MODUL MATA KULIAH GRAMMAR

BASIC GRAMMAR ENGLISH

DISUSUN OLEH:
FENNY INDRIYANI 1988203006
YUSNANI 19882030
NUR ERMAYANI 19882030
SALSA SABILA JULIANTI 19882030
ISMA AYUNI 19882030
SILVI SAFIRA ANJANI 19882030
MINARNI 19882030
FITRIA ANNISHA 19882030
YESI FAUZIA 19882030

DOSEN PENGAMPU:
WIDA RIANTI, M. Pd.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS PAHLAWAN TUANKU TAMBUSAI
2019
 i

FOREWORD

Praise our prayers to God Almighty for our grace and grace given health and
patience to us so that the writing of this basic English grammar book is
completed.

This book is structured with the aim of providing teaching English subjects for
students. This teaching material is designed so that students and teachers can use
it in the learning process. Learning materials and questions are developed with
the principles of the Communicative Approach to develop students' competencies
in language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing, and to
increase vocabulary in English.

Learning activities are developed to make students individually, in pairs, and

small groups actively learn English through activities to understand and use
English to express ideas and feelings naturally.

Bangkinang on January 10, 2020

Writer
 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i...........................................................................................................FOREWORD
ii.......................................................................................TABLE OF CONTENTS
1...........................................................................................................CHAPTER 1
1...............................................................................................................USING BE
12.........................................................................................................CHAPTER 2
12.......................................................................................USING BE AND HAVE
21.........................................................................................................CHAPTER 3
21......................................................................USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT
34........................................................................................................CHAPTER 4
34.........................................................USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
38.........................................................................................................CHAPTER 5
38.................................................................TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT
54.........................................................................................................CHAPTER 6
54.................................................................................NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
64.........................................................................................................CHAPTER 7
64.................................................................COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
70.........................................................................................................CHAPTER 8
70................................................................EXPRESSING PAST TIME, PART 1
80........................................................................................................CHAPTER 9
80................................................................EXPRESSING PAST TIME, PART 2
86.......................................................................................................CHAPTER 10
86...........................................................EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME PART 1
97.............................................................................................................Chapter 11
97..........................................................................Expressing Future Time, Part 2
100.....................................................................................................CHAPTER 12
100...............................................MODALS, PART 1: EXPRESSING ABILITY
105.....................................................................................................CHAPTER 13
. .MODALS, PART 2: ADVICE, NECESSITY, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
105
118.....................................................................................................CHAPTER 14
118.................................................................................NOUNS AND MODIFIER
124.....................................................................................................CHAPTER 15
124........................................................................................................POSSESIVE
129.....................................................................................................CHAPTER 16
129..............................................................................MAKING COMPARISONS
 1

CHAPTER 1

USING BE

: The Learning Objectives

:By the end of this chapter, you will be able to
 Form noun + is + noun = singular
 Form noun + are + noun = plural
 Form pronoun + be + noun
 Use contraction with be
 Use negative with be
 Form be + adjective
 Form be + a place
 Summary: basic sentence patterns with be

NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR 1-1

NOUN + IS + NOUN
 (a) Canada is a country.

”Singular means “one

:In (a)
Canada = a singular noun
is = a singular verbs
country = a singular noun
 (b) Mexico is a country.

.A frequently comes in front of singular nouns

.In (b): a comes in front ofnthe singular noun country
.”A is called an “article
 (c) A cat is an animal.
 2

A and an have the same meaning. They are both articles. A is used in front of
words that begin with consonant: b, c, d, f, g, etc. Example: a bed, a cat, a dog, a
.friend, a girl
An is used in font of words that begin with a, e, i, and o*. Eample: an animal. An
.ear, an island, an office
:EXERCISE
!!!Directions: Complete the sentences. Use an article (a or an)
1. A horse is an animal
2. English is ...... language
3. Tokyo is ....... city
4. Australia is .... country
5. .... be is ..... insect

NOUN + ARE + NOUN: PLURAL 1-2

NOUN + ARE + NOUN
 (a) Cats are animals.

 (b) SINGULAR: a cat, an animal

PLURAL: cats, animals

 (c) SINGULAR: a city, a country

PLURAL: cities, countries

NOUN and NOUN + ARE + NOUN
 (d) Canada and china are countries
 3

 (e) Dogs and cats are animals

 Plural means “two, three, or more”.

Cats = a plural noun

Are = a plural verb
Animals = a plural noun
 Plural nouns end in –s.

 A and an are used only with singular nouns.

 Some singular nouns that end in –y have a special plural form: They omit
the –y and add –ies.*

 Two nouns connected by and are followed by are. In (d): Canada is a

singular noun. China is a singular noun. They are connected by and.
Together they are plural, i.e., “more than one”

:EXERCISE
!!!Directions: Change the singular sentences to plural sentences
1. A computer is a machine = Computers are machines
2. A rabbit is an animal = ..............................
3. A chicken is a bird = .............................
4. A dictionary is a book = ..................................
5. A rose is a flower = ..................................
 4

PRONOUN + BE + NOUN 1-3

SINGULAR
PRONOUN + BE + NOUN
a student am I (a)
a student are You (b)
is a student She (c)
is a student He (d)
a country is It (e)

PLURAL
PRONOUN + BE + NOUN
a students are We (f)
a students are You (g)
a students are They (h)
I
You
We
= pronoun They
He
She
 5

Am
= forms of be Is
Are
 It

Rita is in my class (i)

.She is a student =
Tim is in my class (j)
.He is a student =
Rita and Tom are in my class (k)
.They are students =
.Pronouns refer to nouns
In (i): she (feminine) = Rita
In (j): he (masculine) = Tom
In (k): they = Rita and Tom
:EXERCISE
Directions: Complete the sentences. Use a verb (am,is,or are). Use a noun
!!!(a student or students)
1. We are students
2. Rita ................
3. Rita and Tom .............
4. I ................
5. You (one person) ............

CONTRACTIONS WITH BE 1-4

AM: PRONOUN + BE = CONTRACTION
I + am = I`m
.Example: I`m a student
+ is = she`s she IS:
.Example: She`s a student
+ is = he`s he
 .Example: He`s a student
+ is = it`s it
.Example: It`s a city
ARE: you + are = you`re
.Example: You`re a student
we + are = we`re
.Example: We`re students
they + are = they`re
.Example: They`re students
:EXERCISE
!!!Directions: Complete the sentences. Use contractions (pronoun + be)
1. Vandi is a student. He’s in my class
2. I like ice cream ......... yummy
3. I have a pencil ...... on my bag
4. I go to school ....... a student
5. Mom and dad live in apartment ... on jaya street

NEGATIVE WITH BE 1-5

 Not make a sentences negative.
 Contractions: be and not can be contracted. Note that " i am" has only one
contraction with be, as in (a), but there aretwo contractions with be for (b)
through (g).

.I am not a teacher (a)

.You are not a teacher (b)
.She is not a teacher (c)
.He is not a teacher (d)
.It is not a city (e)
.We are not teachers (f)
.You are not a teacher (g)
.They are not teachers (h)

CONTRACTION
I`m not
 You`re not / you aren`t
She`s not / she isn`t
He`s not / he isn`t
It`s not / it isn`t
We`re not / we aren`t
You`re not / you aren`t
They`re not / they aren`t
 :EXERCISE
Directions:Write sentences using is, isn’t, are, and aren’t and the given
!!!information
1. Africa/ city ... It/contient = Africa isn’t a city. It’s a continent.
2. Jakarta/ country... It/ city = ...........................................................
3. Asia/ country... It/continent =..................................................................
4. Canada/ country... It/ city = .....................................................................
5. Baghdad and Chicago/ city...They/ continent =..................................

BE + ADJECTIVE 1-6
+ ADJECTIVENOUN + BE
.round A ball is (a)
.round are Balls (b)
.intelligent is Mary (c)
.intelligent Mary and Tom are (d)

ADJECTIVE BE + PRONOUN +
.hungry am I (e)
.young is She (f)
.happy are They (g)

:EXERCISE
!!!Diretions: Complete the sentences. Use is, isn’t, are or aren’t
1. A ball isn’t square
2. Lemons ..... yellow
3. The sun ..... bright today
4. My shoes ..... comfortable
5. My pen .... heavy. It ..... light
 BE + A PLACE 1-7
.here = a place Maria is here. (a)
at the library = a place. Be is often Bob is at the library. (b)
. follwed by a place
here
there
downstairs
upstairs Maria is (c)
inside
outside
downtown
.A place may be one word, as in the examples in (c)

NOUN + PREPOSITION
.the library at
.the bus on
.his room in Bob is (d)
.work at
.Maria next to
A place may be a prepositional phrase (preposition + noun) , as in (d)
 SUMMARY: BASIC SSENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE 1-8
NOUN + BE + SUBJECT
.a student am I (a)
The noun or pronooun that comes at the begining of a sentence is called the
.”“subject
ADJECTIVE + BE + SUBJECT
.intelligent is He (b)
.Be is a “verb”. Almost all english sentences have a subject and a verb

A PLACE + BE + SUBJECT
.in class are We (c)
.upstairs is She (d)
c and d Notice in the examples: There are three basic completions for sentences
.that begin with a subject + the verb be

:EXERCISE
Directions: Write the form of be (am, is,or are) that is used in each
!!!sentence. Then write the grammar stucture that follows be
1. We’re students. Are + a noun
2. Anna is in Rome .......+..........
3. Im hungry .......+..........
4. Im in class .......+...........
5. Ahe’s sick ........+..........
 CHAPTER 2

USING BE AND HAVE

: The Learning Objectives
:By the end of this chapter, you will be able to
 Using be and have

Be: forms
 Be is an irregular verb with several forms:

Present : (I) am, (he,she,it) is (you,we,they) are + -ing form: being

Past: ( I, he, she,it) was,(you,we,they) were + -ed form: been
:Example
1. I’m in college at the moment.
2. Where is she?
3. He was her first husband
4. Were you at the U2 concert
5. The weather has been really nice since june.

Be: uses
 We use be as a main verb and an auxiliary verb.

Be as a main verb
 Be as a main verb has a number of meanings.
 Qualities : we use be to talk about permanent or temporary qualities or
states.

For example: 1. My father is old now

The weather was terrible .2
 When we use there as a subject with be, we use there is + singular noun
and there are + plural noun :
 .There are lots of wonderful places to see on the south coast
.Not: there is lots of wonderful places to see on the south coast

 Nationality and group identity : we use be to talk about our nationality and
our identity within groups or clubs.

?For example: 1. Is she Irish or English

.I’am an Arsenal fan .2

 Jobs and professions : we can use be talk about a person’s job or

profession. Note the use of a with singular names of jobs and professions.

.For example: 1. He’s a firefighter

Not: he’s firefighter
.both of my brother are policemen .2
.my grandmother was a nurse .3
 Age : we use be to talk about age.

.For example: 1. I was seventeen when met bob

?how old is she .2

 Relationships : we use be to talk how people are relacted.

.For example: 1. He is my first cousin

they are my best friends .2
?are you her sister .3

 Place: we can use be to refer to where places and things are situated.

.For example: 1. Her house is on the edge of the lake

.the shops are at the end of the street .2

 Time : we use be to talk about times and date.

?For example: 1. What time is it

 !we are always late .2

YES/NO QUESTION WITH BE (2-1)

QUESTION STATEMENT In a question, be comes in a
.front of the subject
BE + SUBJECT SUBJECT + BE

a. Is Nisha a student? Nisha is a student PUNCTUATION: a question

b. Are they athome? They are athome .(?)ends with a questions mark
A statement ends with a
.(.)period

▪ EXERCISE 1. QUESTIONS PRACTICE.

1. A: Is Mrs. Isma a teacher?

.B: Yes mrs.isma is a teacher
2. A: ____________________
.B: Yes,carrot are vegetables
3. A: ______________________
.B: Yes, english grammar is fun
4. A: ______________________
.B: Yes, I am ready for the next grammar chart
5. A: ______________________
.B: Yes, caca and yesi are here today

SHORT ANSWERS TO YES/NO QUESTIONS (2-2)

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER
 Spoken contractions are not
used in short answers that
.a)Is nisha a student? ➡ Yes, she is
.begin with yes
No, she’s not ➡
In (a): incorrect: Yes, she’s
.No, she isn’t ➡

.b) Are they athome? ➡ Yes, they are

No, they aren’t ➡
In (b): incorrect: Yes, they’re

.c) Are you ready? ➡ Yes, I am

No, I’m not ➡
In (c): incorrect: Yes,I’m
EXERCISE 2

1. A: Are you tired?

B: No, I’m not. (I’m not tired.)
2. A: Is anna in your class?
B: Yes,she is. (Anna is in my class)
3. A: __________________
B:____________________________(Verel is homesick)
4. A: __________________
B: ____________________________(I’m not merried)
5. A: __________________
B: ____________________________(Tom and I are roomates)

QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE (2-3)

.Where asks about places. Where comes at the beginning of the questions, in front of be
QUESTION SHORT ANSWER+(LONG ANSWER)
BE + SUBJECT
(a) Is the book on the table? ➡ Yes,it is. (The book is on the
table.)
(b) Are the books on the table? ➡ Yes, they are. (The books are on
the table.)
 BE + BE + SUBJECT
(c) Where is the book? ➡ On the table. (The book is on the table)
(d) Where are the books? ➡ On the table. (The books are on the
table).

▪ Exercise 3

1. A: Is fenny at home?

B: Yes, she is.(fenny is at home)

2. A: Where is fenny?

B: At home.(fenny is at home)
3. A: ______________

B: In class.(the students are in class today)

4. A: ______________

B: Yes,it is. (cairo is in egypt)

5. A: ______________

B: Over there.(the bus stop is over there)

Have:forms
Have is an irregular verb. Its three forms are have,had,has. The present simple
.third person singular is has
.Example : 1. We usually have breakfast at about eight
I had a strange dream last night .2
.She has quite dark hair .3
Have: uses
.We use have as a main verb and an auxiliary verb
Have :typical error
.We don’t use have in the third person singular of the present simple
 .Example : A meeting has been set up for Monday,4pm
.Not: A meeting have been set up for Monday,4pm
Have as a main verb
.The main verb have has lots of uses
 Possession : We use have to talk about things that we own or posses.

?Example: 1. Do you have a car

.They have two dogs, Scruffy and milly .2
 Event , actions,experiences and activities.

Example : I’m going to have a bath

.We have a break at 10 am
 Eating food and meals: we had a wonderful meal in the new restaurant on
elm street.

.Example : A: Two coffes,please

?B: Large or small
?A: Er large, you want a large one,do you
C: Mhm. Can I have a cake as well? Shall we have lunch together
?sometime
 Days or parts of day

!!Example : Have a nice day

.I had such a tough day
?Did you have a nice morning (or afternoon,evening,birthday,holiday)

.Other common expressions with have

Have a baby Have a think

Have a try Have a problem

Have a go Have a feeling/tense

 Have an operation Have a clue/idea

Have a long wait Have a laugh

Have a shock Have a surprise

Have: using the continuous form

 We can use the continuous form to talk about an activity that is happening:

.She’s having a bath right now. She’ll call you back

 We use the continuous form to talk about an activity that is planned for a
future time:

.They’re having a surprise party for mike on Saturday night

She’s having a baby in june
 We use the continuous form of have when the event or action is ongoing or
repeated:

She was having nightmare for a year after the accident.( A nightmare is a
bad dream)
.He’s having trouble with his car

Have as an auxiliary verb

 Have is one of three auxiliary verb in english: be,do,and have. We use
have before –ed forms to make the present perfect and past perfect.

Present perfect Past perfect

Have+ -ed form Had + -ed form

They have moved house We had paid in advance

 He’s studied a lot.(full I’d known her for years.(full
form:has) form:had)

.We use have, not do, to make questions and negatives of perfect verb forms
Present perfect Past perfect

?Have you seen maria Had they been waiting for

?long
Not : Do you have Not : Did they had

I haven’t eaten yet We hadn’t brought a map

Not : I don’t have Not : We didn’t had

As a primary auxiliary, have and its forms are used to show ideas such as
.possession,relationships,physical sensation etc
Example : 1. I have a headache. (physical feeling)
She has a diamond necklace. (possession) .2
He has two brother and one sister. (relationships) .3
Have can also be used as a modal auxiliary verb. As a modal auxiliary verb, have
.is used to make perfect tense forms

USING HAVE AND HAS (2-4)

SINGULAR PLURAL I ➡ Have + subject
You ➡ Have + subject
(a) I have a pen (f) We have pens We. ➡ Have + subject
(b) You have a pen (g) You have pens They ➡ Have + subject
(c) She has a pen (h) They have pens
(d) He has a pen She ➡ Has + subject
(e) It has blue ink He ➡ Has + subject
It ➡ Has + subject
 ▪ Exercise 4

1. We have grammars books.

2. I ______ a dictionary.
3. Nani ________ a blue pen. She _______ a blue notebook too.
4. You _________ a pen in your pocket.
5. Bob _________ a notebook on his desk
6. I _______ a handphone
7. Ducks ________ feathers
8. A duck _______ a beak.
9. I _______ a grammar book. It _______ a red grammar book.
10. Mrs . caca and mr. Fajar ___________ two daughters.

CHAPTER 3

USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple Present Tense is a form of time used to express an action or activity that is
.taking place / happening at the present time
 A. FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE
PRESENT

Singula Plural
r
One I We
person
Two You You
person
Three She They
He
person
It
:The verb after she, he, it (three person) has a final s. Example
 Talk ~ talks
 Work ~ works

.The simple present tense expresses habits

.Example: Eat, speak, sleep, go and etc
:The time description for the Simple Present Tense used is
,Every hour
,Every minute
,Every morning
,Everyday
,In the morning
,Once a week
,On Sunday
.At five o'clock and any others
 :EXERCISE
.Directions: Choose the correct completions
1. My mother and father............breakfast at 7:00 every day.
(eat/eats)
2. My mother................tea with her breakfast.(drink/drinks)
3. I............a bath every morning.(take/takes)
4. My sister ...............a shower. (take/takes)
5. I.............english with my friends. (study/studies)

B. USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS,

USUALLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, SELDOM, RARELY,
AND NEVER

Frequency adverb are adverbs and other constructions (usually in the form of
.phrases) that state how often an activity is carried out or an event occurs
No Frequency object Sentence
100 Always Bob always eats breakfast
%
90 Usually Mary usually eats breakfast
%-
99
%
75 OFten They often watch tv at night
%-
90
%
25 SOmetimes Tom sometimes watches tv
%-
75
%
5% Seldom I seldom watch tv
-
10
%
 1% Rarely I rarely drink milk
-
10
%
0% Never I never eat paper

Frequency adverb put between the subject and the simple present
verb.

:EXERCISE
Directions: write S over the subject and V over the verb in each sentence. Then
.rewrite the sentences, adding the italicized frequency adverbs
1. Always.
The student speak english in the classroom.
Answer:............................
2. Usually.
Sonya eats lunch at the cafetaria.
Answer:..........................
3. Often.
We listen to music after dinner.
Answer:..........................
4. Sometimes.
I have tea with dinner
Answer:.......................
5. Seldom.
I watch TV in the morning.
Answer: ......................
6. Rarely.
Joe drinks tea.
Answer: .........................
7. Never.
I eat carrots for breakfast.
Answer: ..........................
 C. OTHER FREQUENCY EXPRESSIONS

.We can express frequency by saying how many times something happens
.a. I drink tea once a day Example:
.b. I see my grandparents three times a week
c. I see my doctor every year.

To say how often something happens, you can use a number or several or many
:Followe by times
 One a week/month/year
 Twice a year/day
 Several times a year

:We can also use every+period time

 Every morning
 Every day
 Every week
 Every month.

Or a day of the week with s at the end, means the same as every ( day )
:For example
 I take a dance class on Wednesdays.
 I relax on Saturdays.

D. USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE

a. Subject+Be( Am, Is Are, )+Frequency Adverbs

:For example sentences

Tom is always late for class
.Tom is usually late for class
.Tom is often late for class
.Tom is sometimes late for class
.Tom is seldom late for class
.Tom is rarely late for class
.Tom is never late for class
 b. Subject+frequency adverb+other simple present
verbs

Tom always comes late

.Tom usually comes late
.Tom often comes late
.Tom sometimes comes late
.Tom seldom comes late
.Tom rarely comes late
.Tom never comes late
E. SPELLING AND PRONOUNCIATION OF FINAL-ES

:Verbs ending in the letters "ch, o, s, sh, x" plus the suffix "-es", for example
Pass - Passes
Finish - Finishes
Teach - Teaches
Go - Goes
Fix – Fixes
:EXERCISE
.Directions: use the verb in italics to complete the sentences
1. ( brush ) Alice ........... Her hair every morning.
2. ( teach ) Alex ............ English.
3. ( fix) Jason .............his breakfast every morning. He makes
eggs and toast.

F. ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y

Verbs that end with the letter "-y" and begin with a dead letter, the suffix "-
:y" is changed to "-i" then added "-es", for example
Study - Studies
Carry - Carries
Cry – Cries
Whereas the verb ends with the letter "-y" beginning with a vowel, just
:add the suffix "-s", for example
Buy - Buys
Play - Plays
Say – Says

G. IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES,

GOES

:For example
1. I have a book.
2. I do my work.
3. They go to school.

:Have, do, and go have irregular forms for third person singular
Have-has
Do-does
Go-goes
:For example
1. He has a book.
2. She does her work
3. She goes to school.
 :EXERCISE
.Directions: use the given verbs to complete the sentences
1. ( do ) Pierre always ......... His homework.
2. ( do ) We always ........... Our homework.
3. ( have ) Yoko and Hamid ............ Their book.
4. ( have ) Mrs. Chang ............... a car.
5. ( go ) Andy ...........to school everyday.
6. ( go) My friends often ............. To the beach.

H. THE SIMPLE PRESENT : YES/NO QUESTIONS

For subject I, You, We, They for question used do

:Example
Do I like coffe?
Do you like coffe?
Do we like coffe?
Do they like coffe?

For subject she, he, it for question used does

:Example
Does she like coffe?
Does he like coffe?
Does it taste good?

: And we can answer

Yes, I do
No, I don’t
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
 31

:EXERCISE
.Directions: make questions. Give short answer
1. A. Do you like tea?
B. ....................... ( I like tea )

2. A. Do you like coffe?

B. ....................... ( I don’t like coffe )

3. A. ...........................
B. ............................ ( Jim doesn’t do his homework everyday )

4. A. ..............................
B. .......................... ( it rains a lot in April )
5. A. ...........................
B. .......................... ( frogs don’t have tails)

I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION

QUESTIONS WITH WHERE

Form(where+do/does+subject+main Short answer

verb)
?Do they live in Miami(a) Yes, they do
?Where do they live(b) No, they don’t
In Miami
?Does Gina live in Rome(a) Yes, she does
?topWhere does Gina live(b) No,she doesn’t
In Rome
:EXERCISE
.Directions makes questions
1. A. ............................
B. Yes, she does. ( Jean eats lunch at the cafetaria everyday.)

2. A. ............................
B. At the post office. ( Peter works at the post office.)

3. A. ..........................
B. Yes, I do. ( I live in an apartment.)

4. A. ........................
B. In class. ( the students are in class right now.)

5. A. ........................
 32

B. At the university of Toronto. ( Jessica goes to school at the university of

Toronto.)
J. THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION
QUESTIONS WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME

Form(question Short answer

word+do/does+subject+main
verb)
?when do you go to class(a) At nine o’clock
(b)what time do you go to At nine o’clock
class?
(c)when does Anna eat dinner? At six P.M8
(d)what time does Anna eat At six P.M
dinner?
(e)what time do you usually go
to class?

The frequency adverb usually comes immediately after the subject in a question. With
.formula: Question word+do/does+subject+usually+main verb
:EXERCISE
.Directions: makes questions
1. A. ...........................
B. At 7.30. ( I eat breakfast at 7.30 in the morning.)

2. A. ...........................
B. At 6.30. ( Maria usually gets up at 6.30.)

3. A. ..........................
B. At half-fast twelve. ( I usually eat lunch at half-fast twelve.)

4. A. .........................
B. At 10 P.M. ( the library closes at 10.00 P.M on Sunday.)

K. SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO

Question word+be+subject Long answer

?Where is thailand Thailand is in southeast Asia
?Where are your books My books are on my desk
 33

?When is the concert The concert is on April3rd

?What is your name My name is Hamid
?What time is it It is ten-thirty

Question word+do+subject+main verb Long answer

?Where do you live I live in Bangkinang
?What time does the plane arrive The palne arrives at six-
fifteen
?What do monkeys eat Monkeys eat fruit, plants,
.and insects
?When does Bob study .Bob studies in the evening

CHAPTER 4
USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

A. BE + ING: THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something going on
now. This tense is formed with the helping "tobe" verb, in the present tense, plus the present
participle of the verb (withan -ing ending). The present progressive can suggest that an action
is going to happen in thefuture, especially with verbs that convey the idea of a plan or of
.movement from one place or condition to another
:Example
 I am sitting in class right now.
 Rita is sitting in class right now.
 You are sitting in class right now.
.The present progressive is also called the present continuous tense or the continuous present
:Exercise
.Directions: look at the picture and describe the activity used the present progressive
1. Rabbit (eat a carrot )

2. Elephant (eat with cubs )

 34

B. SPELLING OF ING

 A consonant + e = drop the e and adding.

Example:
1. Smile : smiling
2. Write : writing.

 One vowel +one consonant = doble the consonant and adding.

Example:
1. Sit : sitting.
2. Rub : running.
 Two vowel + one consonant = adding, don't double the consonant.
Example:
1. Read: reading.
2. Rain : raining.
 Two consonant= adding, don’t double the consonant.
Example:
1. Stand : standing.
2. Push : pushing.

:Exercise
.Directions : write the –ing forms for the following words
1. Come : ......................
2. Dream :.....................
3. Snow : .....................
4. Study : ....................
5. Dine : ......................

C. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: NEGATIVES

.With the form is : subject + tobe ( am, is, are ) + not + ing + main verb
:Example
1. Iam not sleeping. I am awake.
2. Ben is not listening. He is day dreaming.
Example question and answer
: Question
.Otto : not watching the news / talking on the phone
.Answer : otto is not watching the news. He is talking on the phone

D. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS.

 35

Question Short answer

Be + subject + ing
 Is Mary sleeping? Yes, sheis
No, she is not
 Are you watching Yes, i am
TV? No, I am not
Q-word + be + subject + ing
 Where is Mary In bed
sleeping?
 What is Tedy A movie
watching? .Because I like this program
 Why are you
watching TV?

:EXERCISE
.Directions: make questions
1. ............... Student?
(yes, she is) ( the teacher is helping students )
2. .................. Outside?
( no, it is not ) ( it is not raining outside )

E. THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Statement Question In negatives

 The simple  The simple  The simple present
present present uses uses do and does and
express do and does the simple progressive
habits or as helping
uses am, are andis +
usual verbs in
activities. question. not.
Example: Example:
Example : (a) I don’t sit in
(a) I sit in (a) do you
class everyday. (b) I am
class sit in class
not sitting in class right
everyday. everyday?.
.now
(b)the (b) does the
teacher teacher
writes on write on the
the board board
everyday. everyday?
 The  The present
 36

present progressive
progressiv use sam, is,
e expresses and are in
actions question.
that are Example (a)
happening are you
right now. sitting in
Example : class right
the teacher now? (b) is
is writing the teacher
on the writing on
board the board
right now. right now?

F. NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRSSIVE

Example of non action verb
1. Dislike
2. Hate
3. Like
4. Love
5. Need
6. Want
7. Hear
8. See
9. Smell
10. Taste

G. SEE, LOOK AT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN To.

1. I see many things in this room.

See = a non action verb. See ing happens because my eyes are open.
See ing is a physical reaction, not a planned action.
2. I am looking at the clock. I want to know the time.
Look at an action verb.Look ing is a planned or purpose full action.
Looking happens for a reason
3. Watch an action verb. I watch something for a long time but I look something
gor a short time.
4. I am in my apartment. I am trying to study. I hear music from then ext
apartment.
Hear a non action verb
5. I am in my apartment. I am studying. I have a tape recorder. I am listening to
music. I like to listen to music when I study.

H. THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT

Think + about + a noun
:Example
 37

1. I think about my family everyday

2. I am thinking about grammar right now.

Think + that + a statement

:Example
1. I think that sue is lazy
2. Sue thinks that I am lazy.
3. I think that the wear her is nice.

:EXERCISE
Direction: used I think that to give you opinion
1. English grammar is easy/hard/fun / interesting.
2. People in this city are friendly / unfriendly / kind / cold
3. Baseball / football / soccer / golf is interesting / boring / confusing /etc.

CHAPTER 5

TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT

5-1 Using It To Talk About Time

In English Language, people usually use it to talk about time. It means that if anyone one
asks about time, the other person answering him starts his sentence with it.

:Examples
a) What day is it? It's Monday.
b) What month is it? It's September.
c) What year is it? It's 2008.
d) What's the date today? It's _________.
e) What time is it? It's 9:00*
It's nine.
It's nine o'clock.
 38

It's nine A.M.

EXERCISE 5-1There + Be :

.What time is it? Choose the right answer .1

.It's a quarter past six .It's five past three

.It's half past eleven .It's half past three .It's five past four

.It's eleven o'clock .It's a quarter to six .It's five to four

.It's twelve o'clock

.It's ten past eleven .It's twenty to nine

.It's half past four
.It's ten to twelve .It's nine to twenty
.It's four o'clock
.It's ten past twelve .It's twenty past eight
.It's half past five
 39

.It's four past ten .It's a quarter to five .It's half past two

.It's ten to four .It's a quarter past five .It's twenty-five to two

.It's ten past four

.It's a quarter past four .It's twenty-five past two

5-2 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

What is a preposition of time?

A preposition of time is a preposition that allows you to discuss a specific time period such as
a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something takes place.
Prepositions of time are the same words as prepositions of place, however they are used in a
different way. You can easily distinguish these prepositions, as they always discuss times
rather than places.
 At – This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals,
and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”
 In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries,
general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”
 On – This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or portions
of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year’s Day.”

Examples of Prepositions of Time.

There may only be three prepositions of time, but the ways in which you can use them are
almost endless. In the following examples, the prepositions of time have been italicized for
ease of identification.
 40

 My birthday falls in January.

 Birds often migrate in spring and autumn.
 My great-grandmother was born in 1906.
 Breakfast is a meal which is generally eaten in the morning.
 My parents grew up in the 1960s.
 My vacation ends on Monday.
 We’re going bowling on Friday night.
 My brother John was born on September 3rd.
 We always have a huge celebration on New Year’s Eve.
 Meet me at 7:30.
 The town is always well-decorated at Christmastime.
 Now that my grandfather is older, he no longer drives at night.
 41

EXERCISE5-2 Prepositions Of Time:

 42

5.3 USING IT TO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER

1.Talking about the weather – conversation starters

“Lovely day, isn’t it!”
“Bit nippy today.”
“What strange weather we’re having!”
“It doesn’t look like it’s going to stop raining today.”

2.Attitude to weather
Although British people like to complain about bad weather, they generally “put a
brave face on it”.
If someone complains about too much rain, you might hear:
“Never mind – it’s good for the garden.”
If someone complains that it’s too hot, you could hear:
“At least my tomatoes will be happy.”
If the conversation has been about general bad weather, perhaps someone will say:
“Well, I’ve heard it’s worse in the west. They’ve had terrible flooding.”

3.Predicting the weather

When we’re talking about the weather, we often make predictions. Remember to use a
range of forms – not just the “will” or “going to” form:
“I think it’ll clear up later.”
“It’s going to rain by the looks of it.”
“We’re in for frost tonight.”
“They’re expecting snow in the north.”
“I hear that showers are coming our way.”

4.Human attributes
We also attribute human features to the weather, almost as if the weather can decide what
to do:
“The sun’s trying to come out.”
“It’s been trying to rain all morning.”
“It’s finally decided to rain.”
 43

EXERCISE 5-3 USING IT TO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER:

 44

5.4 THERE + BE
There-Be
 Phrase
(third-person singular simple present singular there is, plural there are, present
participle there being, simple past singular there was, plural there were, past
participle singular there has been, plural there have been)
 to exist, physically or abstractly
 Usage Notes
 when introducing more than one noun phrase, the verb agrees with
the numberof the first noun phrase.
there is a swing and a seesaw for kids.
 Origin
 the expletive there, from old english þær, to fill the first position in an
existential sentence of the verb-second word order.

5.5 THERE + BE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

Yes/No questions – be (am, are, is)
Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.
 Sentence: You are from Germany.
 Question: Are you from Germany?
We always use the short answer, not only Yes or No.
NOTE:
If the answer is Yes, we always use the long form. → Example: Yes, I am.
If the answer is No, we either use the long or the contracted form (short form). → Example:
No, I am not → No, I'm not.
Verb Subject Rest Yes/No Subject Verb
Are you from Germany? Yes, I am.
Are you from Germany? No, I am not
'm not.
Is he your friend? Yes, he is.
Are Peter and John from England? Yes, they are.
THERE + BE: ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY
 HOW MUCH ...? - (Quantity)
How much is used with uncountable nouns.
HOW MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
 45

How much time do we have to finish the test?

How much money did you spend?
How much sugar would you like in your coffee?
How much paper will I need?
How much milk is in the fridge?
How much traffic was there on the way to work?
If the verb To Be is used with an uncountable noun, it is in singular form (= IS or
WAS etc.)
 HOW MANY ...? - (Quantity)
How many is used when we want to know the QUANTITY of something.
It is only used with plural countable nouns.
HOW MANY + PLURAL NOUN
How many days are there in January?
How many people work in your company?
How many cousins do you have?
How many books did you buy?
How many countries are there in the world?
How many students are in the class right now?
How many chairs are there in this room?
How many pieces of chocolate would you like?

EXERCISE 5-4 There + Be, 5-5 There + Be: Yes/No Questions& 5-6 There + Be: Asking
Questions With How Many :
 46

5-7 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

What is a preposition of place?
A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where
something or someone is located. There are only three prepositions of place, however they
can be used to discuss an almost endless number of places.
 At – A preposition of place which is used to discuss a certain point
 In – A preposition of place which is used to discuss an enclosed space
 On – A preposition of time which is used to discuss a surface
Prepositions of place allow you to be very specific when talking about where action takes
place in stories or when discussing important details for communication purposes.
EXERCISE 5-7 Prepositions Of Place :
 47

Examples of
Prepositions of Place :
Prepositions of place
give you the ability to
tell others where
something is located. In
the following examples,
the prepositions of place
have been italicized for
ease of identification.
Jessie waited for
Jim at the corner.
The mall is located at the
intersection of Main
Street and Third Avenue.
We spent a quiet
evening at home.
I’m growing
tomatoes in my garden.
Marie was born in Paris,
France.
I was so tired that I took
a nap in the car.
Please place the
bouquet on the table.
I really wish you would
stop throwing your dirty clothes on the floor.
What’s on the menu this evening.
5-8 SOME PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: A LIST
Prepositions of Place List
Learn useful list of prepositions of place in English with meaning and example sentences.
 Above
Meaning:At or to a higher place or position than something/somebody
 48

Example:Our friends in the apartment above us are really noisy.

 After
Meaning:One follows the other
Example:He ran after her with the book.
 By
Meaning:Near or at the side of
Example:The telephone is by the window
 Beneath
Meaning:Under someone or something
Example:Jaime hid the letter beneath a pile of papers.

EXERCISE 5-8 SOME PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: A LIST :

1. We live London.

2. Would you like to go the cinema tonight?

3. No, thanks. I was the cinema yesterday.

4. We are going holiday next week.

5. There is a bridge the river.

6. The flight from Leipzig to London was Frankfurt.

7. my wall, there are many picture postcards.

8. Who is the person this picture?

9. Come the sitting room, we want to watch TV.

10. Munich lies 530 meters sea level.

5-9 NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN INFINITIVE

 want
Present Tense

singular plural
 49

I want _____ We want _____

You want _____ You want _____
He wants _____
She wants _____ They want _____
It wants _____
The verb "want" requires an object:
I want a banana. (The word "banana" is an object.)
She wants some coffee. (The word "coffee" is an object.)
They want some help. (The word "help" is an object.)

 Present Tense - negative

singular plural
I don't want _____ We don't want _____
You don't want _____ You don't want _____
He doesn't want _____
She doesn't want _____ They don't want _____
It doesn't want _____
Remember:
An object usually comes after the verb "want."
I don't want any mustard on my sandwich.
He doesn't want to go home. (The infinitive, "to go" is the object.)
We don't want them.

Need, require and want can be followed by the active or passive to-infinitives to express
active or passive meanings, respectively:
I need to make a phone call.
Sometimes, people need to be told the truth.
My job requires me to handle many letters from abroad.
They required the information to be sent as soon as possible.
I wanted to stay for a few more days.
It was obvious that he wanted to be invited.
But active gerunds after these verbs express passive meanings:
 50

Your hair needs cutting. (It should be cut.)

These photos require careful handling. (They should be handled carefully.)
The windows want cleaning. (They should be cleaned.)

EXERCISE 5-9 Need And Want + A Noun Or An Infinitive :

1. It's important to have a healthy diet.

2. I think it's time the meeting.

3. Is it normal for students late for lessons?

4. It's too cold for swimming in the sea.

5. the competition would be wonderful.

6. They're anxious their train to Scotland.

7. You're very ill and it's vital to rest.

8. It is essential passengers to arrive two hours before their flight.

5-10 Would Like
Would like

singular plural
I would like ____ We would like _____
You would like ______ You would like _____
He would like_____
She would like _____ They would like _____
It would like _____
would like = want
The verb "would like" requires an object, a gerund, or an infinitive after it:
I would like a bagel. (The word "bagel" is an object.)
He'd like a new job. (The word "job" is an object. Notice that the subject and
"would" are contracted to form "He'd." This is very common.)
They'd like a new dog. (The word "dog" is an object.)
They'd like to get a new dog. ("To get" is an infinitive.)

Would like - negative

singular plural
 51

I wouldn't like _____ We wouldn't like ____

You wouldn't like____ You wouldn't like ____
He wouldn't like ____
She wouldn't like ____ They wouldn't like ____
It wouldn't like ____
Remember: You must have an object after "would like."
You can also use a gerund after "would like."
You wouldn't like living there. ("Living" is a gerund.)
He probably wouldn't like the food.
They wouldn't like doing that kind of work. ("Doing" is a gerund.)

EXERCISE 5-10 Would Like :

Top of Form
Would like (loving to do something)
go - have - make - see - talk – visit
.Choose 'would like to' and the main verb
.We dinner
.We a pizza
.I to a restaurant
.Jane the film
They London
.I to you
5-11 Would Like Vs Like
 Take one of these books if you like.
 Take one of these books if you would like.
What is the difference in meaning ? And is it standard to say would like after if ? I think in
standard English after if we put only the verb not would + verb.

In the situation you describe, there is no difference or preferred way. However, if you were to
say
Would you like one of these books?
 52

That has a different meaning than

Do you like one of these books?
In the first example, there is an implication of receiving a book, like
Would you like to have one of these books?
However, in the second one, the context is more about the word like as in enjoy.
However, in the particular phrasing you give, there is, again, no difference. It could be
argued that would is implied in the first sentence. Although neither is preferred
(grammatically), you will most likely hear the first one more just because it's shorter.

EXERCISE 5-11 Would Like VsLike :

.I to have a new phone .

.I cats and dogs very much .2

.She watching TV .3

.I to eat a hamburger tonight .4

.They to buy a new car but they don't have enough money .5

.My mother a green dress for the meating tomorrow .6

.I your tie, it's great .7

.My son a computer for his birthday .8

.Sally children a lot .9

.Tom to work in an engineering company .10

CHAPTER 6

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

___________________________________________________INTRODUCTION
 53

In everyday language communication expressions, we are many using nouns and

pronouns. We often describe, explain, mention, or tell things related to life we are in daily
conversation. The things we tell about it many related to objects so that nouns are widely
used. Likewise, we use many pronouns which indicate the doers in our daily language
expression. After studying this module, you are expected to be able to distinguish between
.nouns and pronouns
This module is divided into 2 units, namely unit 1 Nouns and unit 2 Pronouns. Each
unit explains the concept, present examples and exercises. Concepts, descriptions and
examples are expected to clarify your understanding about nouns and pronouns. Training is
expected to get used to you are in the use of nouns and pronouns in everyday communication
.in English
After studying this module, you are expected to be able to differentiate nouns and
pronouns. To be able to achieve these instructional goals, study the concepts. Descriptions,
examples and exercises as well as possible with an explanation so that you really understand
.and master the concept and use of nouns and pronouns as well as possible

NOUNS .1
Noun is a word that refers to the name of person, the name of place, and the name of
.things, as well as an idea
A. COUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Nouns can be categorized in countable nouns ( nouns can counted ) and uncountable
nouns ( nouns cannot be counted ). Countable nouns, according to their characteristics, can be
.grouped in forms singular and plural
: The following is an example of countable nouns
Book Orange Boy
Chair Piano Girl
Car Guitar Son
Table Violin Daughter
Bike Dog Partner

: Following are some examples of uncountable nouns

Wish Tea Money
Love Chocolate Honey
Hair Sugar Paper
 54

B. PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns can be singular or plural. If we only denotes or mentions a number
of a noun we call singular. If we show the number of more than one we call plural. Consider
: the following singular / plural nouns
Singular Plural
A book Two books
A desk Ten desks
A chair Five chairs
A house Two houses
A ship Three ships
One classroom Two classrooms
One man Two man

EXERCISE 1
: Give the plural of the following countable nouns
1. A bottle, two …..
2. A shop, two …..
3. A continent, two …..
4. A proposal, two …..
5. A pencil, two …..
6. A village, two …..
7. An apple, two…..
8. A deer, two …..
9. A marble, two …..
10. A joke, two …..

There are several ways to form a plural or singular nouns. The following table explains of
.ways to form plural nouns
Singular Plural Information
One car Two cars In general, the formation of plural
One book Two books nouns is to add late –s –s in the noun in
.A One monkey Two monkeys .question
One cat Two cats
One boy Two boys
One dish Two dishes Plural nouns can also be formed with
One match Two matches add the –es suffix to nouns which ends
.B
One glass Two glasses .with -sh, -ch, -ss. –x
One box Two boxes
One lady Two ladies If nouns end in a + y consonant, they
.C
One city Two cities .“y” is changed to “I”, then “-es” added
.D One knife Two knives If nouns end in –fe or –f, change it to –
 55

One shelf Two shelves .ves (except beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs)
One tomato Two tomatoes The plural form of nouns that ends with
.E One zoo Two zoos –o sometimes turns into –oes and
One tomado Two tomados .sometimes it becomes –os

Some nouns have an irregular plural forms. The irregular plural form does not have a
certain pattern, and therefore we cannot make a general formula of form irregular plural. Here
.are some examples of irregular plural forms

Singular Plural Information

One child Two children Some nouns have forms irregular
One fool Two feet plural. For example one child : two
.A
One mouse Two mice children
One person Two people
One deer Two deer Multiple plural nouns are the same as
One fish Two fish .the singular
.B
One sheep Two sheep
One species Two species
One bacterium Two bacteria Some English nouns borrowed from
One cactus Two cacti foreign languages follow the native
.C One crisis Two crises .language
One phenomenon Two phenomena

EXERCISE 2
: Write the plural of the following nouns
1. One group – six …..
2. One job – many …..
3. A tourist – many …..
4. One guitar – two …..
5. One dog – many …..
6. One fish – a lot of …..
7. An animal – a lot of …..
8. One song – many …..
9. One student – many …..
10. One person – two …..
 56

SUMMARY
___________________________________________________________

1. Nouns can be categorized in countable nouns ( nouns can counted ) and uncountable
nouns ( nouns cannot be counted ). The following are some examples of countable
nouns : book, desk, car, bike, house, pencil. Here are a few examples uncountable
nouns : hair, coffee, water, medicine, dust, sugar.
2. Countable nouns, according to their characteristics, can grouped in singular and
plural forms. Singular countable nouns indicate nouns numbering one, while the
plural countable nouns indicate the sum of more than one. The following are
examples of singular countable nouns : radio, bike, computer, cup, hat, truck, fish,
deer; while a few examples countable noun plural are radios, bikes, computers, cups,
hats, trucks, fish, deer. Pay attention to the regular and irregular plural countable.

PRONOUNS .2
Pronoun is a common word used in English. We use a lot of nouns inside
communicate and we don’t need to repeat the same noun in every sentence we say. For this
.reason, pronouns we use
A. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns
Subject pronouns I we you she he it they
Object pronouns Me us you her hisit them

.A Tina is pretty. She has five Pronouns refer to nouns.The pronoun is used to
.children replacenoun. In (a), "she" is a pronoun.
.""She"refer to "Tina". "She" replaces noun"Tina
.B Tina is my friend. I know her In (b), "her" is a pronoun. "Her" refersin the word
well "Tina""She", which is found in (a)is the subject
pronoun, while "her" ispronoun object.The
pronoun is used as noun,as the subject or object of
.(the verb (verb) orpreposition preposition
.C Dewi has a red car. She liked it A pronoun can refer to a noun.In (c), "it" refers to
"all noun phrases"a red car
.D .Elin and I are good friends Sometimes nouns and pronounsassociated with
(subject) and. Choose pronounsafter you can make it
 57

.E Sigit met Elin and me in the difficult for languageusersEnglish. If the pronoun
library (object) is used aspart of the subject use the subject
pronoun,for example "I", as in (d). If pronounsis
part of the object, use the object pronoun(such as
."me") as in (e) and (f)

Singular / Plural Pronouns

Singular pronouns plural I me you she, he, it her, him
Pronouns We us you they them

.A Siti is in class. She is having a Singular = single / one.

.lecture Plural, plural / more than
one. Singularpronoun
.B The students are in class. They refers to singularnoun,
.are having an exam while plural
pronounsreferring to plural
.C .Ani and Haryo are married nouns. In (a),Siti is singular
.They have six children then singularthe pronoun
"she" is used. In (b)
students are plural,because
it's a plural pronoun
"they"be used. As well asin
(c), Ani and Haryo areplural
because it's a plural
.pronoun"they" are used

Exercise 3
: Choose the correct pronoun for the following text
Margareta GertruidaZelle was born in Leeuwarden, in the Netherlands,in 1876. (She,
her)married an army oficer and went with (he, his, him) toIndonesia, where (she, her) learnt
Javanese and Hindu dances. (She, Her)went back to Europe, where (she, her) became famous
dancer, callingherself"Mata Hari". (She, her) was accused of being a spy by the Germansand
.was executed in Vincennes, in France, in 1917

B. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

 58

This book belongs to Sentences a and b have the same meaning. Both show
.me possession. “mine” is a prossessive pronoun; while “my” is
.It's mine (a) .possessive adjective
.It is my book (b)
Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronoun
.I have mine (c) .I have my pen Used in a way stand alone,
.You have yours (d) .You have your pen .without followed by noun
.She has hers (e) .She has her pen Possessive adjective
.He has his (f) .He has his pen Used with followed by
.We have ours (g) .We have our pens noun. In (j), possessiveits
.You have yours (h) .You have your pens used with followed by noun.
.They have theirs (i) .They have their pens Pay attention thatits not
I have a book. Its .have apostrophe
.cover is black

EXERCISE 4
Choose the right possessive pronouns or possessive adjectives for each of the following
.sentences
.We have to bring (our, ours) bag to the classroom (1
?Excuse me. Is this (my, mine) bike or (your, yours) (2
.This one is (my, mine). (Your, Yours) is on your table (3
.Paulina lost (her, hers) bag. (It, Its) color is purple (4
.Widagdo left (his, him) bag in the computer room (5

C. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive nouns are used to show the property of a noun. These possessive nouns are
also widely used in English. Carefully study a few examples and the descriptions contained in
.the following chart
.Singular: (a) I know the student's name Apostrophe (') and -s (-'s) used in nouns for
.Plural : (b) I know the students' names shows belonging (possession). Pay attention
Plura l: (b) I know the children's .to the pattern the following
.names
Singular :Singular Possessive Noun
 59

the student the student's name nomina + apostrophe (`) + -s

my baby my baby’s name
a man a man's name
Plural :Plural Possessive Noun
the students the students' names (`) nomina + -s + apostrophe
my babies my babies' names
men men's names Irregular Plural Possessive
the children the children's names :Noun
nomina + apostrophe (') + -s

Exercise 5
: Use the proper possessive noun form for sentences the following
man (1 .Teguh is a ....name
woman (2 .Siti is a …. name
car (3 .The black one on the table is the ....key
room (4 .It is locked. It must be the ....door
book (5 .This colorful illustration must be for the ....front page
children (6 All children are outside the classroom. These must be
teacher (7 .the ....bags
students (8 .It is the ....book
plane (9 .The ....books were distributed last week
pilot (10 .The back part is called the ....tail
.Look at the blue jacket. It must be the ....uniform

D. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns assert themselves the pronoun concerned. Pay attention to
.sentences in language the following English. Bold words are reflexive pronouns
 I wash the dishes myself.
 We paint the house ourselves.
 They drive themselves.
 Tini cleans the room herself.

The following chart shows a list of verbs and phrases that are usually followed by
.reflexive pronoun
believe in yourself hurt yourself take care of yourself
blame yourself give yourself talk to yourself
 60

cut yourself introduce (something) teach yourself

enjoy yourself yourself tell yourself
feel sorry for yourself kill yourself work for yourself
help yourself pinch yourself wish yourself luck
be proud of yourself

Exercise 6
Complete the following sentences with the reflexive pronoun right, as the example given.
.Ex :I don't know where it is. I even forget it myself
.... This is a very delicious cake. My mother made it (1
.Be careful. You should take care of.... during the trip (2
.... Please feel at home, and would you help (3
.... The dogs are playing in the garden by (4
.... We have to send this document by (5

E. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronoun means pronoun which indicates uncertainly. In general, this
.indefinite pronoun is single. The following indefinite pronoun
someone anyone everyone noone
somebody anybody everybody nobody
something anything everything nothing
.Someone` is knocking at the door
.I heard somebody talking loudly in the middle of the night
.Something happened on their way to the railway station

?Does anyone need some drink

We need to be more careful, because anything can happen to us on this
.bumpy road. Anybody who has the ticket can watch the game

.Everyone is in a safe place now

.Everybody in this room wants to see her singing
.Everything is on low price here
.Nooneknows who will be the next President of this great country
 61

.Nobody in this car likes the idea

.Everything is all right. Nothing bad happens so far
Exercise 7
.Choose the correct indefinite pronoun for the sentences below
.I am very hungry. I want ... on this table two pieces each for my meal (1
.know what was happening. It was very dark in that building … (2
.The door is opened … must have opened it (3
was happening outside the house while we were talking in the living … (4
.room
.We did not meet ... in the classroom. They must have gone to the farm (5

SUMMARY
________________________________________________________________

1. Pronouns are commonly used in English. There are several types of pronouns used in
different sentence contexts, like personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive
pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
2. Personal pronouns can function as subject pronouns (I, we, you, she, he, it, they) or
object pronouns (me, us, you, her, his, it, them).
3. Possessive shows property, and can be possessive pronoun (mine, yours, hers, his,
ours, theirs) or possessive adjectives (my, your, her, his, our, their). Possessive
adjective followed by nouns, like in my book, his pen, her bike, their home, our room.
Whereas the possessive noun is usedto indicate the property of a noun, such as the
student's name, the cat's tail, the window's room.
4. Reflexive pronoun is used to show the subject and The object refers to the same
action, as in the sentence I did it myself. The sentence I did it myself shows that I
(me) and myself (himself takes the same action.
5. Indefinite pronoun indicates subject uncertainty, such asanyone, anybody, anything,
somebody, someone, something and so.
 62

CHAPTER 7
COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

Can be Counted
Count Noun

NonCount Noun Can’t be counted

: Example
COUNT NOUN NONCOUNT NOUN

A chair Rice

Two
Water
chairs

Two
books Leaf
 63

A ring Hair

A car
Sand

One
Air
Pen

Nouns Count And Noncount 7.1

Count noun is a noun that can be counted. It can also be singular or plural. Noncount
.noun cannot be counted , cannot be plural
Count nount Noncount noun
Singular : a + noun From  Do not use a
one + noun :  Do not use one
: Example
Mail
some mail
a lot of mail
Plural : noun + s From No plural from
: Example
Two pens
Pens
Some pens
A lot of pens

EXERCISE
?Look at the italicized words. Underline the noun. Is it count or noncount
1. He plays a ball Count Noncount
2. Please pass the salt Count Noncount
3. I have money Count Noncount
4. Jhon sing a song Count Noncount
 64

5. Give me some water Count Noncount

Using An vs A 7.2
 A and an are used in front of singular count nouns
Example :
 Use an in front of words that begins with the vowel a, e, u , and o
Example : an idea, an office, an earing
 Use an if a word that begins with “u” has a vowel sound : an uncle, and ugly picture
Example : a dog is an ugly animal
 Use an if a word that begins with “u” has a/yu/ sound
Example : a university . a useful idea
 Usean if a word that begins with “h” the “h” is pronounced.
Example : mike lives in a hotel
 Use an if a word that begins with “ h” the “h” isn’t pronounced
Example : an hour, an honour

Exercise :
Complete the sentence. Use a or an
1. Tomi is holding book
2. Maria is eating meatball
3. I live in apartment
4. Horse has a long jump
5. Healthy person gets regular person.

Using A/An Vs. Some 7.3

A
used in from of singular count nouns
An
I have a Book Example :
I have an Earing
Used in front of plural count nouns
Example : Bob has some books : EXERCISE
Used in front of noncount nouns
Example : Bob .Use
hasa/an
someor cheese
some with the count nouns in the sentence
1. Jessi has dictionary on her desk
2. Mark buy car
3. Maria is checking mail in her phone
4. Ann get pens
5. I’m doing homework in my room
6. I need information about the course plan
7. My mother have jewelry in her desk
8. Jane is very busy. She has homework to do
9. My father has job. He is lecturer
10. I’m hungry. I would like food.

Measurements With Noncount Nouns 7.4

 65

Units of measure are used with noun count nouns to express a specific quantity. For
.example : a glass of, a cup off, a piece of
Common expressions of measure
a bowl of noodle A glass of water A bag of rice
A bar of soap
A bowl of cereal
A box of candy

A bunch of bananas a bag of rice

7.5 Using Many, Much, AFew, A Little

Few

Much
Using Many
Many and much have the some meaning, but their usage is different. Many is used with
.plural count nouns, while much is used with noncount nouns
: Example
Ann has many books in her room : Using Many
Jerry has many hats in his cupboard
!Thank you so much for everything : Using Much
I have much money
:EXERCISE
?Look at the italicized words. Is it using many or much
Money Much Many
Furniture Much Many
Pencils Much Many
Music Much Many
Papers Much Many
 66

 A few and a little like are many and much. Have the same meaning, but their
usage is different. A few is used with plural count nouns, while a little is used
with noncount nouns.
Example :
Using a few : Ani buys a few pencils
: Arif gets a few novel
Using a little : I lost a little money
: Sam get a little surprise

EXERCISE
Look at the italicized words. Is it using a few or a little ?

