Mapua University

School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Final Data Sheet

Experiment 1: Familiarization with Electrical Measuring Instruments
Table 1.1 Measured Data
Trials 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑃𝐿 Given 𝑉𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑉𝐿2
𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝐿2 𝑃𝐿
1 4.929 V 50 A 246.45 W 98.4 Ω 98.58 Ω 98.58 Ω 98.58 Ω
2 4.970 V 6A 7.455 W 0.821 Ω 0.8283 Ω 0.8283 Ω 0.8283 Ω
3 4.982 V 6.8 A 33.8776W 0.749 Ω 0.7326 Ω 0.7326 Ω 0.7326 Ω
4 4.969 V 25 A 124.225W 195.9 Ω 198.76 Ω 198.76 Ω 198.76 Ω
5 4.984 V 6 A 29.904 W 0.828 Ω 0.8307 Ω 0.8307 Ω 0.8307 Ω
6 4.982 V 6.2 A 30.884 W 0.805 Ω 0.8035 Ω 0.8034 Ω 0.8307 Ω
7 4.983 V 7.4 A 36.8742W 0.673 Ω 0.6734 Ω 0.6736 Ω 0.6734 Ω
8 4.988 V 2.5A 12.47 W 1.976 Ω 1.9952 Ω 1.9952 Ω 1.9952 Ω
9 4.989 V 0.5 A 2.4945 W 9.91 Ω 9.978 Ω 9.978 Ω 9.978 Ω
10 4.977 V 0.015 A 74.655 W 328.6 Ω 331.8 Ω 331.8 Ω 331.8 Ω

Table 1.2 Simulated Data

Trials 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑃𝐿 Given 𝑉𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑉𝐿2
𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝐿2 𝑃𝐿
1 4.929V 0.05 A 0.24645 W 98.4 Ω 985.800 Ω 985.800 Ω 985.800 Ω
2 4.970V 6.05 A 30.0685 W 0.821 Ω 0.821 Ω 0.821 Ω 0.821 Ω
3 4.982V 6.65 A 33.13 W 0.749 Ω 0.749 Ω 0.749 Ω 0.749 Ω
4 4.969V 254 A 262.126 W 195.63Ω 195.63 Ω 195.63 Ω 195.63 Ω
5 4.984V 6.02 A 30.00358W 2.827 Ω 0.827 Ω 0.827 Ω 0.827Ω
6 4.982V 6.19 A 30.839 W 0.805 Ω 0.805 Ω 0.805 Ω 0.805 Ω
7 4.983V 7.4 A 36.8742 0.673 Ω 0.673 Ω 0.673 Ω 0.673 Ω
W
8 4.988V 2.52 A 12.5698 1.979 Ω 1.979 Ω 1.979 Ω 1.979 Ω
W
9 4.989V 0.503mA 2.509 W 9.918 Ω 9.918 Ω 9.918 Ω 9.918 Ω
10 4.977V 0.015mA 0.074655 331.800Ω 331.800 Ω 331.800 Ω 331.800 Ω
W
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Interpretation.
The objective of the experiment was to familiarize with the use of electrical
measuring devices. In this experiment, the electrical measuring devices used were
a digital voltmeter and an analog ammeter. A circuit with a 6V power supply was
constructed using a circuit trainer kit according to the diagram as shown in the lab
manual. Using the digital voltmeter and the analog ammeter, the corresponding
voltage and current for each resistor in the circuit were measured for ten trials
using different resistors for each trial. The measured values of voltage and current
for each resistor were used to solve for the power consumed in circuit. The data
was further completed by following the formulas indicated in the table. A
simulated data was also obtained using TinaPro software for comparison of data.
Based on the results, the values of the measured voltages and currents are
close to the values obtained using the software with minimal differences. The
slight difference can be observed in columns 6, 7, and 8 in the table which are
computed values of resistances using the measured voltages and currents and these
values should all be equal to the given value of resistor, as shown and verified in
the simulated data. Comparing these computed values to the given value of
resistance, the results show that the data are close and almost the same with
minimal percent differences. This shows that the electrical measuring devices were
used and connected in the circuit properly and accordingly. In the experiment, the
digital voltmeter was placed and connected in parallel to the circuit element to be
measured. This will allow to measure the potential difference of two points in the
circuit with almost negligible amount of current that pass through the voltmeter
itself which is why the voltmeter should be a high resistive instrument. On the
other hand, the analog ammeter was connected in series with the measured branch
in the circuit. This will allow as much current as possible to pass through which is
why an instrument of low resistance.
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Conclusion.
In this experiment, the specific objectives were to determine the
characteristics and the proper connection of common electrical measuring devices,
to be able to learn how to read measurements of basic electrical measuring devices,
and to become familiar with the basic circuit training kit and learn the proper
connection of the trainer kit devices. The common electrical measuring devices
used in the experiment were a voltmeter and an ammeter. To familiarize with the
use of these electrical measuring devices, a circuit trainer kit was used to create the
circuit and to measure the voltage and current in the circuit. The characteristics and
proper connection of these devices are, the voltmeter is an instrument with high
resistance so that no current will pass through it when measuring the voltage and
should be connected in parallel to the circuit, while, the ammeter is an instrument
of low resistance and must be connected in series in the circuits so that as much
current will pass through it as possible and be measured. The minimal percent
differences in the data could have been caused by human errors and equipment
used in the experiment. In recommendation, it is best to avoid errors as much as
possible to obtain accurate results and also for future experiments, other electrical
measuring devices should be introduced aside from the ones used in the
experiment.
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Questions and Problems

1.) Describe the type of meter movement used in analog meters.

