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EDGAR ALLA4N PO~E

The Army Years

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 EDGAR ALLAN POE
The Army Years

by

J. THOMAS RUSSELL
Associate Librarian

Foreword by EGON A. WEISS

Librarian, USMA

West Point, New York

United States Military Academy
1972
This Bulletin is dedicated to
the memory of Joseph M. O'Donnell
who served as Chief of the
USMA Archives and History Section
from 1956 to 1968.

iii
 LIBRARY
UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY
WEST POINT. NEW YORK 10996

FOREWORD
Students of nineteenth century American literature can-
not help but be intrigued by the curious influences
which seemed to have shaped Edgar Allan Poe's early life
which included two interludes in the U. S. Army. The
reasons which motivated Poe to enter the service in the
first place were far from extraordinary: unrequited love
and disagreements over money with his guardian. We
remember that he departed Richmond in a huff for Boston
in March of 1827 where, after publishing his first opus,
Tamerlayte arid Other Poems, he enlisted in the Army.

Two years later he resigned pending an appointment to

the Military Academy after having risen to the rank of
Regimental Sergeant Major under the name of Edgar A.
Perry. His service was most commendable.

Prior to entry at West Point his second volume of poems

was published in Baltimore, Al Aaraaft Tamerlane arid
Minor Poems which more firmly established his reputation.
His cadetship from July 1830 until February 1831 was
short, yet tumultuous. His emotional instability, coupled
with deep personal problems, such as his constant need
for funds and a lack of time to devote to poetry, more
than his deficiency in military aptitude, cut short his
cadetship. ft is perhaps ironic that this period greatly
contributed to Poe's poetic development which culmina-
ted in the publication of the second edition of his
Poems in 1831 containing "To Helen, "Israfel", "The
City in the Sea", "The Sleeper", "Lenore", and "The
Valley of Unrest". ft was a unique thrill for me to have
been able to bid for a copy of this rare tome which is
particularly precious to the institution of the Military

V
Academy because of its dedication to the U. S. Corps
of Cadets. Even greater was the satisfaction of having
the volume safely conveyed to our Library.

This Library Bulletin incisively probes into Poe's early

life and also uncovers new insights into Poe the poet,
writer, critic and soldier. It is hoped that this
monograph will resolve many questions by cadets, faculty
and outsiders.

West Point, New York EGON WEISS

May, 1972 Librarian, USMA

vi
 CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD..v

INTRODUCTION..ix

I. Review of Poe's Military Sojourn.1

II. The 1966 Cadet Subscription.25

ITT. The 1831 Cadet Subscription, Some New

Facts.29

IV. Contributors to E. A. Poe's Poems.35

vii
 INTRODUCTION

Of all the poets and writers the United States has pro-
duced, Edgar Allan Poe has perhaps succeeded best in
finding a permanent place both in the scholarly and in
the popular literature and consciousness. Poe alone may
be said to have assumed the status of "household word"
regardless of the status of the household.

One who follows for a while the meandering stream of

this poet's romantic life comes to recognize a dynamic
blending of mystery, of fact, and of myth which has
developed into a Poe mystique. Those cities and insti-
tutions with which Poe was associated during his forty-
year travail are affected in some way or other by the
magic of this phenomenon. Poe shrines, plaques, restor-
ations, or museums may be seen at Boston, Philadelphia,
New York, Baltimore, and Richmond. And the United
States Military Academy at West Point, New York, not
unlike the University at Charlottesville, Virginia, has
fallen somewhat under this special spell.

This issue of the USM4 Library Bulletin has been pre-

pared to review the reported facts of Poe's biography to
the termination of his military sojourn, to discuss the
1831 and the 1966 Corps of Cadets' subscriptions for
Poe's Poems, and, on the evidence of U. S. Military
Academy archival documents, to correct a long-term
inaccuracy concerning a detail regarding the poet's
West Point experience.

The author wishes to express his thanks for the clerical

support of Miss Margaret K. Root who typed the text.

ix
 I

REVIEW OF POE'S MILITARY SOJOURN

Edgar Poe's overt association with the military began

in Richmond, Virginia, when, at the age o:f fifteen,
he was selected lieutenant of a military unit called the
Junior Volunteers. This company of young men, selected
from the best families of that city, was designated to
act as a guard of honor for General Lafayette when he
visited Richmond on a tour of the United States. Of
this incident, Thomas H. Ellis, business partner of
John Allan, Poets foster father, noted,

...never was I prouder of him (Poe) than

when, dressed in the uniform of the
'Junior Morgan Riflemen'. ..he walked up
and down in front of the marquee erected
on the Capitol square, under which the
old general held a grand recention in
October, 1824.1

A letter is preserved in the Archives of the Virginia

State Library which requests permission for the
Richmond Junior Volunteers to draw and retain arms
from the state. The petition is directed to the
Governor and is from John Lyle Ccaptain) and Edgar A.
Poe (Lieutenant). It is dated 17 November 1824, which

As quoted by Arthur H. Quinn in his Edgar Allan Poe,

A Critical Biography (New York, Appleton-Century Crofts,
1941) p. 87. For a detailed description of Lafayette's
visit to Richmond, see Mary Newton Standard's Richmond,
Its People and Its Story (Philadelphia and London,
Lippincott, 1923).
2 Although the original letter is lost, a copy is
reportedly on file in the Calendar of Virginia State
Papers, volume X, page 518. Reprints may be seen in
Hervey Allan's Israfel (New York, Doran, 1926) volume
1, p. 124 and in Quinn's Edgar Allan Poe, p. 124.