I need paper A few A little

Do you have A few A little
?money
Shinta usually A few A little
bring books
Lita eats cheese A few A little
Maria buys cake A few A little

Using The 7.6

“The” shows that a noun is specific. The can used wits singular count nouns,
plural count nouns, and noncount nouns, in other words, the is used with each of the
three kinds of nouns.

Example :
Mike has a pen a pencil. The pencil is yellow, and the pen is black
A : I have two pens, a yellow,and black which do you want?
B : I’d like the yellow pen
Exercise :
Complete the sentences with the or an/a
1. Linda and Shiren live in apartment in old building. They like
apartment because it’s big.
2. In recent years, concern about the environment has been growing. public has
become aware of many common dangerous dumping practices
3. We stayed at house in Jambi. house is
comfortable for us.
4. Ann has book. color of book is yellow.
5. Anna make cake

.Using No Article To Make Generalizations 7.7

 67

.No article is used for general statements

Example :I have fruits
Maya walks so fast
Tom and Merry play games
: Exercise
Complete the sentences with the or (no article)
1. I listen _______music. ________ music is about love
2. Yesterday, I go to _______ place. ________place is my favorite.
3. Jimmy and Ari are learning together. They are discusses about _______english.
4. I lost _______ my pen?
5. Can you speak _______ English?

Using Some and Any 7.8

Some is used in affirmative statement, but also can used in a questions
: Example
 My mother has some furniture
 Does your mother has some furniture?

Any is used in negative statements and also in a questions

:Example
 I don`t have any problem
 Do you have any problem?

CHAPTER 8
EXPRESSING PAST TIME, PART 1

USING BE, PAST TIME 8.1

 Use was with the personal pronoun or with the singular pronoun:

 He  I
 It  She

: Example
a. I was angry
 68

b. He was a famous football player

c. She was happy yesterday
d. It was cool last night

 Use were with the personal pronouns or with the plural form of nouns:

 We  You
 They

:Example
a. You were run
b. They were late
c. We were at school

o Exercise 1. Sentence practice

Directions: Change the sentences to past time
1. Jenny in park today she was in park yesterday

2. Bobby at library to night …………………………………………

3. Zahra in police office today ………………………………………

4. Ant go to river today ……………………………………………..

5. My handphone fall today ………………………............................

6. Im happy today …………………………………………………..

7. Tom and Jon are go to mountain today ……………………………

8. Wally are busy today …………………………………………….

9. Cika and teddy are jogging today ………………………………….

10. Jony is boring today ……………………………………………….

Past of Be: Negative 8.2

 Use was not/wasn’t with the personal pronouns or with the singular
form of nouns
 I
 She was not/wasn’t
 He
 It
 Use were not/weren’t with the personal pronouns or with the
pluralform of nouns
 You
 69

 They Were not/ weren’t

 We

:Example

.No Negative Statement Contraction

.1  I was not  I wasn’t

angry angry
 He was not  He wasn’t a
a famous football famous football
player player
 She was  She wasn’t
not happy happy yesterday
 It wasn’t
yesterday
 It was not cool last night
cool last night
 You were  You weren’t
.2
not run run
 They were  They
not late weren’t late
 We were  We weren’t
not at school at school

o Exercise 2
Use a past time expressing with the the sentence below!

Present Past
Today Yesterday
This morning Yesterday
morning
This afternoon Yesterday
afternoon
Tonight Last night
This week Last weel

1. I’m broken heart today, but I wasn’t broken heart yesterday

2. Delly is cooking in kitchen tonight,
but……………………………………………
 70

3. Jon is at library this afternoon,

but…………………………………………………
4. Bobby and Jon are busy this week,
but…………………………………………….
5. It is cold today, but
………………………………………………………………..

PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS 8.3

 Begin your yes/no questions with was (I, she, he ,it) and were (you,
they, we).

Yes/No questions Answer

?Was I late Yes, you were/ No, you weren’t
?Was she read a book Yes, she was/ No, she wasn’t
Was he happy yesterday Yes, he was/ No, he wasn’t

1. Begin your wh-questions with a questions word (what, where, when,

who, why, how, what time,…). Then use the same word order as in yes/no
questions.

Information Questions Answer

?Where were you last night I was in bedroom
?Where was Jessica yesterday He was at park
?Why were they late Because they was asleep
?When was joy birthday He was birthday yesterday

The Simple Past Tense: Using –ED 8.4

...Verbs ending in a

.1 Vowel .2 .3 Other .4
Silent e +y Consonant forms
 71

+y

Close = Play = Marry = Visit =

closed played married visited
Die = Destroy = Carry = Miss =
died destroyed carried missed
Phone = Show = Study = Watch =
phoned showed studied watched
Finish =
finished
Fix =
fixed
Buzz =
buzzed

:The rules of the simple past tense forms

1. Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past
participle:
Example: Close=closed
2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and
past participle:
Example: Play=played
3. Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past
and past participle (the ' y' becomes an ' i' followed by /-ed/)
Example: Marry=married
4. All the other regular verbs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past
participle.
Example: Visit=visited

Note: Verb + ed = the simple past tense

Past Time Words: Yesterday, Last, and Ago 8.5

Expressions for Past Tense
 72

Yesterday Ago Yesterday

Yesterday minutes 10 Last night

ago

Yesterday An hour ago Last Sunday

morning

Yesterday Three days Last week

afternoon ago

Yesterday A week ago Last weekend

evening

The day before A month ago Last year

yesterday

last month a year ago Last spring

:Note
Use the words yesterday, last and ago and the prepositions in, on and at as
past time expressions to describe past situations regarding historical
.events of both English-speaking countries and your own country

 Time adverbial: ago

We use time reference + ago to show how far back in the past something happened
 73

1. Jon went to park

five minutes ago.
2. The
plane landed two hours
ago.
3. My enemy was
born six months ago.
4. Her father died ten
years ago
5. I came to Jakarta a
long time ago :The example

 Time adverbial: last

We use last + time reference to mean the most recent or nearest to the present day
:time

1. I was went mall last

night
2. She was holiday in
New York last summer
3. They were went
mountain last month
4. Last year Jake and
Jeny got married
5. Roy arrived in
Bengkulu last January
:The Example
 74

:Note
We say last night, last month, last year, etc. NOT the last night, the last month, the last year,
.etc

 8.6 The Simple Past : Negative

Negative Sentences
Subject + Did not (didn’t) + Main Verb (verb 1)

I
You
They
We + did not +
main verb
She
He
It
 75

: Example

1. I did not study English last night

2. You did not watch movie last week
3. They did not go to beach last holiday
4. Jack did not eat lunch yesterday

Exercise :
1. I don’t go to the park everyday. I went to the park last
week, but I ……….there yesterday.
2. We don’t have rain everyday. We had rain two days ago, but
we ……………rain yesterday.
3. Dewi doesn’t sit in the front row everyday. She sat there
yesterday, but she …………there two days ago.

 8.7 The Simple Past : Yes / no question.

Did + subject + main verb

:Example

 Did Mary walk to school?

 Did you come to class?

:Exercise

Make question with simple past

1. I walked downtown yesterday

2. I ate lunch at the cafetaria.
3. I had a cup of tea this morning.
4. I saw at dinner last night.

 8.8 Irregular verbs

Bring – brought

Buy – bought
 76

Catch – caught

Drink – drank

Drive – drove

Break – broke

Fly – flew

Pay – paid

Begin – began

Find – found

Lose – lose

Tell – told

CHAPTER 9
EXPRESSING PAST TIME, PART 2
The Learning Objectives :
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
 Form the simple past tense in wh-question
 77

 Use before, after and when in time clauses

 Form the past progressive tense appropriately
 Recognize the use of the past progressive tense appropriately
 Use while in the past progressive tense
 Use while and when in past clauses

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE :YES/NO QUESTION

 Begin your Yes/ No question with did with all pronouns i, you, we,
they,he,she or it (or with the singular or plural form of nouns)

Examples:
A: Did you find your keys?
B: Yes, i did. (i found them in my pocket)
A: Did chris buy the tickets?
B: No, he didn't. ( chris didn't buy the tickets)

*Be careful use the base form with did

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE : WH-QUESTIONS

 Begin your WH-Questions with a question word (what, where,
when, who, why, how, what time...). then use the same word order as in
yes/no questions.

Examples:
A: What time did your class begin?
B: My class began at 8 o'clock
A: Why did you run?
B: Because i was late
A: What did carol buy?
B: She bought a car
EXCERCISE:
Directions: make questions use what,where, when, what time, or why
1. A: where did you go yesterday?
B: to the zoo. ( i went to the zoo yesterday)
2. A:......................................................................................
B: last month. ( Mr. Chu arrived in Canada last month)
3. A:.........................................................................................
B: at 7:05. (my plane arrived at 7:05)
4. A: .........................................................................................
B: because i was tired. ( i stayed home last night)
5. A: .......................................................................................
 78

B: upstairs. (kate is upstairs).

6. A:...................................................
B: a new tape recorder. ( i bought a new tape recorder)
7. A: ....................................................................
B: to greece. ( sara went to greece for her vacation)
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING WHO (M)
 Who(m) is used to ask questions about people. Who and whom have the
same meaning. Whom is used in formal english as object of a verb or a
preposition.

Examples:
A: Who(m) did you meet?
B: I met jim
A: Who(m) did you talk to?
B: I talked to the teacher

 Use only who when who is subject of a question. Usual question word
order is not use. Do not use do, does, or did. Do not change the verb in anyway:
the verb form in question is the same as the verb form in the answer.

Examples:
A: Who came?
B: Mary. (mary came).
A: Who talked to john?
B: The pollice officer. (The Police Officer talked to john).

EXERCISE:
Directions: make question.
1. A:................................................................

B: Mary. ( i saw Mery at the party)

2. A: ..................................................................

B: John.( John lives in that house)

3. A:......................................................................

B: my aunt and my uncle. ( i visited my aunt and my uncle)

4. A:.................................................................
 79

B: Ken. ( i talked to Ken)

5. A:......................................................................

B: Yes, he did. ( Bob helped Ann)

BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES

 A clause is a group of words that has a subject and verb.

Examples:
I ate breakfast. →( a main clause) →(a complete sentence)
Before i went to class →( a time clause) →( an incomplete sentence)
I ate breakfast before i went to class
Main clause time clause
Before i went to class, i ate breakfast
Time clause main clause
*note: when a time clause comes before the main clause, a comma is used
between the two clauses.
 A time clause can begin with before,after, or when.

Before + Subject+ Verb = A Time Clause

After + Subject+ Verb = A Time Clause
When + Subject+ Verb = A Time Clause
Examples:
We took a walk after we finished our work.
After we finished our work, we took a walk.
We took a walk when the rain stopped
When the rain stopped, we took a walk
 Before and after are also used as preposition followed by a noun object

Before + Noun Object = A Prepositional Phrase

After + Noun Object = A Prepositional Phrase
Examples:
We took a walk after the movie. → ( a prepositional phrase)
I had a cup of coffee before class. →( a prepositional phrase)
 When is also used to introduce questions

When+ Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb = A Complete Sentence

Example:
when did the rain stop? → (a comlete sentence)

EXERCISE:
Directions: find the main clauses and the time clauses
1. Before i ate the banana, i peeled it.

→ main clause = i peeled it.

→ time clause = before i ate the banana.
2. We arrived at the airport before the plane landed.
 80

3. I went to a movie after finished my homework.

4. After the children got home from school, they watched TV.

5. Before i moved to this city, i lived at home with my parents.

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

 Use was+ base form+ing with the personal pronoun i, he, she or it ( or
with the singular form of noun)

Examples:
I was watching tv at 10:00 o;clock last night
He was watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
She was watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
It was raining last night.
 Use were + base form+ing with the personal pronouns you, we, or they
( or with the plural form of nouns)

Examples:
You were watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
We were watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
They were watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS &

CONTRACTIONS
 Use was not/wasn't+ base form+ing with the personal pronouns i, he, she
or it( or with the singular form of nouns)

Examples:
(negative statements)
I was not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
He was not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
She was not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
It was not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
(contractions)
I wasn't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
He wasn't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
She wasn't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
It wasn't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
 81

 Use were not/weren't + base form+ing with the personal pronouns you,
we, or they ( or with the plural form of nouns).

Examples:
(negative statements)
You were not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
We were not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
They were not watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
(contractions)
You weren't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
We weren't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night
They weren't watching tv at 10:00 o'clock last night

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

 Begin your yes/no question with was with the personal pronouns i, he, she,
or it ( or with the singulaer form of nouns)

Examples:
A: Was the baby sleeping at 11:00 PM?
B: Yes, he was. ( the baby was sleeping at 11:00 PM)
 Begin your yes/no question with were with the personal pronouns you, we
or they ( or with the uplural form of nouns)

Examples:
A: Were you studying when i called?
B: No, we weren't. ( we weren't studying when you called)
A: Were you eating when the phone rang?
B: Yes, i was. ( i was eating when the phone rang)

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: WH- QUESTIONS

 Begin your wh-question with a question word( what, where, when, who,
why, how, what time...). then use the same word orderas in yes/no questions.

Examples:
A:What were you watching at 9:30 last night?
B: A movie. ( i was watching a movie at 9:30 last night).

A: What he was doing when the teacher arrived?

B: He was talking on the mobile phone.( He was talking on the mobile phone
when the teacher arrived)

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: WHILE VS WHEN IN PAST TIME

CLAUSES
 Use: The past progressive tenseis used to express an activity in progress at
a particular time in the past.
 82

Examples:
I was sitting in class at 11:15
We were watcing tv at 9:30 pm
 Use: The past progressive tenseis used to express an activity in progress at
a particular time in the past.

 The verb in a while-clause is often past progressive

Examples:
My friend came while we were eating dinner
While we were studying, my father called
 The verb in a when- clause is often simple past

Examples:
When we got home, the kids were sleeping.
Hamid was sleeping when i arrived.
EXERCISE:
Directions: complete the sntences. Use the past progressive in the while-clauses.
Use the simple past in the when- clauses.
1. While i (wash) was washing dishes last night, i (get) got
a phone call from my best friend.

2. I (eat)...................................... dinner when my friend jessica

(come)....................... last night.

3. When my best friend (call)........................... last night, i (wash) ..................

dishes.

4. My friend jessica (come)..........................................while i (eat).................

dinner last night.

5. Jason (wear) ................................... a suit and tie when i (see).................

him yesterday.

CHAPTER 10
EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME PART 1
 83

Three way of expressing the future:

 Present continuous
 Future present
 Be + going to + infinitive

Present continuous (be + verb + -ing)

 I am leaving for england tomorrow
 You are leaving ..........
 He /she/it is leaving ..........
 We are leaving ..........
 They are leaving ..........

When to use present continuous:

When the future is fixed. When things are certainly going to happen because
arrangements have been made, plans have been made or things have been decided.
Example :1. I am leaving for england tomorrow.
2. We’re eating out tonight.
3. I’m taking a few days off next week.
4. Susan is seeing john next Saturday.
Future present (will/shall + infinitive) in questions with I and We:
 Shall I open the windows?
 Shall we come round tomorrow?
 Will he open the window if we ask him?

Future present (will/shall + infinitive)

 I Will work harder in the future
 You Will work .................
 He /she/it Will work ................
 We Will work .................
 They Will work ................

When to use future present:

When talking about possible future events (to make predictions) and for instan
decisions.
Example:1. I will probably be home late tonight
2. I think the dutch team will win next month’s soccer match
3. I’m too tired to do the cooking tonight. I think I’ll get a take-away.
4. That’s really cheap! I’ll buy it!

Be + going + infinitive (gonna)

 I am going to be rich one day
 You are going to be ..........
 He /she/it is going to be ..........
 84

 We are going to be ..........

 They are going to be ..........

When to use ‘be going to’:

When talking about possible future events that seem certain to happen and when
talking about plans and intentions.
Example: 1.Look at those dark clouds! It’s going to rain.
2. He’s broken his back. He’s going to be in hospital for at least six
weeks.
3. When are you going to have your hair cut?
Present continuous: When things are certainly going to happen.
Future present: to make predictions and for instant decisions.
Be going to: for future events that seem certain to happen and for plans and
intentions.
Example : 1. She is hsving a baby.
2. She will have a baby.
3. She is going to have a baby
4. I am seeing the doctor at 2 this afternoon.
5. I will see the doctor at 2 this afternoon.
6. I am going to see the doctor at 2 this afternoon.
7. Ok, I’m phone you.
8. Ok, I will phone you
9. Ok, I’m going to phone you.

 Exercise 1
Read the sentences. In the blank space in front of each sentence, write
the latter of the person who is speaking the words. One item is used
twice.
a) Fortune teller f) Politician
b) Customer in a store g) Scientist
c) Doctor h) Sports announcer
d) Airline captain i) Student
e) Newscaster j) Weather forecaster

1. _________ There’s going to be a big storm tomorrow, folks.

2. _________ You’re going to have a long life
3. _________ The foreign ministers will meet in london next month.
4. _________ When will we have a test on this chapter?
5. _________ The flight attendant will serve drink and snack.
6. _________ Is the store going to be open on the holiday?
7. _________ Do these exercise everyday. You will improve your
strenght
 85

8. _________ The team isn’t going to win , sport fans. The score is
29-3 again
Us.
9. _________ There won’t isn’t any ice left on top the mountains in
fifty years
According to our latest study.
10. _________ I won’t raise taxes!

(10-1) FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO

Be going to
expresses(talk
about ) the
(a) I am going to go downtown future.
tomorrow. Form : am +
(b) Sue is going to be here tomorrow going +
infinitive
afternoon. Is +
(c) We are going to come to class tomorrow going +
morning. infinitive
Are +
going +
infinitive
NEGATIVE: BE
(d) I’m not going to go downtown tomorrow
+ NOT +
(e) Ann isn’t going to study tonight
GOING TO
(f) “ are you going to come to class
Question: be +
tomorrow?” subject + going
“no, I’m not” to.
(g) “ is jim going to be at the meeting A form of be is
tomorrow?” used in the short
“ yes,he is.” answer to a
(h) “ what time are you going to eat dinner yes/no question
with be going
tonight?” to, as in (f) and
“ arround six.” (g).
 86

 Exercise 2
Complete the sentence. Use be going to and the given expressions(or
your own words).

 Am going to see a dentist

 Am going to take them to the loundromat
 Is going to get something to eat
 Am going to go to bed
 Am going to go to the bookstore
 Is going to take it to the post office.
 Are going to take a long walk in the park
 Are going to go to the beach

1. I need to buy a book. I am going to go to the bookstore.

2. It’s midnight now. I’m sleepy. I _______________________
3. Yesi is hungry. She _________________________________
4. My clothes are dirty. I _______________________________
5. I have a toothache. I _________________________________
6. Riski has to mail a package. He ________________________
7. It’s nice day today. Mary and I _________________________
8. Isma and I want to go swimming. We ___________________

(10-2) USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

Sometime the present

progressive is used to
express future time.
(a) and (b)
(a) Isma is going to leave at 8:00
mean the same
tomorrow
thing
(b) Isma is leaving at 8:00
(b) and (d)
tomorrow
mean the same
(c) We are going to drive to toronto
thing.
next week
(d) We are driving to toronto The present
progressive is used for
next week
future meaning when
the speaker is talking
about plans that have
al ready been made.
 87

COMMON VERBS

Come drive go meet spend stay

Do fly leave return start take

(10-3) WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME

PAST: It rained yesterday.

PAST FUTURE
FUTURE: It’s going to rain
Yesterday Tomorrow
tomorrow.
Yesterday morning tomorrow
morning PAST: I was in class yesterday
Yesterday afternoon tomorrow morning.
afternoon
Yesterday evening tomorrow FUTURE: I’m going to be in
evening class tomorrow morning
Last night tomorrow night
PAST: Mary went downtown
last week.
Last week next week
Last month next month FUTURE: Mary is going to go
Last year next year downtown next week.
Last weekend next weekend
Last spring next spring PAST: Bob graduated from
Last summer next summer high school last spring.
Last fall next fall
Last Monday next Monday,etc. FUTURE: Ann is going to
graduate from high school next
spring.
..... minutes ago in ......
minutes(from now)
..... hours ago in ...... hours
(from now) PAST: I Finished my
..... days ago in ...... days (from homework five minutes ago.
now)
..... weeks ago in ...... weeks (from FUTURE: Pablo is going to
now) finish his homework in five
..... month ago in ...... minutes.
months(from now)
..... years ago in ...... years (from
now)
 88

Exercise 3
Complete the sentence. Use yesterday,last,tomorrow,or next.

1. I went swimming yesterday morning.

2. Ken is going to go to the beach ___________ morning
3. I’m going to take a trip __________ week.
4. Maria went to miami ___________ week for a short vacation
5. We had a test in class __________ afternoon
6. ________________ afternoon we’re going to go on a picnic
7. My sister is going to arrive ___________ Tuesday
8. Mr. Koh bought a used car ___________ Friday
9. My brother is going to enter the university ___________ fall
10. Rick lived in tokyo _____________ year.

(10-4) USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND IN

(FUTURE)
(a) Sam arrived here one (OR
a) year ago.
(b) Jack is going to be here in Number are often used in time
two minutes. expression with ago and in.
(c) I talked to ann three days
ago.
(d) I saw carlos a couple of
month ago. A couple of and a few are also
(e) He’s going to return to commonly used. A couple of means
“two.” A couple of month ago = two
mexico in a couple of monrth.
month ago.
(f) I got a letter from gina a
A few means “ a small number, not a
few weeks ago large number.” A few weeks ago =
(g) I’m going to see gina in a three,four,or five weeks ago.
few weeks
(h) I began college last year.
I’m going to graduate in two more
Frequenly , the word more is used in
years. My sister is almost finished future time expressions that begin
with in.
with her education. She’s going to
graduate in a few more months.
 89

(10-5) USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE

TIME
QUESTION
ANSWER
(Question word) + will + subject + main verb

(a) Will tom come tomorrow?

→ yes,he will.

→ no,he won’t.
(b) Will you be at home
tonight? → yes, I will

→ no, I won’t
(c) When will Ann arrive
→ next Saturday.

(d) What time will the plane arrive

→ three-thirty

(e) Where will you be tonight?

→ at home.

 Exercise 4
Make question.

1. A: Will you be at home tomorrow night? .

B: Yes, I will .(I’ll be at home tomorrow night)

2. A: Will Ann be in class tomorrow? .

B: No, she won’t (Ann won’t be in class tomorrow)

3. A: ________________________________________
B: Tomorrow afternoon.(I’ll see mr. Pong tomorrow afternoon).

4. A: _________________________________________
B: In a few minutes. (dinner will be ready in a few minutes).
 90

5. A:___________________________________________
B: Next year. (I’ll graduate next year)

(10-6) VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT,PAST,AND FUTURE

Qu
Statement Negative esti
on

Do
yo
u
eat
bre
I eat lunch I don’t eat akf
Simple every day. breakfast. ast
present ?
He eats lunch She doesn’t eat
every day. breakfast. Do
es
she
eat
lun
ch?

Present I am eating an I’m not eating A

progress apple right a pear. m
ive now. I
She isn’t eating eat
She is eating a pear. ing
an apple. a
They aren’t
ban
They are eating pears.
ana
eating apples.
?

Is
he
eat
ing
a
ban
 91

ana
?

Ar
e
the
y
eat
ing
ban
ana
s?

Di
d
yo
u
Simple He ate lunch He didn’t eat
eat
past yesterday breakfast
bre
akf
ast
?

Be I am going to I’m not going A

going to eat lunch at to eat breakfast m
noon. tomorrow. I
goi
She is going to She isn’t going ng
eat lunch at to eat breakfast to
noon. tomorrow. see
yo
They are They aren’t
u
going to eat going to eat
to
lunch at noon breakfast
mo
tomorrow.
rro
w?

Is
she
goi
ng
to
eat
 92

lun
ch
to
mo
rro
w?

Ar
e
the
y
goi
ng
to
eat
lun
ch
to
mo
rro
w?

Wi
ll
he
eat
He will eat He won’t eat
lun
Will lunch breakfast
ch
tomorrow. tomorrow.
to
mo
rro
w?

(10-7) VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE

Que
Statement Negative
stion
 93

Am
I in
the
right
roo
I am not from m?
I am from korea jordan
Is
Simple He is from Egypt She isn’t from she
present china from
They are from gree
inggris They aren’t ce?
from italy
Are
they
from
keny
a?

Was
she
in
Ann was late She wasn’t on class
yesterday time ?
Simple
Wer
past They were late They weren’t e
yesterday on time they
in
class
?

Be going I am going to be I’m not going Am

to late. to be on time I
goin
She is going to She isn’t going g to
be late. to be on time. be
late?
They are going They aren’t
to be late. going to be on Is
time. she
goin
g to
be
 94

late?

Are
they
goin
g to
be
late
tom
orro
w?

Will
he
be at
He will be at He won’t be at hom
Will
home tomorrow home tomorrow. e
tom
orro
w?

Chapter 11

Expressing Future Time, Part 2

 95

A. MAY / MIGHT

May and Might When Expressing Possibilitypopular usage and speech, may and
might are used interchangeably when referring to possibility and probability, but
there is a slight difference between the two.
May is used to express what is possible, factual, or could be factual.
For example,
•He may lose his job.
•We may go on vacation.
•I may have dessert after dinner.

Might has the same meaning as may.

Example:
 It might rain tomorrow.
 Anita might be at home now.

In negatives form: may / might + not. Example : Mrs. Lee may / might not be at
the meeting tomorrow.

B. MAYBE ( one word ) vs MAY BE ( two words )

The adverb maybe ( one word ) means “possibly”. May be comes in front of a
subject and verb.
Example: maybe Abdullah will be here.
The adverb may be ( two words ) is used as the verb of a sententence.
Example : Abdullah may be here tomorrow.
Exercise :
Directions: complete the sentences with maybe or may be.
1. A: I ………………… a little late tonight
B: that’s okay. I wont worry about you.
2. A: will be here by seven oclock.
B: its hard to say. …………….. I will be a little late.

3. A: it ………….. cold tomorrow.

B: that’s okay. Lets go to the beach anyway.

4. A: will the plane be on time?

B: I think so, but it ……………. A few minutes late.

C. FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER AND

WHEN.

Time clauses are preceded by adverbs or adverb phrases which show that they
represent a time.
A time clause shows that an event will happen at a certain time.
 96

A future time clause uses the simple present tense, not will or be going to.

Example
 Before Ann goes to work tomorrow, she will eat breakfast.
 I’m going to finish my homework after I eat dinner tonight.
 When I go to new york next week, I’m going to stay at the Hilton
hotel.

D. CLAUSES WITH IF

An if clause begins with if and has a subject and a verb. An if clause can come
before or after a main clause.
(a) If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.
(b) We will stay home if it rains tomorrow.

The simple presend is used in an if clause to express future time.

Example:
 If it rains tomorrow , we wont go on picnic.
 I’m going to buy a new car next year if I have enough money.

E. EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME

CLAUSES AND IF CLAUSES.

a. Future
Expresses a specific activity in the future. The simple present is used in the
time clause. Be going to or will is used in the main clause.( after Ann gets
to work today, she is going to have / or will have a cup of coffe ).

Expresses a specific activity in the future. The simple present is used in the
if clause. Be going to or will is used in the main clause.
( if it rains tomorrow, I am going to / will wear my raincoat to school )

b. Habitual present.
Expresses habitual activities, so the simple present is used in both the time
clause and the main clause.
( after Ann gets to work everyday, she always has a cup of coffee ).

Expresses habitual activities, so the simple present used in both the if

clause and the main clause.( if it rains, I wear my raincoat )

F. USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO

 97

Used to ask about activities.

Present Answer
 What do you do I work everyday
Im studying english
everyday? I am a teacher
 What are you doing right
now?
 What do you do?

