1) use-consciousness, (2) campus culture, (3) identity factors,
and (4) voyeurism and impression management (Martinez Aleman & Wartman, 2009).
Four students ' voices were recorded by the writers using the themes described above.
The four different students shared with Facebook a multitude of details about their
experiences.
In addition, he also stated that academic performance applies to how students
conduct their studies and how their teachers complete different assignments. In the last
period, the popularity of social networking sites grew sharply. This is most likely due to
the reason that it was widely used by each person to gain access worldwide. Such social
networking sites like Twitter and Facebook have these days become a crazy craze for all.
Instead of using this time for their studies, students pay more attention to these social
networking events, and this certainly affects their academic performance. These social
networking sites ' destructive effects overweigh the progressive ones. Such platforms
have caused social harm in a latent manner. Students more often than anyone else
become preys of social networks. This is because they get addicted to these places when
they research or check their course material online to kill the boredom in their time of
study, sidetrack their attention from their job and forget why they use the internet.
LaRose et al. (2001) suggested that the internet affects student users and this impact is
determined by the type of internet usage. Daily abuse of these platforms has many
destructive effects on students ' physical and mental health, making them slow and
unenthusiastic in building real-life interaction with people.
 Furthermore, recent research found a strong link between leisurely Internet use and
decreased academic performance (Kubey, Lavin, & Barrows, 2001). Kubey, Lavin, and
Barrows (2001) found that school problems were reported by students who spent five
times more hours online. In the study by Kubey et al (2001), 10-15 percent of student
participants felt out of control of their internet visits. While Facebook was not
specifically mentioned in this report, the researchers reported that the internet's captive
networking resources seemed to be the culprit of the schoolwork problems (Kubey et. al,
2001). In addition, Vanden Boogart (2006) discovered that students with lower GPAs
found inappropriate use of Twitter.
Moreover, hedonic use stems from pleasure-dedicated practices. Use of Facebook
created interconnections between people from the same university or around the world;
people continue to connect via it if they want to contact someone they have lost contact
with or meet new people around the world. This is allowed by few other media or
channels. However, the observed use of Facebook is mostly embedded in the pleasure of
surfers who maintain profiles and exchange content. Such use may also provide greater
flexibility for transmitting videos or images, as its integrated technology reduces image
sizes and enables video sharing compared to, for example, e-mail messages. But this form
of use of Facebook resulted in students spending time gazing on screens instead of
studying hard and achieving good results in colleges (Van der Heijden 2004; Rosen and
Sherman 2006; Shin, 2010; Shin and Shin, 2011; Sun et al. 2011).
In a research conducted by UKEssays (2018) stated that in Adam Mahamat Helou
and Nor Za irah Ab's paper entitled "The influence of social networking sites on students’
academic performance in Malaysia," Rahim, they tried to study the attitudes of the
students about using social networking sites and their effects on their academic
performance. Most respondents thought that the SNSs had a more positive impact on
their academic performance because of their use for various academic tasks, such as
communicating with the faculty and university authority, interacting with lecturers and
superiors, and conducting academic discussions. In addition, in the paper "Effects of the
social network on the performance of students: A web-based analysis of the internet in
Taiwan," the researcher examined the effects of social networks on the performance of
online education of students. They find that more engaged students on facebook have a
positive impact on their academic performance.