1
would indicate that the company did not disband
immediately after Lafayette's visit. That the
cadet organization enjoyed a position of some
local importance is of little doubt; that Poe re-
mained in its ranks after Lafayette's visit is certain.

Although Poe was orphaned before his third birthday,

he apparently grew up with a reliable but slim body
of facts about his parents and grandparents. The
young Rifleman was the second of three children3 of
David and Elizabeth Arnold Poe, Jr. and was the
grandson of David Poe, Quartermaster General at
Baltimore during the Revolutionary War. The elder
Poe, David, Sr., died in 1816 leaving a pensioned
widow in Baltimore with whom Edgar temporarily
resided from time to time. The poet's parents were
itinerant actors. 1-us father died in oblivion possibly
in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1810. rt was in 1811, at the
time of the death of his mother, that Edgar was taken
into the household of John Allan, an affluent merchant
of Richmond.

James Monroe wrote to Lieutenant Colonel Sylvanus

Thayer on 1 November 1826 seeking advice from the
Superintendent of the West Point Academy regarding
the organization of a curriculum and of an under-
graduate system of discipline at the University of
Virginia. The former President wrote:

Rosealie Poe (1810?-1874) was raised in the Rich-

mond home of William MacKenzie after her mother died
in 1811. William Henry (Leonard?) Poe C1807-1831)
was raised in Baltimore by his paternal grandparents.

When in 1824 Lafayette visited Baltimore on his

tour of the United States, he visited the gravesite
of David Poe, Sr., whom he had known and, according
to Hervey Allan in his Isrczf'el (New York, Doran, 1926)
volume 1, page 123, exclaimed, "Tci repose un coeur
noble."

2
 The great object is, to keep the institu-
tion in good order, the youth steadily to
their studies, free from gambling, intem-
perance, and dissipation of every kind....
The idea in contemplation is, to appoint a
military instructor whose duty it shall be
to train young men, in every branch of the
military exercises and in performing that
duty, to afford a powerful aid to the
faculty in maintaining their authority over
the students in every branch of the
institution.

About nine months earlier, on 14 February 1826, Edgar

A. Poe entered the University, then in its second
session and evidently in a state of rather loose
organization. Poe excelled in his studies but fared
poorly in handling himself in this new framework of
freedom. Apparently, because of insufficient funds
from his foster father, the young dandy resorted to
gambling as a means of covering the debts he was
accumulating in the course of university life. Far
from providing the money he needed, the gambling
compounded his financial difficulties. When Poe left
Charlottesville he had a debt of aboiit $2,OO according
to the testimony of Thomas H. Ellis.6 The rift
between Poe and his foster father assumed major
proportions at this time.

In March of 1827, his return to Charlottesville having

been prevented by the parsimony or John Allan, Poe
left Richmond. On 26 May 1827 he enlisted in the army
at Boston, the city where he was born, under the

Adams, Cindy, J. Thomas Russell, et. al., eds. The

West Point Thayer Papers 1802-1872. West Point, New
York, Association of Graduates, 1965.
6 Quinn. Edgar Allan Poe, p. 109.

3
assumed name of Edgar A. Perry.7 The pseudonym may
have been adopted in order to avoid the bearers of
warrants for his Charlottesville indebtedness. Poe
gave his occupation as that of a clerk and his age as
twenty-two.8 He was assigned to Battery H of the First
Artillery at Fort Independence, Boston Harbor.

The details of Poe's life between the time he left

Richmond and the time he enlisted, that is, the months
of March, April, and May 1827, are unclear. The
stories of Poe having traveled to Europe, particularly
to Saint Petersburg and to Greece, are unverified.9
The poet himself was responsible for the myth of his

7
For the enlistment document and facsimiles of other
Poe records in the National Archives War Department
files, see the unpublished Duke University master's
thesis by Melvin C. Helfers, dated 1949, a copy of
which is in the USMA Library, The Military Career of
Edgar Allan Poe.
8 Having been born in 1809, Poe was actually eighteen
when he enlisted.

The U.S. Military Academy Library received in 1966

an unpublished article, purportedly' translated from the
Russian by one A(lexander M.) N(ikolaieff) of New York
City, which claims to be the notes of a Russian infan-
try officer, one Dimitri Kostitsyn, reporting Poe's
visit to St. Petersburg. Indeed the Entsiklopedicheskii
Slovar' Brokgauz-Ffron (Saint Petersburg, 1898) vol.
24a, p. 830-31, contains a reference to the poet's visit
to Old Russia. This entry was written by Z(inaida)
V(engerova) whose apparent source was an article by
Lopushinskii in Russkoe Slovo, no. 11, 1861; unfortu
nately Lopushinskii gave no indication of his source of
information. Because of the opinion expressed by Poe's
major biographers--and their convincing argument that
there was not time for the poet to have made the voyage
--this writer discounts the credibility of the trip and
feels the poet would have delighted in the knowledge
that some 19th. and 20th century writers, as well as the
creditors in Charlottesville, believed his hoax.