Past
 What did you do I wet to school yesterday
yesterday?

Future
 What are you going to do I am going to go downtown tomorrow
We will stay home if it rains
tomorrow? tomorrow.
 What will we do if it rains
tomorrow?

Exercise:
Directions: complete the sentences with the word in parentheses
1. A: what ( you, do ) …………………………….. everyday.
B: I ( come )………………… to class.
2. A: What ( you, do ) ……………………. Last Friday?
B: I ( come ) …………….. to class.
3. A: what ( you, do ) ……………………….. next Friday?
B: I ( come ) ……………….. to class.
4. A:what ( you,do ) ……………………..yesterday evening?
B: I (watch )…………………… TV
5. What ( you,do ) …………………….every evening?
B: I (watch) ………………..TV
 98

CHAPTER 12
MODALS, PART 1: EXPRESSING ABILITY
USING CAN
 Affirmative Statements : use can + base form (e.g. can swim) with all
personal pronouns I, you, we, they, he, she, or it (for with the singular or
plural form of nouns).
Example :
I can ride a bike
Chiko is strong. He can lift the heavy box
Exercise 1
match to the correct sentence
1. A tour guide can .... A. Arrest people
2. A mechanic can ..... B. Design buildings
3. A police officer can ..... C. Do math
4. An author can ..... D. Fix cars
5. A baker can ..... E. Lead groups of travelers
6. An accountant can ..... F. Make cakes
7. A veterinarian can ..... G. Speak more than one language
8. An architect can ..... H. Take blood pressure
9. A nurse can ..... I. Take care of animals
10. A translator can ..... J. Write books

 Negative Statements and Contractions : use can not / cannot / can't +

base form (e.g. can not swim / cannot swim / can't swim) with all personal
pronoun I , you , we , they , he , she , or it (or with the singular or plural
form of nouns).
Example :
I can not play football, but I can play volleyball
I cannot play football, but I can play volleyball
I can't play football, but I can play volleyball
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Write can or cun't in each blank space.
1. Pilots .......... fly airplanes.
2. Newborn babies ......... chew meat because they don't have any
3. Fish ......... walk.
4. Morkeys ......... climb rees.
5. A wnale .......... live out of water.
6. Camels ......... travel for long distances without drinking water.
7. A gorila .......... walk on twc legs.
 99

8. Alligetors .......... breathe on land and in water.

9. Bees make honey from flowers, but bees ......... sting, too.
10. A dog barks, but a cat .......... bark.
3. Yes / No Questions : begin your yes / no question with can with all
personal pronouns, I, you, we, they, she, he, or it (for with the singular or
plural form of nouns).

Examples :
Can you speak English ? Yes, she can. No, I can't.
Can he swim ? Yes, he can. No, he can't.
 Wh-Questions : begin your wh-questions with a questions word ( what,
where, when, who, why, how, what time.....). Then use the same word
order as in yes / no questions.
Example :
Where can i buy a foundation? At a cosmetics store.
When can you help me ? Tomorrow afternoon.
Exercise 3
Complete the conversations. Write the letter of the correct question
in the blank space. Where can I..?
a. buy my textbooks e. see perguins
b. find information about colleges f. see the Empire State Bullding
c. get e heircut g. visit the syramids
d. mail this letter h. visit the Taj Mahal
1. Ann: ............. ?
Bob: There's a mailbox across the straet.
2. Sam: ................?
Pat: At the university cookstore.
3. Jose: ..........?
Mary: On the Internet.
4. Toshi: ..........?
David: At my berbe shop.
5. Yoko: ......... ?
Herry: In Antarctica.
6. Rosa: ............?
Polly: In New Yors.
7. Mei Lei: ............?
Carlo: In Egypt.
8, AI: ............?
Andrew: In India.

Using Know How To :

 Know how to expresses ability. It has the same meaning as can.
Can = how know to
I can sing. I know how to sing.
He can't fix a flat tire. He doesn't know how to fix a flat tire.
Can you cook ? Do you know how to cook?
 100

Using Could : Past of Can

 Use could to talk about ability in the past.
Examples :
I was in Bali last week. I cound go to the beach everyday
when i was there.
I could not go / couldn't go to the movies last night. I had to
study.
Could you speak English before you came here ?

Using Be Able To
6. Be able to expresses ability. It has the same meaning as can and could.
Example :
Present :
I am a able to touch my leg. I can touch my
leg.
Future :
I will be able to go shopping tomorrow. I can go shopping
tomorrow.
Past :
I wasn't able to finish my homework last night. I couldn't finish
my homework last night.

Using Very and Too + Adjectives

 Very and too come in front of adjectives. Very and too do NOT have
the same meaning. Very implies positive result. Too implies negative
result.
very = possible
too = impossible
Examples:
The coffee is very hot, but I can drink it. (It is possible
for me to drink the
coffee.)
The coffee is too hot. I can't drink it. (It is impossible
for me to drink the
coffee.)
Using Two, Too, and To
 Two = a number (2)
Example: I have two children. (I have 2 children.)
Too = impossible/also

Examples:
Timmy is too young. He can't read. (It's impossible for
Timmy to read.) Ann
saw the movie. I saw the movie too. (I also saw the movie.)
To = preposition/part of an infinitive
Examples:
 101

I talked to Jim. (To is followed by a noun. To is a

preposition.)
I went to watch television. (To is followed by a verb. To is a
part of infinitive.)
More about Prepositions: At and In for Place
11. At is used with home, work, and school

Examples:
Olga is at home.
Ivan is at work.
Yoko is at school.
11. At is usually used with locations in a city: at the post
office, at the bank, at the library, at the bookstore, at the
park, at the theatre, at the restaurant, at the football
stadium, etc.
Example:
Where is Ivan? He isn't here. He is at the bank.

More about Prepositions: At and In for Place

 In is used with bed, class, and jail/prison
Examples:
Sue is in bed.
Tom is in class.
Paul is in jail/prison.

More about Prepositions: At and In for Place

 In is used with rooms: in the kitchen, in the classroom, in the hall, in my
bedroom, etc. Example:
The children are in the classroom.
 In is used with cities, states/provinces, countries, continents: in Mexico
city, in Florida, in Italy, in Asia, etc.

More about Prepositions: At and In for Place

 In is used with rooms: in the kitchen, in the classroom, in the hall, in my
bedroom, etc. Example:
The children are in the classroom.
 In is used with cities, states/provinces, countries, continents: in Mexico
city, in Florida, in Italy, in Asia, etc.
Example:
David is in Mexico city.
 102

CHAPTER 13

MODALS, PART 2: ADVICE, NECESSITY,

REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
Using Should 13-1
Should and Shouldn't – Use
We use should and shouldn't to give advice or to talk about what we think is right
.or wrong
.You should means something like I think it is a good idea for you to do it
.You shouldn't means something like I think it is a bad idea for you to do it
Should is used to express the opinion of a speaker and often follows I think or I
.don't think

: Examples
.You look tired. I think you should take a few days off

.Alice works very long hours. She should to talk to her boss

.I have an English test tomorrow -

.I shouldn't worry if I were you. You have worked really hard -

.I never have enough money -

.I don't think you should go out so much -

Should - Quick Grammar Note

 103

:To give advice to someone you can also say

.I should do it if I were you 
.I shouldn't be so rude, if I were you 
:When you regret not doing something in the past, you can say
.I shouldn't have spoken to him like that 
.I should have apologized earlier
Should or Shouldn't - Practice
.Exercise. Chose should or shouldn't
Top of Form

.You be so selfish

.I don't think you smoke so much

.You exercise more

.I think you try to speak to her

.You are overweight. You go on a diet

?Where we park our car

.You never speak to your mother like this

.The kids spend so much time in front of the TV

?I tell her the truth or should I say nothing

.I think we reserve our holiday in advance

Using Have + Infinite (Have To/Has To) 13-2

.'Here are some points to remember when using 'have' and 'has
.Let's start with the basics
 104

They can both be used to show possession and are important in making the
.''perfect tenses
.'Had' is the past tense of both 'has' and 'have'
have 
:Have is used with some pronouns and plural nouns
'.I have a great English teacher'
'.You have toothpaste on your chin'
'.We have a meeting at 12'
'.Nurses have a difficult job'
has 
:Has is used with the third person singular. For example
'.She has a great personality'
'.He has a new haircut'
.'The washing machine has a leak in it'
'.It has a hole near the door'
have' and 'has' in questions' 
'?Have you been to Australia'
'?Has Andrew left yet'
'?Who has my pen'
'?Has anyone seen my mobile phone'

: EXERCISE 13-2 Using Have + Infinite (Have To/Has To)

1. They write a test.

2. She clean her desk.

3. Ken and Liz learn English words.

4. Andy help his brother.

5. We do our homework.

6. He write with a pencil.

7. I feed the hamster.

 105

8. You take photos.

9. Victoria read the newspaper.

10. The teacher send a text message.

Using Must 13-3

Structure of must
.Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb
:The basic structure for must is

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

must base
The main verb is always the same form: base
:Look at these examples

subject auxiliary verb main verb

must base

I must go home.

You must visit us.

We must stop now.

Use of must
In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what
:the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples
.I must stop smoking 
.You must visit us soon 
.He must work harder 

: EXERCISE
must - English grammar exercises
Fill in 'must' and the verb.

win - close - hurry - see - be - clean - go - wear

x
 106

The window is open. You it.

It's late. I .
The table is dirty. I it.
Tim to school every day.
The sun is shining. You a T-shirt.
The pupils in school at 8 o'clock.
It's a good science fiction film. You it.
This game is important. We it.

Polite Questions: May I, Could I, And Can I 13-4

?..Can I
Can I...?" is the most casual way to ask for permission. It's common for talking to"
:friends, coworkers, and family members
?Can I see it 
?Can I get something to drink 
In traditional English grammar, "Can I...?" was not used for asking permission.
That's changed in the last 50 years, though. These days, it's the most common of
.the three expressions
?...May I
May I...?" is the most formal way to ask for permission in English. Formal "
language is useful for talking to strangers and when there's a large power gap
.between you and the person you're talking to
:You can ask a stranger for a small favor like this
?May I borrow your pen for a second
Some teachers in elementary, junior high, and high school require their students to
"?...ask for permission using "May I
?Student: Can I go to the bathroom 
"?...Teacher: "May I 
?Student: May I go to the bathroom 
.Teacher: Yes, you may 
?...Could I
 107

Could I...?" is a good way to ask for permission when you need to ask for "
something that's a "bigger" request. In other words, you don't feel as comfortable
:asking for it. For example, you might ask your sister
?Could I borrow your other car when I'm in town
.Could I...?" is not as formal as "May I...?" but it's better for big requests"

: EXERCISE 13-4 Polite Questions: May I, Could I, And Can I

You're in an English class and you would like to borrow another student's pen. .1
:You say
?you lend me your pen, please __

Can

Do you mind

Would you mind

Your colleague is going out to get lunch and you'd like him / her to get .2
:something for you. You start your request
?Could you __ me a favour

do

give

make
:You could also ask your colleague .3
?Would you mind __ me a sandwich when you're out

get

getting

to get
You are a parent with two children. They want to go out, but you want them to .4
:do their homework first. You say
.I'd __ you to do your homework first

like

need
 108

want
:Your colleague asks to open the window, saying .5
?Do you mind if I __ the window

open

opening

would open
Another student in your class asks to share your textbook, saying ''Can I share .6
:your textbook?'' You agree and say

!No problem

!Not at all

!No way
A customer buys a lot from you and wants a bigger discount. You want to keep .7
:the customer happy but you need your boss to agree. You say
.I'll __ what I can do

ask

know

see
Your colleague wants you to help with an urgent problem, but you can't. You .8
:say
.I'm __ I can't help you there

afraid

sure

worried
You are the boss and someone who works for you asks for an extra day's .9
holiday. You accept the request but ask the person to work Saturday instead. You
:say
.That's no problem, __ you work on Saturday

and
 109

but

provided
:Your boss asks you to work overtime (extra hours) but you can't. You say .10
.Ah, that __ be a bit difficult

can

might

should

Polite Questions Could You And Would You 13-5

Would" can also be used to make questions more polite:

 Would you lend me a hand with the wash?

 Would you mind if I sat here?
 Would you let me borrow your pencil?
 Would you like something to eat?

Another way of making direct questions more polite is to add "please" at the end
of the question. Please should not appear at the beginning of the question:

 Could you fill in this form, please?

 Could you help me, please?
 Can I have more soup, please?

: EXERCISE 13-5
110
 111

Imperative Sentences 13-6

Imperative sentences are used to issue a command or instruction, make a

request, or offer advice. Basically, they tell people what to do. Below, you'll find
some imperative sentence examples and learn about their function.
Imperative sentences usually end with a period but can occasionally end with an
exclamation point. These sentences are sometimes referred to
as directives because they provide direction to whoever is being addressed.
In the examples of imperative sentences here, you'll note that each line is issuing a
command of some sort:
 Pass the salt.
 Move out of my way!
 Shut the front door.
 Find my leather jacket.
 Be there at five.
 Clean your room.
 Complete these by tomorrow.
 Consider the red dress.
 Wait for me.
 Get out!
 Make sure you pack warm clothes.
 Choose Eamonn, not Seamus.
 Please be quiet.
 Be nice to your friends.
 Play ball!

: EXERCISE

1.You are so noisy! (be silent) !

2.Why don't you want my money? (take it) !

3.I'm not going to inform her. (tell her) !

4.Why should I carry the luggage? (take it) !

 112

5.You needn't be afraid of the exam. (try it) !

6.I can't pay. I don't have my credit card. (pay) !

7.You are so rude to your mum. (apologize to her) !

8.You can't stand all the time. (sit down) !

9.Why should I dry the dishes? (do it) !

 113

Modal Auxiliaries 13-7

Modal verbs are a kind of auxiliary verb. They facilitate the main verb for
suggesting potential, expectation, permission, ability, possibility, and obligation.
When used with the main verb, modal verbs do not end with -s for the third-
person singular. Modal auxiliary verbs never change form, but they have a
different form for past tense.

