CASCADE AERATION

Dr. A. Saatci
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Ömerli (Emirli) SAT
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10/8/2012 Prof. Dr. A. Saatci 9

 AERATION
Weir Aeration and Cascades

Referans : Pöpel, H.J., “Aeration and Gas

Transfer”, Delft University of Technology
Dept. of Civil Engrg., Division of
Sanitary Engineering. 1974.
 Mechanism of Gas Transfer

During free fall of water certain surface area A is created.

(CO2 VOCs and taste-odor producing substances are
removed trough A)
From the weir height “h” the average time of exposure of
the surface area A:
1 2
h= gtC (free fall)
2

tc = 2h / g

Size of A depends on: configuration of the weir portion of

the nagge into several jets (will increase A/).
 Mechanism #2 of Gas Transfer:
When nappe or its jets submerge into the
receiving body significant amount of air
entrained. The amount of air entrapped
depends on the velocity of the nappe
V = 2 gh
when passing the surface of the water.
V2
h=
2g
Depth of receiving water influences the amount of
gas transferred

Vel of nappe when passing at this point depends on

its energy at the ptA which is h = v2/(2g) (potential
energy h converted to kinetic energy) .

Final velocity of jets within the tail water before

reaching its bottom = Rising velocity of the bubbles
produced. Empirical estimates recommend a min
depth of 2h/3.
Efficiency Coefficient K;
Unpolluted water K = 0.45 (1+0.046 tC).h
Polluted water K = 0.36 (1+0.046 tC).h
Sewage K = 0.29 (1+0.046 tC).h

h = weir height for straight weir.

lm

for rectangular notcher at least 4 jets/m. weir length the proportionality constant
increases up to 0.64 for heights < 0.70 m.
 Modest increase of K value above 0.7
m ( Do not have step heights < 0.6-
8
0.7m)
6

K CS,
gO2/m3
4

0
0.5 1.0 1.5
length of weir, m
Fig 1: Efficiency coefficient in dependence of
The height of fall over weirs.
 g / m3
 K La (CS  C )
dC
……………………………………………….(1)
dt s

A D A
KLa  2  K L  K La ……………………………………….(2)
 tc 

CS  C
 e K L a..t C = C0 @ t = 0 ……………………………….(3)
CS  C0

ln [(CS – C) / (CS – C0)] = (KLa) t St line ……………………………….(4)

CS  C
 e K L a..t = 1 – K ……………………………………………….(5)
CS  C0

CS  C
K=  1  e K L a..t ……………………………………………….(6)
CS  C0

K
If height of weir being divided into (n) equal steps each having Kn = from Eqn (5)
n

C1 = C0 (1 – Kn) + KnCS ……………………………………………….(7)


Cn = C0 (1 – Kn) + KnCS
Or
K n
Cn = CS – (CS – C0)(1 - )
n

K n
as n   (1 - )  e-K ……………………………………….(8)
n

Subdivision into steps of a height of less than 0.6 m will decrease the
oxygenation effic but will promote CO2 desorption … odor … taste prod VOC step
heights of 0.2-0.40 m are quite common. Cascades require little space (~ 50-200
m2/m3/s).
Example (Application of Eqn 8)

Calculate no of steps for max oxygenation

h = 1.5m, CS = 10 g/m3, C0 = 2 g/m3

Form Fig 1. h = 1.5 m  KCS = 7.0 gO2/m3

K = 7.0/10 = 0.7, K/n = 0.7 (for n = 1)

K
Form Eqn 8, C1 = CS – (CS – C0) (1 - ) = 0.7 CS + 0.3C0 = 7.6 g/m3
n

K 2
C2 = CS – (CS – C0) (1 - ) =0.75 CS + 0.25C0 = 8.0 g/m3 max value
n

C3 = CS – (CS – C0) (1 – 0.35)3 = 7.8 g/m3

Max oxygen concentration is reached at two steps
 142.74
142.55

139.92 140.14 140.36 140.07

0.15 20.20
142.40
139.77 140.77
0.60
141.16 141.80

0.60
141.20
140.33 140.96 141.16 Kgiris= 0.50
0.60 TaşmaSavağı Kot= Kçıkış= 1.00
140.35 140.60 Qpipe= 5.79
22.00 m Dpipe= 2.00
Vpipe= 1.84
Qgaleri= 5.79 m3/s Kvalve= 1.50
137.00 Kgiris= 0.50 HL= 0.52
139.00 Kçıkış= 1.00
Agaleri= 6.25 m2 Apenstok= 6.25
Vgaler= 0.93 m/s No Penst= 2.00
137.00 137.00 Hlgaler= 0.066 Qpens= 5.79
Vpenstk= 0.93

Kpensk= 2.70
HLpenst 0.118 m

1.20 m
133.92
 143.26

142.74
142.55

0.15 20.20
142.40

0.60
141.16 141.80

0.60
141.20
140.96 141.16 Kgiris= 0.50
0.60 TaşmaSavağı Kot= Kçıkış= 1.00
140.60 Qpipe= 5.79 m3/s
22.00 m Dpipe= 2.00 m
Vpipe= 1.84 m/s
Qgaleri= 5.79 m3/s Kvalve= 1.50
137.00 Kgiris= 0.50 HL= 0.52 m
Kçıkış= 1.00
Agaleri= 6.25 m2 Apenstok= 6.25
Vgaler= 0.93 m/s No Penst= 2.00
137.00 Hlgaler= 0.066 Qpens= 5.79
Vpenstk= 0.93

Kpensk= 2.70
 OZON TEMAS TANKI HİDROLİĞİ

Batık Savak
1/ 3
Batık Savak
 Q2 
d c   2 
 gB  H
h

Batık Savak Formülü:

2
Q  C D''0.61B h 2 g ( H  h)  C D B 2 g ( H  h) 3 / 2
3

Perde Hidroliği

 Ab 
   2  5% (% 10’dan fazla olursa kısa devreyi engelleyemez)
 A

Batık orifis denkleminden

Q  C D A 2 g h

Q
h 
CD a B 2g

veya

K180o C dönüş  3.2

V2
h  3.2
2g

Perdelerdeki yük kaybı 0.8 cm geçerse yumaklar kırılır. Perde aralığındaki hızlarından aynı
sebepten 0.3 m/s geçmemeleri gerekir.