4
trip to Old Russia, for he used Saint Petersburg in the
dateline of letters written during this interval.1 0
Nonetheless, it was during these months that Poe
published, or rather, had printed, his first book:
Tomerlane and Other Poems "by a Bostonian." This, the
first quiet announcement to the world that a major
poet was operative, was noticed without comment by the
United States Review and Literary Gazette for August
1827 and by The North American Review for October 1827.
The slim pamphlet, poorly printed, sold for twelve
and one half cents; it is now one of the most sought
after entries in the bibliography of American
literature.

Battery LI was ordered from Boston to Fort Moultry',

Charlestown Harbor, South Carolina on the last da" of
October 1827. Poe sailed on the brigantine Waltham
on 8 November and arrived at his duty station on the
eighteenth.

The army in 1827 was not keyed to a wartime pitch. The

years from 1815 to 1846 have been characterized as the
"Thirty Years Peace' by Oliver L. Spauldingll and,
except for the Florida Seminole action, were relatively
placid ones for the U. S. Army. The regimen of army
life concentrated on the 'drills and duties of a
disciplinary nature," on personal neatness and cleanli-
ness, and on housekeeping.1 2 While life was ordered
and rigorous, it was neither extremely harsh nor
characterized by violent disruptions.
10
Quinn. Edgar Allan Poe, p. 118.
11 Spaulding, Oliver L. United States Army in War and
Peace. (New York, Putnam, l937)p. 8.
12 Helfers. Military Career of Edgar Allan Poe (Duke
University, 1949) p. 8.

5
Poe had ample time to walk the beaches of Sullivan' 5
Island, to examine the shells on the sand and the
beetles on the trees, and to relax in the semitropical
sun. His Gold Bug, Balloon-Hoax, Oblong Box, and
Conchologist's Guide all trace their origins to this
experience. In his Gold Bug, Poe described Sullivan's
Island:

This island is a very singular one.

It consists of little else than
the sea and sand, and is about
twelve miles long.... No trees of
any magnitude are to be seen.
Near the western extremity, where Fort
Moultrie stands, are where some
miserable frame buildings, tenanted,
during summer, by the fugitives from
Charleston dust and fever.. .but the
whole island, with the exception of
this western point, is a line of hard,
white beach on the seacoast, is covered
with a dense undergrowth of the sweet
myrtle so much prized by the horticul-
turists of England. The shrub here
often attains the height of fifteen or
twenty feet, and forms and almost
inpenetrable coppice, burtliening the
air with its fragrance.1 3

The poet's promotions through the enlisted ranks must

be viewed as little short of meteoric, for he rose
from the rank of private to that of Regimental
Sergeant Major in nineteen months.1 4 His breeding and

13 Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Tales and Poems.

With an introduction by Hervey Allen. CNew York,
Modem Library, 1938) p. 42.
14 On 26 May 1827 Poe enlisted in the army and was
sworn in as Private Edgar A. Perry; on 1 January 1829
he was promoted to Regimental Sergeant Major, the high-
est enlisted rank attainable in 1829.

6
gentility doubtless stood out in bas-relief against the
ranks of the then typical enlisted man. Poe's appoint-
ment as company clerk, evidently an added duty, provided
contact with the officers and probably obviated his par-
ticipation in the more rigorous details and line duties.

Poe had decided by 1 December 1828 that he had gained

all he could from the army and that he wished to with-
draw from the service. On that date he wrote John
Allan:

I have been in the American army as long

as suits my ends or my inclination, and it
is now time that IL should leave it--To this
effect I made known my circumstances to
Lieut Howard who promised me my discharge
solely upon a re-conciliation with yourself....
The period of Enlistment is five years--
the prime of my life would be wasted--IL
shall be driven to more decided measures if
you refuse to assist me. 1 5

Allan resisted the requests for a discharge until the

possibility of a West Point cadetship was proposed.
This first occurred in correspondence dated 4 February
1829:

I wrote you some time ago from this place

(Fortress Monroe, Virginia, where Poe had
been transferred on 11 December 1828) but
have as yet received no reply. Since that
time I wrote to John McKenzie (a Richmond
acquaintance) desiring him to see you
personally desire for me, of you, that you
would interest yourself in procuring me a cadets'
appointment at the Military Academy.16

15
Ostram, John Ward, ed. The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe,
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,
1948) vol. 1, p. 10.
16
Ostram. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 13.

7
It is probable that Poe had been turning the possibility
over in his mind for some months, for in the letter
dated 1 December 1828, he alludes to the difficulty in
obtaining a commission unless one had "...received his
education at West Point...

On 28 February 1829 Frances Allan died. It was she,

childless, who had taken Edgar Poe into the household
of John Allan. It was she who provided the young and
adolescent Poe with love and protection and security.
It was she who provided a nexus to the genteel life
possible as a member of the Allan household, a way of
life which Poe sought but never achieved as an adult.

Mrs Allan's death provided the occasion for a brief

reconciliation between foster father and son, for Edgar
was sent sufficient funds to travel to Richmond on
furlough, albeit he arrived the day after her interment.
Allan also furnished Poe with a suit of clothes and all
the necessary accessories for a dapper young man of
stature and status.

Convinced that a West Point warrant was the best way to

provide a station for his ward, one which would relieve
the Scotsman of Poe's support, permission and funds
were granted for Poe to hire a substitute and resign
from the army. Special Order No. 28, dated Head
Quarters, Eastern Department, New York, April 4th 1829,
read:

Sergt. Major Edgar A. Perry of the 1st

Regt. of Arty.. .will be discharged the
service of the United States on...
furnishing.. .an acceptable substitute
without expense to the Government.1 8

Ostram. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 10.

18 Helfers. Military Career of Edgar Allan Poe (Duke
University, 1949) p. 31.

8
Before leaving Fortress Monroe, the post from which
Poe was discharged, he obtained a series of letters
of recommendation from his commanding officers for
use in support of the West Point application. The
endorsement by Brevet Captain H. W. Griswald, Adjutant
of the 1st Artillery Regiment was typical:

...Edgar Poe was appointed Sergeant-

Major of the 1st Arty: on the 1st of
Jan'y, 1829, and up to this date,
has been exemplary in his deportment,
prompt and faithful in the discharge
of his duties--and is highly worthy
of confidence.19

Poe took these credentials to Washington in early May

1829 and presented them to John Eaton, the Secretary
of War. The poet resided in Baltimore while awaiting
word of his appointment, engaging in a slowly
disintegrating correspondence with John Allan, and
arranging for the publication of his second book of
poems, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane3 and Minor Poems.2 0 That
Poe walked from Baltimore to Washington and back in
July 1829 in order to inquire into the, status of his
appointment, indicates some resolve at that point to
make a success of the West Point opportunity. The
certificate of appointment arrived in March 1830 while
Poe was in Richmond. He left that city before 21 May
and, after stopping in Baltimore, proceeded directly to
West Point.

19 Quinn. Edgar Allan Poe, p. 136. The Griswald

endorsement is dated 20 April 1829.

20 Poe's second book of poems was published in

December 1829 by Hatch and Dunning.

9
 0

CiH

10
 One might suspect that the discipline required for
success in the military or in the clerical life should
find close kinship with that requisite for success in
the arts. A basic difference between the two, however,
beside the end in mind, service in one case and a
product in the other, is that the military or clerical
requirement of personal submission to an official sys-
tem of hierarchical command is a regimen evolved and
directed from outside the man. On the other hand, per-
sonal submission to that discipline so necessary for
high artistic achievement is submission to a regimen
which originates from inside, from within, the man.
ILnasmuch as the man exercises his free will of choice,
for which he must accept the concommitant responsibility,
both avenues to a productively disciplined life are
entered into voluntarily. Poe was indeed his own man.
He boldly made his choice regarding the army--and not
in great haste.

Lieutenant Colonel Sylvanus Thayer, 21 the Father of the

Military Academy, was Superintendent when Poe was sworn
in with the Class of 1834. Captain Ethan Allen
Hitchcock was Commandant of Cadets. Hitchcock was a
well-read and sensitive man with whom Poe could have
developed rapport.

The Post at West Point in the 1830's was far smaller

than it is today. Only six buildings faced the parade
grounds. The Cadet Corps numbered 232 in contrast to
the 4032 on the roster in January 1971. In Poe's time
the Commons met in two locations and was contracted out
to the lowest bidder. Water was available by the buck-
etful. Barracks were heated by open fireplaces.
Dinner was not infrequently supplemented by a purloined
chicken roasted over the logs. Candles illuminated the
sparsely furnished, three-man rooms.

21 Thayer, USMA 1808, was elected to the NYU Hall of

Fame for Great Americans in 1965 for his contribution
to American education.

11
 0rT

0
1

1/

jilt I

LI -

"'I

12
Poe's age is recorded as nineteen years and five mQnths
when he enrolled;22 the Virginia cadet was older than
most of his classmates, His previous education at the
University of Virginia gave him an edge over his West
Point compeers, and his military experience must have
proved an asset. Because of these factors, age,
intellectual prowess, and prior military service, Poe
was considered somewhat of an elder statesman by his
classmates. Indeed, a roomate of the winter barracks
days reported:

Poe... though only about twenty

years of age, had the appearance
of being much older. He had a
worn, weary, discontented look,
not easily forgotten by those
who were intimate with him, Poe
was easily fretted by any jest
at his expense, and was not a
little annoyed by a story that
some of the class got up, to the
effect that he had procured a
cadets appointment for his son,
and the boy having died, the
father had substituted himself
in his place. Mother report
current in the corps was that he
was the grandson of Benedict
Arnold. 2

22 U. S. Military Academy Archives, Cadet Alphabetic

Cards.
23
(Gibson, Thomas W.) Poe at West Point (IN: Harper's
New Monthly Magazine, vol. 35, June to November 1867,
p. 754-756.) Mr Gibson, sworn in with the class of 1834,
Poe's class, was sixteen and a half years old when fi-
nally dismissed in 1832 after his second court-martial
having been convicted of setting fire to a building
near the barracks.

13
It must have been Poe himself who started the Benedict
Arnold rumor. In a letter to Allan dated 25 June 1829,
he said:

Since I have been in Baltimore I have

learnt something concerning my descent
which would have, I am afraid, no very
favourable effect if known to the War
Dept: viz: that I am the grandson of
General Benedict Arnold--but this there
will be no necessity of telling-24

The curriculum consisted principally of French and

mathematics for Plebes. At the end of his first
semester Poe ranked third in French and seventeenth in
math among the sixty-seven members of his class.

The daily schedule was indeed a strenuous one with most

every hour prescribed. In 1829 Regulations for the
interior police and discipline were in effect. The
strict framework in which each day began is indicative:

3. Every cadet on rising in the morning,

shall roll up his mattress, with the bed
clothes neatly folded in it, put it into
the bed-sack, and strap it. He shall
hang up his extra clothing, put such
articles in the clothes bag as it is
intended to contain, clean his candle-
sticks, and arrange all his efCects in
the prescribed order.

Among regulations which must have been particularly

difficult for Poe to have lived with were these.

24 Ostrom. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 22. This romanti-

cism began a year before Poe arrived at the Academy.
Because it is unlikely that anyone at West Point had
access to the letter cited, one may assume that Poe
was responsible for the addition of this bit of intelli-
gence into the Barracks rumor mill.

14
 5. No Cadet shall keep in his room any
novel, poem, or other book, not relating
to his studies, without permission from
the Superintendent.

LIBRARY

125. Every Saturday, from 2 to 4 P.M.

the Librarian shall attend at the Library
for the purpose of delivering and
receiving books.
126. Cadets shall be allowed to take from
the Library, such books only as are
calculated to assist them in their class
studies; but no Cadet shall draw more than
one volume at a time, nor keep any
volume longer than one week without special
permission.
127. No Cadet shall enter beyond the
Librarian's table, or take down any' book
from its place.2 5

While Poe would have had little time to himself during

the summer encampment,2 6 he could hardly have been
unaware during July and August of the striking beauty
of the Mid-Hudson Valley. The panoramas of the river,
both north and south, are memorable and may today' be
described in terms of their grandure if not of their
glory. The all-engulfing fogs which shroud the hills
in fall and spring still leave their damp chill on
those living in the area. lEt s' not beyond speculation
that Poe's allusion in his poem "Ulalume--A Ballad"
should have its origin in the Hudson Valley fogbanks.

25 Regulations. 1829, p. (3), 16-17. There is no

reason to assume that Poe did not receive permission
from the Superintendent to keep non-.curric'ular books
in his room. Contemporary Library circulation records
contain no entries for books checked out by Poe.
26 The summer encampment was a field exercise whi.ch
occurred onthe Plain; the new' cadet lived in tents
and underwent rigorous military training.

15
 It was hard by the dim lake of Auber,
In the misty mid region of Weir--
It was down by the dank tarn of Auber,
In the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir.27

The term "Weir," poetically justified by its allitera-

tion in context, its length and sound, may be identified
with Professor Robert W. Weir, Head of the Department of
Drawin at the Military Academy from June 1833 to July

Poe's failure at West Point should be viewed in a frank

perspective. At the outset Poe was under the misappre-
hension that he would automatically receive advanced
standing because of his previous university and military
training. As early as 4 February 1829 he wrote to John
Allan,

You can have no idea of the immense

advantages which my present situation
in the army would give me in the
appointment of a cadet--it would be an
unprecedented case in the American army,
having already passed thro the practical
part even of the higher partion Csi'c) of
the Artillery arm, my cadetship would
only be considered as a necessary form
which I am positive I could run thro'
in 6 months.2 9

27 Poe, Edgar Allan, USMA ex-1834. Poems. Edited by

Killis Campbell. (New York, Russell and Russell, 1962,
c 1917) p. 117.
28 Weir was an outstanding painter of the nineteenth
century; his "Landing of the Pilgrims" hangs in the U.S.
Capitol rotunda.
29 Ostram. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 14.

16
Although the poet may well have been able to have
mastered, and even excelled in, the entire program of
academic instruction, the realization that a four-
year course would be a requirement even for Sergeant
Major Perry must have come to Poe as something less
than a pleasant prospect. This fact certainly
influenced his decision to leave West Point. One
suspects that the gracious personal and family life
styles seen at Forts Moultry and Monroe, the cQlorI'ul,
formal ceremonies which mark the red-letter days in a
military man's life, and the satisfaction, recognition,
and security which accompany significant work, would
have had appeal to Poe, having been raised in the house
of an American aristocrat. The poet sought all this--
and more: free time to court the Muses. The achievement
of this goal would be worth an investment of six months
of his life. But not an investment of four years.

In July 1830, twins, fathered by John Allan, were born

to Mrs Elizabeth Wills. While Poe was almost certainly
unaware of this fact, Allan had designated the twins as
joint recipients of the remaining one-fifth of this
estate which until that time had been undesignated.
And on 5 October 1830 John Allan married Miss Louisa
Gabriella Patterson of Elizabethtown, New Jersey. The
wedding occurred in New York City. Poe was neither
invited nor was he contacted by Allan, then only fifty
miles away. Word of the wedding, however, was soon
received.

The knowledge that his foster father had remarried, and

that Poe was certainly cut off from any inheritance,
coupled with the rude fact that Sergeant Major Perry
would have to spend four years at West Point without
the freedom of time and mind to write are fundamental
considerations when seeking Poe's motivation for leaving
the Academy.

In his very long letter to John Allan dated 3 January

1830 (i.e., 1831) Poe declares his intention to leave
West Point and asks Allan to give his permission.

You sent me to W. Point lCike a beggar.)

The same difficulties are threateni(n)g
me as before at (Charlottesville)--and

17
 I must ......... I have no more
to say--except that my future life
(which thank God will not endure
long) must be passed in indigence
and sickness. I have no energy
left, nor health, If it was
possible, to put up with the fatigues
of this place, and the inconveniences
which my absolute want of necessaries
subject me to, and as L mentioned
before it is my intention to resign.
For this end it will be necessary
that you Cas my nominal guardian)
endorse me your written permission.
It will be useless to refuse me
this last request- -for I'can leave
theplace without any permission--
your refusal would only deprive me
of a little pay which is now due
as mileage. From the time of
writing this I shall neglect my'
studies and duties at the institu-
tion--if I do not receive your
answer in 10 days--I will leave the
point without- for otherwise
- ..30
should subject myself to disinission.

Allan endorsed this letter for his own files as follows:

I received this on the 10th &

did not from its conclusion deem it
necessary to reply'. I make this
note on the 13th & can see no
good Reason to alter my opinion.
I do not think the Boy has one
good quality. He may do or act as
he pleases, tho' I wd have saved
him but on his own terms conditions

30 Ostrom. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 41-2.

18
 since I cannot believe a word he
writes. His letter is the most
barefaced one sided statement.31

A transcript of the proceedings of a general court-

martial which sat at West Point in January 1831, shows
that Poe was charged with "Gross neglect of duty" and
with "Disobedience of orders." Among other specifica-
tions, he neglected to report for parades and roll calls
thirteen times between 7 and 27 January and failed to
attend church and class two times after haying been
ordered to do so. The court found him guilty regarding
each specification of both charges, and Poe was
dismissed from "the services of the United States" as
of 6 March 1831.32

There is at West Point an apocryphal story that once

when orders for a parade uniform were announced as
"white belts and gloves under arms," Poe appeared in
formation clad in those alone.3 3 Fortunately, this tale
cannot be disproved, for there is no allusion to the
incident in the records.

Poe left West Point on 19 February 1831, anticipating

the 6th of March, and in a letter to John Allan written
two days later, advised him of the dismissal.

I have been dismissed--when a single

line from you would have saved it--
The whole academy have interested
themselves in my behalf because my

31 Quinn. Edar Allan Poe, p. 173. The author correct

ly points out that each cadet in the 1830's received
the equivalent of $28.00 a month which does indeed cast
suspicion on the verity of Poe's remarks regarding his
''absolute want of necessaries.
32 U. S. Military Academy Archives. Post order book
no. 5, 1827-38.

Reference is made to this bit of local lore in Mark

W. Boatner's Military Customs and Traditions (New York,
David McKay Co., mc, c 1956), p. 80.

l9
 only crime was being sick- -but it
was of no use--I refer you to Col
Thayer to the public records, for
my standing and reputation for
talent--.... 34

One must assume that Thayer knew something of Poe's

interest in poetry, both by the above reference and by
the fact that the Superintendent permitted a cadet
subscription to underwrite publication of Poe's 1831
Poems. The money was withheld by the Treasurer of the
Academy from the cadets' official accounts, and Poe
received a check in the amount of $170.00 dated 23
April 1831 drawn from the Office of Discount and
Deposit of the Bank of the United States.

The poet's last personal contact with the Military

Academy was the letter he sent the Superintendent from
New York City. The letter was written on 10 March
1831. It is pathetic in tone and paints a self-
portrait in tones of hapless desolation.

New York
March lOth.1831

Sir
Having no longer any ties which can bind me
to my native country--no prospects--nor any
friends--I intend by the first opportunity
to proceed to Paris with the view of
obtaining thro' the interest of the Marquis
de La Fayette, an appointment (if possible)
in the Polish Army. In the event of the
interference of France in behalf of Poland
this may easily be effected--at all events it
will be my only feasible plan of procedure.
The object of this letter is respectfully

34
Ostrom. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 43. Poe to Allan,
New York, 21 February 1831.

20
 to request that you will give me such
assistance as may lie in your power in
furtherance of my views.
A certificate of "standing" in my
class is all that I have any right to
expect.
Anything further--a letter to a friend
in Paris--or to the Marquis--would be a
kindness which I should never forget.

Most respectfully
Col: S. Thayer Yr.Obt St
Supt U.S.M.A. Edgar A. Poe35

There is no record to indicate that Thayer replied to

Poe's letter.

Finally, in April or May 1831 Mr Elam Bliss, publisher

of the Poems, had 136 copies delivered to West Point
for distribution to those who had underwritten its
publication. This was Poe's third book and, as may be
seen from the reproduction herein, was dedicated to the
U.S. Corps of Cadets.

And so it was that Edgar Poe's association with West

Point and with the military was terminated. Basic
incornpatabilities were recognized, and the
dispassionate enforcement of general regulations
provided the instrumentality which effected the
separation. The Academy went on about its business of
training officers for the army, and Poe went on about
his, taking the road less traveled by. While he
departed the Military Academy, he left West Point
somewhat different for his having been there. And
both somehow richer for the association.

35
From the original in the Poe Collection, U.S.
Military Academy Library.

21
 POEMS

By

EDGAR A. POE.

TOUT LE MONDE A RAISON.-ROCH.EFOUCAIJLT.

SECOND EDITLON

YcIt:
PIJBLISIIED BY ELAM BLISS.

1831.