An analog meter uses the current passing to its coil and magnet assembly to pivot the needle
mounted on the meter. The movement of the needle is proportional to the amount of current
that flows on the coil. As the current increases the pointer would also increase its distance
from its initial position.

2.) What device is used to extend the range of a DC ammeter and how is it connected to the
basic meter?

A shunt resistor is placed in parallel with the ammeter to extend the range of the DC
ammeter. The shunt resistor adds more resistance. The resistance added must be less than
the resistance of the ammeter so that it could attract more current. Thus, it would extend
the range of the ammeter.

3.) What device is used to extend the range of a DC voltmeter and how is it connected to the
basic meter?

A multiplier resistor is placed in series of a voltmeter to extend the range of the DC

voltmeter. The multiplier resistor adds resistance to the voltmeter which causes the path of
the voltmeter to draw less current. Thus, it would extend the range of the voltmeter.

4.) Why is it necessary that an ammeter be a low resistance instrument? Why must a voltmeter
be a high resistance instrument?

Voltmeter and ammeter are designed to be that way because meters are not supposed to
change the behavior of the circuits. The ammeter has a low resistance because it is placed
in series with the circuit wherein the potential difference in the ammeter would be zero.
While a voltmeter has a high resistance because it is placed in parallel with the circuit, thus
we need a high resistance so that the current would not flow through the voltmeter.

5.) What type of basic meter is configured as a wattmeter?

A wattmeter has two coils. Each coil is connected to in parallel with the circuit while the
other coil is connected in series with the circuit.
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

6.) Two 150V voltmeter are being compared; meter A has 5KΩ/V while meter B has a total
meter resistance of 750KΩ. Which is the more sensitive meter? Why?

Let S = Sensitivity of voltmeter

𝐾Ω
𝑆𝐴 = 5 ; 𝑆𝑏 = ?
𝑉
Solving for 𝑆𝑏 :
𝑅𝑇𝐵 = 750𝐾Ω
750𝐾Ω 𝐾Ω
𝑆𝐵 = =5
150𝑉 𝑉
𝐾Ω
𝑆𝐵 = 5
𝑉
𝐾Ω
𝑆𝐴 = 𝑆𝐵 = 5
𝑉

Therefore both voltmeters have the same sensitivity. When taking the sensitivity of a
voltmeter, we are to divide the total resistance of the meter with the full-scale reading of
the voltmeter.

7.) What current is required for a full scale deflection of a galvanometer having a sensitivity
of 50𝜇A per scale division? The meter has exactly 50 divisions on either side of the mid-
scale index.

50 𝜇A
𝐼= 𝑥 50 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2,500 𝜇A
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
1 mA
𝐼 = 2,500 𝜇A x
1000 𝜇A
𝑰 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝑨

8.) What potential difference appears across the galvanometer described in problem 6 when
the pointer is fully deflected? The meter resistance is 10Ω.

Let S = Sensitivity of voltmeter

𝐾Ω
𝑆=5 𝑉
𝑅 = 10Ω
𝑉 =?
𝐾Ω −1 𝑉 1𝐾Ω
𝐼 = (5 ) = 0.2 𝑥 = 0.0002 𝐴
𝑉 𝐾Ω 1000Ω
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
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School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

𝑉 = (0.0002𝐴)(10Ω)
1000 𝑚𝑉
𝑉 = 0.002 𝑉 𝑥
1𝑉
𝑉 = 2 𝑚𝑉

9.) Determine the series resistance needed to convert a galvanometer to a voltmeter reading
15V on scale deflection if a current of 2.6mA causes full scale deflection and the resistance
of the coil is 10Ω.

𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑚 )
𝑉𝑇
𝑅𝑠 = −𝑅𝑚
𝐼𝑚
15 𝑉
𝑅𝑠 = − 10 Ω
0.0025 𝐴
𝑅𝑠 = 5990 Ω

10.) Determine the shunt resistance needed to convert a galvanometer to an ammeter

with a full scale reading of 10A if the scale requires 2.5mA to cause full deflection with a
coil resistance of 10Ω.

𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚
𝑅𝑠ℎ =
𝐼𝑇 − 𝐼𝑚

(0.0025 𝐴)(10 Ω)
𝑅𝑠ℎ =
10 𝐴 − 0.0025 𝐴

𝑅𝑠ℎ = 2.501 𝑚Ω
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
 Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering