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    Class Xii Practical Notes Spotters11

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    Harshit Gomladu
    1. The document provides details on experiments and observations from biology practical classes, including stages of gamete development in testes and ovaries, the structure of a blastula, controlled pollination techniques, common disease-causing organisms, and adaptations of plants and animals to xeric and aquatic environments. 2. Key adaptations discussed include spines, thick stems, sunken stomata, and CAM photosynthesis in the xeric-adapted opuntia cactus, and finely dissected leaves, aerenchyma tissue, and lack of stomata in submerged hydrilla plants. 3. Adaptations of desert animals covered are nocturnal activity, not drinking water, solid urine

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    Class Xii Practical Notes Spotters11

    Uploaded by

    Harshit Gomladu
    627 views5 pages
    1. The document provides details on experiments and observations from biology practical classes, including stages of gamete development in testes and ovaries, the structure of a blastula, controlled pollination techniques, common disease-causing organisms, and adaptations of plants and animals to xeric and aquatic environments. 2. Key adaptations discussed include spines, thick stems, sunken stomata, and CAM photosynthesis in the xeric-adapted opuntia cactus, and finely dissected leaves, aerenchyma tissue, and lack of stomata in submerged hydrilla plants. 3. Adaptations of desert animals covered are nocturnal activity, not drinking water, solid urine

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    1. The document provides details on experiments and observations from biology practical classes, including stages of gamete development in testes and ovaries, the structure of a blastula, controlled pollination techniques, common disease-causing organisms, and adaptations of plants and animals to xeric and aquatic environments. 2. Key adaptations discussed include spines, thick stems, sunken stomata, and CAM photosynthesis in the xeric-adapted opuntia cactus, and finely dissected leaves, aerenchyma tissue, and lack of stomata in submerged hydrilla plants. 3. Adaptations of desert animals covered are nocturnal activity, not drinking water, solid urine

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    627 views5 pages

    Class Xii Practical Notes Spotters11

    Uploaded by

    Harshit Gomladu
    1. The document provides details on experiments and observations from biology practical classes, including stages of gamete development in testes and ovaries, the structure of a blastula, controlled pollination techniques, common disease-causing organisms, and adaptations of plants and animals to xeric and aquatic environments. 2. Key adaptations discussed include spines, thick stems, sunken stomata, and CAM photosynthesis in the xeric-adapted opuntia cactus, and finely dissected leaves, aerenchyma tissue, and lack of stomata in submerged hydrilla plants. 3. Adaptations of desert animals covered are nocturnal activity, not drinking water, solid urine

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    PRACTICALS NOTES- BIOLOGY

    CLASS: XII
    SPOTTERS

    Expt.No:1
    Stages of Gamete development.

    Aim: To study and identify the stages of gamete development from the permanent
    slides of T.S. of Testes and T.S. of Ovary.

    (a) T.S. of testis of a mammal

    1. Testis is covered by a thick fibrous tissue called tunica albuginea.


    2. Each testis consists of numerous seminiferous tubules embedded in the
    interstitial tissue.
    3. Various types of germinal cells are present inside the seminiferous tubules in
    the following sequence towards lumen from the tubule wall:
    Spermatogonia (2n) __ Primary Spermatocytes (2n) ____ Secondary
    spermatocytes(n) __Spermatids (n) ____ Spermatozoa or sperms.(n)
    4. In between these germinal cells pyramid shaped sertoli cells are present which
    provide nourishment to the developing spermatozoa.
    5. The lumen of seminiferous tubules contains numerous spermatozoa swimming
    in it with their heads embedded in Sertoli cells.
    6. In the interstitial tissue or stroma leydigs cells are present which produce
    male sex hormone the testosterone.

    (b) T.S. of Ovary of mammal.

    1. The ovary is lined by germinal epithelium which is bounded externally by the


    connective tissue , tunica albuginea.
    2. The ovary consists of outer cortex and inner medulla.
    3. The cortex contains many round or oval bodies called ovarian follicles at
    various stages of development.
    4. The medulla contains blood vessels, nerve fibres and some smooth muscles.
    5. Each follicle contains a large ovum surrounded by many layers of follicle
    cells.
    6. The fully grown mature follicle is called graffian follicle . It is characterized
    by the presence of an ovum , surrounded by a group of follicular cells. It
    also has a fluid – filled cavity called the antrum.
    7. Cortex also contains a large mass of yellow cells called corpus luteum, formed
    in an empty graffian follicle after the release of its ovum.
    EXPT.2
    Study of Blastula
    Aim: To study T.S. of blastula through permanent slide

    Comments.
    1. It is a spherical mass of about 64 cells called blastomeres.
    2. It is composed of an outer envelope of cells the trophoblast and inner cell
    mass.
    3. The cells of the trophoblast later form placenta and help the embryo to obtain
    food from the uterine circulation of mother.
    4. The inner cell mass develops into embryo.
    5. In the centre of blastula there is a fluid filled cavity called blastocoel.
    6. Blastula is the second stage of the embryonic development.

    Expt. No: 3

    Exercise on controlled pollination


    Aim: To comment on the controlled pollination – emasculation, bagging and
    tagging.
    Comments:
    1. It is the technique used for hybridization in plant breeding.
    2. Emasculation is the removal of anthers of a bisexual flower before they
    ripe, to avoid self pollination.
    3. Bagging: The emasculated flower is immediately enclosed in a
    polythene bag to prevent foreign or unwanted pollen from coming in
    contact with the stigma..During artificial pollination, the mature and
    viable pollen grains are collected from male parent, bag is opened and
    pollen are dusted on the stigma of emasculated flower and bag is
    replaced immediately.
    4. Tag is fixed to the emasculated flower, with the name of parent plant,
    date and time of emasculation, controlled pollination and the name of
    plant breeder.

    Expt. No: 4

    Study of common disease causing organisms.

    Aim: To identify common disease causing organisms like- Ascaris,


    Plasmodium and Ringworm through permanent slides or speciments. Comment on the
    symptoms of diseases that they cause.

    (a) Ascaris – Ascaris lumbricodes (round worm)


    1. It is an endoparasite of human intestine
    2. It causes disease Ascariasis, more common in children.
    3. The symptoms of the disease are impaired digestion, diarrhea and vomiting .
    4. In children, it may affect mental efficiency and retard body growth.
    5. It also causes pain in the intestine.
    6. It exhibits sexual dimorphism. Males are smaller than females and the
    posterior end of the male is curved ventrally.
    7. The source of infection is polluted water, soil and vegetables.
    (b) Entamoeba histolytica

    1. It is a protozoan endoparasite of man that resides in the upperpart of the large


    intestine.
    2. It causes the disease called amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis.
    3. The symptoms of the disease include abdominal pain , nausea and diarrhea
    with motion containing blood and mucus.
    4. The parasite may perforate intestinal wall causing ulcers.
    5. It is a single celled , has one pseudopodium, single nucleus and a number of
    food vacuoles.
    6. It spreads through contaminated food and water.

    (c) Ring worm- Tinea

    1. Ringworm is an infectious fungal diseas causing infection of skin , scalp and


    nails.
    2. It is caused by various types of fungi collectively known as Dermatophytes.
    3. Ring worm on the skin appears as pink, raised , spreading ring – shaped
    lesions followed by itching..
    4. Ring worm is spread by direct contact with an infected person or animals
    using towels, clothes and comb of infected person.

    Expt. No: 5

    Adaptations in plants and animals found in xerophytic conditions.

    Aim: To study the plants and animals found in xerophytic conditions.


    (a) Opuntia
    1. Opuntia is a succulent xerophyte which shows modification in the entire plant
    to survive in desert habitat.
    2. In Opuntia the leaves are reduced to spines to prevent the loss of water
    through transpiration.
    3. Stem is thich and fleshy to store water.
    4. Stem is green and take over the function of photosynthesis.
    5. Sunken stomata to reduce transpiration .
    6. CAM ( Crassulacean acid metabolism ) pathway of photosynthesis is shown
    by opuntia stem.
    7. Roots is well developed , capable of absorbing water from deep soil.
    8. Plants have thick cuticle to reduce water loss.

    (b) Calotropis
    1. It is a xerophytic plant.
    2. The plant has a light grey colour which makes it possible for the plant to
    absorb less sunlight.
    3. The leaves and young branches are covered by a mealy coating along with
    hair. It acts as insulating covering.
    4. The leaves are thick and partially leathery. They do not wilt easily
    5. The plant possess latex, which help in retaining water.

    (c) Kangaroo rat


    1. Kangaroo rat is a small desert rat, well adapted to desert life.
    2. It lives in burrows during the day and comes out only at night when the
    temperature is low. This is to avoid heat of the day.
    3. It does not drink water throughout its life. It obtains water from its own
    metabolic processes and from the water stored in food.
    4. It excretes solid urine to conserve water.
    5. It hops like a kangaroo with its powerful legs on the sand. It also throws and
    with its legs on the predator to escape.

    (d) Chameleon
    1. It is a reptilian desert .
    2. It changes its colour to suit its background to protect itself from predators.
    3. It has a long , sticky tongue to catch insects.
    4. It excretes uric acid and solid urine.
    5. Its body is covered by dry epidermal scales to prevent loss of water.

    Expt.No: 6
    Adaptations of plants and animals found in aquatic conditions.

    Aim: To study plants and animals found in aquatic conditions and comment
    upon their adaptations / morphological features.

    (A.) Hydrilla

    1. Hydrilla is a submerged hydrophyte attached to the substratum by adventitious


    roots.
    2. The whole plant is covered over by mucilage to protect the plant against the
    rotting effect of water.
    3. Leaves are finely dissected to provide least resistance to the flow of water.
    4. Leaves lack stomata.
    5. Conducting tissues poorly developed.
    6. Stem is soft, thin , long and very flexible , to bend easily along with water cu
    Roots are poorly developed.
    7. Stem has aerenchyma helping in buoyancy.
    8. Roots are poorly developed

    (B) Eichhornia (Water hyacinth)

    1. Eichhornia is a free floating plant.


    2. The roots are poorly developed without root hair and root cap.
    3. The stem is soft , long , thin runs along the surface of the water called offset.
    4. The leaves are large, tough , thick arranged rosette like.
    5. Stomata are present only on the upper surface of leaf .
    6. Petiole of the leaf is large and inflated due to air spaces of aerenchyma tissue.
    .
    (C) Fish
    1. Body spindle – shaped which provides least resistance to the fish while
    moving in the water.
    2. Body is covered by scales and slimy substances which protects the fish from
    osmotic entry of water in the body.
    3. It possess fins that help in swimming .
    4. It has air bladder which maintain buoyancy.
    5. It has gills as organ of respiration.

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