Title page of the West Point copy of Poe's 1831 Poems.

22
 70

THE U 6 S. CORPS OF CADETS

THIS VOLUME

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.

The dedication to the U. S. Corps of Cadets of Poe's

1831 Poems.
23
 II.

THE 1966 CADET SUBSCRIPTION

It was the item described on page sixteen of a 1966

Park-Bernet auction catalog which piqued the interest
of the then USMA Special Collections Librarian. The
item, offered as the "property of a Baltimore owner,"
was "The 'Wes~t Poin~t Edition' of Poe's 'Poems! in the
original binding, in a remarkable state of preserva-
tion." Sale item No. 73 was described as

POE, EDGAR A. Poems. Second Edition.

l6mo, original yellowish gray cloth;
covers slightly faded with minor
defects on spine, lacks end-papers,
binding detached, the text and covers
staine d. New York: Published by Elam
Bliss, 1831.36

Even though this copy, in its "'remarkable state of

preservation," was faded, stained, somewhat shaken, had
defects, and lacked original endpapers, it was a textu-
ally complete copy of a landmark work with unique
association value to the Academy. One which the Academy
did not own and should.

A memorandum, therefore, was prepared on 13 May, copies

of which were sent to appropriate Academy officials.
The memorandum noted that the volume was published
about two months after Poe had left West Point with

36Park-Bernet Galleries, Inc. Rare books arid raanus-

cripte, maps, art refererice... Public auction Tuesday
May 24 at 10:15 a.m. and 2:15 p.m., Wednesday May 25
at 10:15 a.m. Sale number 2447. (New York, Park-
Bernet, 1966) page 16.

25
funds obtained from the members of the Corps of Cadets.
The memo also pointed out that the "Book is exceedingly
rare and expensive,?? and that "Bidding will probably
open in excess of $2,000; USMA agent should be author-
ized to bid up to $,0.3

The Cadet First Captain, Norman B. Fretwell of Joplin,

Missouri was interested in helping raise money for
acquisition of the title, and one alumnus who heard of
the project volunteered financial aid. The required
five thousand dollars was pledged.

At once the historical significance and the classic

irony of the U. S. Corps of Cadets again subscribing to
the West Point Edition of Poe's Poems became evident.
In 1831 one hundred and thirty-five cadets contributed
$168.75 to cover the cost of ~rinting about five
hundred copies of this book;3 in 1966 the Corps of
Cadets, which numbered 3,023 men, contributed several
thousands of dollars for the purchase of a single copy.

On Tuesday 24 May·, Cadet David Wessling Britain,ILI,

of Amarillo, Texas, editor of the cadet magazine, The
Pointer, Mr Egon A. Weiss, Librarian, USMA, and Lileu-
tenant Colonel Arthur H. Blair, on the staff of the
Dean of the Academic Board, traveled the fifty-some
miles south to New York for the 10:15 a.m. auction at
980 Madison Avenue. A New York newspaper account of
the sale reported it in this manner:

The librarian had started the auction of

catalog item No. 73 at $1,000. Wi~thin
less than a minute the bidding had

37
U. S. Military Academy- Library. Poe, Edgar Allan
manuscript collection, correspondence about.
38Although the exact size of the 1831 edition is not
reported in the literature, it is generally estimated
to have been a printing of abjout 500 copies.

26
 soared, at $250-a-jump, to above his
offer of $5,000. Both he and Britain
(and LTC Blair) left the galleries
before the auction's end. 3

The Corps had been outbid.

The successful bidder was one Mr John Fleming, a well-

known New York rare book dealer. Mr Fleming said
afterward that he saw the Academy would be outbid and
wanted to assure that the copy remain in the East,

Mr Cassidy's article in the Daily Ncws was printed the

day after the auction. It carried a picture of Cadet
Britain and Mr Weiss examining the volume ".....they were
outbid on at auction." The story left little doubt
that the Corps was less than pleased at having been
unsuccessful at the sale.

Then, on the seventh of June the Librarian received a

letter from Mr Christian A. Zabriskie, a book collector
and long-·time benefactor both of the USMA Library and
of the West Point Museum. Having indicated that word
of the Poe auction had reached him, he said,

"I believe the Military Academy· would

like to obtain it Cthe 1831 Poems).
If there is anything I could do please
call upon me. It is a delicate matter,
as I am sure you know."4 0

Mr Zabriskie provided the additional funds necessary· to

meet the price Fleming had paid at auction; the volume
was shipped to West Point, and it was placed on display
in the West Point Room adjacent to the Poe Memorial.

Cassidy, Joseph. "Cadets bidding on rare Poe hear

'Nevermore."' (IN: (New York) Daily· News, Wednesday,
25 May 1966) p. 30

40U. S. Military Academy Library. Poe, Edgar Allan

manuscript collection, correspondence about.

27
Attempts to establish the provenance of the West Point
copy have been unsuccessful due to the anonymity of
the "Baltimore owner.?! But we shall alway-s wonder
whether or not this volume had once before made the
trip up the Hudson from New York to the Military
Academy. Because we shall never know, the fabric of
the Poe mystique acquires for us another thread across
the warp of its variegated weave.

28
 ILI I.

THE 1831 CADET &`UBSCRIPTTON, SOME NEW FACTS

Responsibility for the preparation and installation

in June 1966 of a display featuring th.e newly acquired
1831 Poems provided both the necessity and occasion
for researching the details of Poe's West Point
experience. In addition to the 10 March 1831 letter
the ex-Cadet sent the Superintendent, there had
been in the USMA collection a cancelled check made
payable to Edgar A. Poe in the amount of $170 drawnm
on Academy funds. The check is dated 23 April 1831.
As Chief of the newly organized Special Collections
Division, the writer had often seen this latter
piece, and until that time, more interested in the
poet's signature on the verso than in the face
value of thie draft, had never considered that it
might have been drawn for any' purpose other than
separation pay. It became strikingly clear, how-
ever, that $170 was far in excess of the pay due
Poe when he left the Academy.4 A search of the
USMA Archives Treasurer's Records was undertaken,
and there the answer lay.

lIn the Treasurer's ledger containing the statement

of payments, a list of nineteen deductions from
cadet accounts is given on the page for March. 1831:
Book. fund
Equipment f~und
Damages of public property-
Band fund
Board "William B. Cozzens"l
Am~yelia Thompson

41 The U.S. Military- Academy Archives Treasurer's

Office Cash Book~, 1830-·49, records on page 8 a
check for $36.72 drawn to Poe's favor for settle-
ment of this account. Thiis cancelled check is not
among the Academy's Poe Collection.

29
 Washing
Tailor "Jno Smith"
Shoe Maker
Postage R. Alden
Banker Shoe Blacking
Distributing Fuel
Altering Pantaloons Mr. Bucking'm
Dentist Dr. Arnold
Edgar A. Poe's "Poems"
Cash on account
Balance of cash
Store Keeper
Thos Gimb~rede for Portraits 4

To the right of the abiove listing the ledger shows the

exact amounts of money deducted from each cadet's
account for these several expenditures.

The first detai~l of note contained in -this set of

data, apparently heretofore unused in Poe research,4 3
is that each cadet who subscribed to Poe's Poems did
so at the rate of $1.25, not at the rate of 754 or
$2.50 as has been variously reported. identification
of the point of origin of the erroneous reports is
much less significant than the fact of its correction
to $1.25.

The second detail of note is that the ledger records

135 cadets who subscribed to Poe's volume. At $1.25
each, the total raised by the Corps was $168.75, but
the cancelled check in the USMA Poe Collection is for
$170.00

42
U. S. Military Academy Archives. Treasurer's
Records. Statement of payments for Maarch. and April
1831.

43The USMA Archives staff has pointed out the exist-

ence of these records to Major Karl B. Qelke ~for use in
connection with his doctoral dissertation on Poe, in
progress at the time of this writing.

30
 F ~ · b
Sr
~~~~)
~'ha ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c

00~~~~~ U

Ir 'j~~~'

o a)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

o P
i\j

.4)
~~Y~ \
~
dcc~ l N4Ci

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31
It is evident, then, that someone at the Academy
added to the sum the 1831 cadets contributed. Those
in a position to have done so, and possibly so
inclined, include Sylvanus Thayer, the Superintendent
without whose approval the subscription would never have
occurred, Captain Ethan Allan Hitchcock, the highly
sophisticated and well-read Commandant o~f Cadets, and
perhaps Thomas Leslie, the Treasurer. At this
juncture one can only speculate about who added to the
cadets' ':kitty.,"

An analysis of the subscription data reveals that in

March 1831 the U. S. Corps of Cadets stood at 232 men
appointed from 26 states, territories, and the District
of Columbia. Aissuming that the M~aryl1and-Pennsylvania
boundary, the Mason-Dixon Line, separates North from
South, 70% of the 102 southern cadets contributed, and
48% of the 130 northern cadets contributed. Of the
97 non-contributors, 67 were from the North. Of the
135 cadets contributing, 67 were Fourth Classmen
(freshmen), 34 were Third Classmen Csophomores), 20 were
Second Classmen (juniors), and 14 were First Classmen
(seniors).

There is little doubt but that many of the cadets who

subscribed were sorely disappointed at, and probably
considered themselves duped by, Poe and his Poerse. It
is not difficult to imagine a disgruntled group
standing at Gee's Point and sailing the delicate little
volume bound in yellowish gray cloth as far out into
the Hudson as possible. For Poe had been known in the
Corps for his facility at composing satiric verse about
the tactical officers, those men whose assignment was--
and still is--command of the Corps of Cadets and the
development of military and physsical fitness. From
articles published by contemporaries of Poe one draws
the distinct impression that the cadets thought they
were buying a volume of verse containing stanzas like
those quoted below.

32
 As for Locke, he is all in my eye,
May the d---l right soon for his soul call.
He never was known to lie --
In bed at reveille roll-call.

John Locke was a notable name;

Joe Locke is a greater: in short
The former was well known to fame,
4
But the latter's well known "to report."

A listing of the men who contributed to the volume

follows and forms the final portion of this Bul7Yetirt.

44 h i o
As quoted in Woodberry, George E.ThLieo
Edgar AlIo'z P..... (Boston and New- York, Houghton
Mlifflin Company, 19093 p. 374. Lieutenant Joseph
Lorenzo Locke, USMA 1828, was as signed to the Depart-
ment of Tactics from 1828-1831. "To report' alludes
to the reporting of cadets for infringements of
regulations.

33
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