The modal auxiliaries include:

Present Tense Past Tense

Will Would (used to)

Can Could
Must (have to)
May (Had to)
Should (ought to) (had better)
Might
Should (ought to)
:Examples
.We can play football 
.We could play football 
.We may play football 
.We might play football 
.We must play football 
.We mustn't play football 
.We needn't play football 
.We ought to play football 
.We shall play football 
.We should play football 
.We will play football 
.We would play football 

: EXERCISE

Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain
tense, use its substitute.

must
1. You (must) get up early tomorrow.
 114

2. You (not / need) call a baby sitter.

3. We (may) watch the film tonight.

4. He (not / can) see me yesterday.

5. She (must) stay at school yesterday afternoon.

6. (may / you) go to the disco yesterday?

7. He (not / must) sleep now.

8. You (not / need) answer.

9. He (ought to) give evidence at the court yesterday.

10. Since he bought the new car he (not / can) sleep.

Summary Chart : Modal Axillaries And Similar Expressions 13-8

Using Let’s 13-9

When you use the

chunk "Let's", you must add a verb that expresses your suggestion. This form of
the verb must be the infinitive form, no matter how many people you address:
 Let's play football!

 Let's go outside!
 Let's listen to music!
 115

 Let's watch a movie!

 Let's take a walk!
 Let's get something to drink!

EXERCISE :
Read the following statements. Then fill in the gaps with the suggestion.
Use the chunk "Let's"! For example: Pedro wants to go to the cinema. He
says to Anna: "______________________" You write: Let's go to the
cinema.
" :Andreas wants to have a party. He says to Maria .1

"!

" :Julia wants to play tennis. She says to her friend .2

"!

" :Peter wants to watch a movie. He says to his brother.3

"!

" :Maria wants to invite the Smiths. She says to Andreas .4

"!

" :Anna wants to go inside. She says to her brother.5

"!

" :Maria wants to prepare dinner. She says to Andreas .6

"!
 116

CHAPTER 14

NOUNS AND MODIFIER

Modifieris a word that is used toexplain in more detail about a group of other
words. Generally the sentencesthat are explained will be behind the words that
explain.
A. MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
1. Adjectives can modify nouns.
Adjectives give a little different meaning to a noun,
example: cold weather, hot weather, nice weather, bad
weather.

Adjectives come in front of noun. Example sentences:

 Alex is a happy child( happy is adj, child is noun )
 Bella buy some a red velvet cake ( red velvet is adj, cake is
noun )

2. Nouns can modify other nouns

As a modifier, the first noun gives specific information
about the following noun.Example: I bought a
grammarbook.

In nearly all cases, the noun that acts as the modifieris in

singular form.Example: he worksat a shoestore.

3. Both an adjective sand a noun can modify a noun, the adjective

comes first and the noun second.
Example: I bought an expensive grammar book.

B. WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

1. In two adjectives modify a noun. Adjectives follow a particular
order. Example: a red large car. ( an adjective describing size
comes before color )
2. The adjectives expresses an opinion. Opinion adjectives usually
comes before all other adjectives. Example:
 a beautiful young woman ( opinion precedes age )
 a beautiful red car ( opinion precedes color )
 117

 a beautiful greekisland ( opinion precedes nationality )

Example of opinion adjectives:

 Dangerous
 Difficult
 Dirty
 Expensive
 Favorite
 Good

Usual word order of adjectives

 Opinion
Beautiful, delisious, kind and etc.
 Size
Large, tall, little and etc
 Age
Young, old, middle aged and etc.
 Colour
Pink, blue, yellow and etc.

 Nationality
Greek, Mexican, Indonesian and etc.

Adjectives that describe nationality are capitalized.

It is very rare to find a long list of adjectives in front of noun
Example: a beautiful small old brown greek metal coin.
Exercise :
Directions: put the italicized words in the correct order.
1. Glass
Tall
a ……………………… vase

2. Red
Small
Some ……………….. tomatoes
3. Wonderful
Old
Native American
a/an ………………… story
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C. EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY: ALL OF, MOST OF, SOME OF,

ALMOST ALL OFF.

a.Rita ate all of The food on her All of, most of, and some of express
plate. quantity.
b.Mike ate most of his food. All of=100%
c.Susie ate some of her food. Most of=a large part, but not all
Some of=a small or medium part
Matt ate almost all of his food All of=100%
Almost all of=95%-99%
Almost is used with all, all cannot be
ommited

Exercise:
Directions: complete the sentences with almost all off, all off, most off and some
off.
1. 2,4,6,8 …………………….. These numbers are even.
2. 1,3,4,6,7,9 ……………….. These numbers are odd.
3. ……………………..the flamingo in picture are playing.

D. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

a. All of+singular noun+singular verb

All of my work is finished
b. All of+plural noun + plural verb
All of my friends are kind.
c. Some of + singular noun+singular verb
Some of my homework is finished
d. Some of + plural noun + plural verb
Some of my friends are coming to my birthday party.

When a subject includes an expression of quantity, the verbs agrees with the noun
that immediately follows of.
Exercise:
Directions: choose the correct completions.
1. A lot of those words …………….. new to me. ( is/are )
 119

2. We saw one movie. Some off the movie……………….interesting.

( was/were )
3. A lot of that vocabulary……………………………new to me. ( is/are )
4. Most off the students……………………….on time. ( arrives/arrive )

E. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE OF, NONE OF.

 One of is followed by a specific plural noun.

Example : Sam is one of my friends.
 When one of + a plural noun is the subject of a sentence, it is followed by
a singular verb. Example : one of my friends is here.

 None of=not one of.

The verb following none of + a plural noun can be singular or

plural. Example: none of the students was late or none of the
students were late.

Exercise:
Directions: make sentences from the given words and phrases.
1. One of my\teacher\be\ name of teacher.
2. Name of a student\ be \ one of my \ classmate.
3. None of the\ student \ in my class \ speak \ name of languange.
4. None of the \ furniture \ in this room \ be \ soft and comfortable.

F. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE.

An indefinite pronouns does not refer to any specific person these means
indefinite pronouns are used to show unspecific object, people or things.
Anything is used when the verb is negative and nothing is used when the verb is
affirmative. Anything and nothing have the same meaning.
Example:
 I didn’t say anything
 I said nothing.

Anyone is used when the verb is negative and no one is used when the verb is
affirmative which anyone and no one have the same meaning.
Example:
 Bob didn’t see anyone at the park.
 Bob saw no one at the park.
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G. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOME ONE,

ANYTHING AND ANY ONE.

Statement a.Mary bought In a statement, use

something at the store. something or some one.
b.Jim talked to some one
after class.
Negative c.Marry didn’t Buy In a negative, use anything
anything at the store. or anyone.
d.Jim didn’t Talk to
anyone after class.
Question e.did Marry buy In a qustion use either
something at the store? something/someone or
Or Did Marry buy anything/anyone
anything at the store?
d.Did Jim talk to some
one after class? Or Did
Jim talk to anyone after
class?

Some one and some body have the same meaning.

Anyone and anybody have the same meaning.
H. Using every

Every + singular noun+ singular verb.

Example:
every student has a book/ all of the student have books ( have the same meaning )

Every is not immediately followed by of.

Every is immediately followed by a singular noun, not a plural noun.
Everyone has a book/every body has a book. ( have the same meaning )
Everything is okay
I looked at everything in the museum.

Exercise:
Directions: choose the correct completions.
1. All of the ………………..on this desk………mine(book/books) (is/are )
2. Every……………….( student/students ) …………. (is/are ) here today.
3. Every one in this class……………….to learn english ( wants/want )
4. ……………………( do/does) all of the…………………in the world
enjoy dancing? ( person/people )
 121

I. LINKING VERBS + ADJECTIVES

Adjectives can follow a few others verb. These verbs are called “ Linking verbs.”
The adjectives describes the subject of the sentences.
Example:
 The flowers looked beautiful.
 The flowers smelled good
 I feel good
 Candy tastes sweet.
 That booksounds interesting

J. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

An adjective describes a noun.

 Ann is a careful driver ( careful describes driver )
 Ann drives carefully ( carefully describes drives )

The adjective form and the adverb form are the same for fast, hard, early, late.
Example: Jhon is a fast driver. Or Jhon drives fast.
Exercise:
Directions: complete the sentences with the correct form adjective or adverbs of
the words.
1. Mike is a ………….reader. (fast)
2. I study……………..(hard)
3. The student took a……………test.(hard)
4. Roberto answered the question……………..(honest)
5. Last night we had dinner…………………..because we had to
leave for the theather at 6.00.(early)

CHAPTER 15

POSSESIVE
The Learning Objectives :
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
 Possesive nouns

 Possessive: irregular plural nouns

 122

 Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

 Question with whose

POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Definition: Possessive nouns show ownership. Possessive comes from the same
root as possession, something you own.

Singular Possessives
Add 's to singular words to show possession.
Dog's sister's backpack car's engine
collar

(dog + 's) (sister + 's) (car + 's)

If a singular word ends in s, it is still necessary to add 's.
Charles's Bess's dresses bus's tires
sneakers

(Charles + 's) (Bess + 's) (bus + 's)

Plural Possessives
If you have added an s to make a word plural (for example, cat ⇒ cats),
adding 's will sound ridiculous (cats's). In that case, add only the apostrophe to the
end of the word.
Dogs' sisters' backpacks cars' engines
collars

(dogs + ') (sisters + ') (cars + ')

Just like singular possessives, plural possessives that don't end in s add 's.
Children's fish's bowls octopi's tentacles
homework

(children + 's) (fish + 's) (octopi + 's)

Hint:
Look at the ending in front of the apostrophe to see if the word is singular
or plural.
One dog |'s (One dog has one tail.)
tail

Two dogs|' tails (Two dogs have two tails.)

 123

If two people own something together, use an 's after the second person only.
Joe and Mary's car is (Both Joe and Mary own the car.)
new.
If two people own two separate things, add 's to each name.
Laurie's and Megan's nails are painted the same (Each girl has her own
color. nails.)
You may find that certain names ending in s add only an apostrophe. That rule is
somewhat old-fashioned. However, some names, such as Jesus, Moses, Achilles,
and Charles Dickens (historical names that end in a z sound), can end with either
an apostrophe or 's.
Jesus' parables were instructional Jesus's parables were instructional stories.
stories.

Moses' first tablets were broken. Moses's first tablets were broken.
Some people prefer to use only the apostrophe, but because we usually pronounce
the extra s, adding 's is correct as well.

:EXERCISE

.Read each phrase below and write it in possessive form

Example: the bat of David Answer: David’s bat

Dogs owner .1 New York skyscrapers .7

Los Angeles beaches .2 Dads rocking chair .8

The children plans .3 Childrens toys .9

Websters dictionary .4 The hurricane of Miami .10

The computer of Michael .5 The book of Karen .11

James invention .6 The basketball of Stephen .12

POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

 Irregular plural nouns have an irregular plural possesive form. The
aposthrope (’) comes before the final –s.
 124

Regular plural possessive noun:

The students’ books
Irregular plural possessive noun:
The women’s books
Example:
The children’s toys are on the floor.
That store sells men’s clothing
That store sells women’s clothing
I like to know about other people’s lives

Exercise
Direction: complete the sentences with the possessive form of the nouns in
italics.
1. Children That store sells ............................ books.

2. Girl Rita is a ................................. name.

3. Uncle Roberto is living at his.................................... house.

4. Person A biography is a story of a.................................... life

5. Wife Ron fixed his .................................old sewing machine.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS,

THEIRS
a) This book belongs to me Possessive Possessive
Adjective Pronoun
It is my book My Mine
It is mine Your Yours
Her Hers
b) That book belong to you His His
Our Ours
It is your book Their Theirs
It is yours
c) That book is mine

INCORRECT: That is mine book Example

 A possessive adjectve is used in front of noun: my book

.A possessive pronoun is used alone, without a noun following it, as in (c) 

:EXERCISE
 125

Complete this sentences. Use object pronouns, possessive adjectives, and

.possessive pronouns

She owns this pen .4 I own this book .1

................This pen belongs to This book belong to me

This is ............................pen This is my book

.....................This pen is This book is mine

He owns that pen .5 .They own these books .2

...............That pen belongs to ............These books belong to

That is................ pen These are..................books

.................That pen is .............These books are

We own those books .6 You own that book .3

...........Those books belong to .............That book belongs to

Those are ................books .That is........................book

.................Those books are .....................That book is

QUESTION WITH WHOSE

Whose asks about possession. Whose is often used with a noun (e.g., 
whose book)

.→ Mine Whose book is this? (a

.it's mine →

it's my book →
 126

b) Whose books are these? → rita's

→ they're rita's
→ they're rita's book
  Whose can be used without a noun if the meaning is clear.

c) Whose is this? ( the speaker is pointing to a book)

d) Whose are the these? ( the speaker is pointing to some books).

 Whose and who's have the save pronounciation. Who's = who is.

e) Who's your teacher?

EXERCISE:
Choose the correct completion.
1. Whose watch ................(is/are).............. ...............(this/these)..................?

2. Whose glasses ..................(is/are)........... ................(that/those).................?

3. Whose teddy bear ...............(is/are)........... ..............(that/those).................?

4. Whose hat ..................(is/are)................. ................(that/those).................?

5. Whose shoes ..................(is/are)............. ................(that/those).................?

6. Whose keys ..................(is/are)........... ................(that/those).....................?

CHAPTER 16
MAKING COMPARISONS
16 – 1. Using the Some (as ), Similar (to) and Different (from)
A and B are the same
A is the same as B
A
B
A and B are similar
A is similar to B
 A
B
A A and B are different
A is different From B

16 – 2. Using Like and Alike

Like and alike have the some meaning, but the sentence patterns are different
Like = similar to
This + be + like + that
Example : your voice is like his voice
Alike = similar
This and that + be + alike
Example : your voice and my voice are alike
Exercise.
Direction: complete the sentences with likeand alike
1. Maria and Tommy have similar books. In the other words, Maria`s book is
like Tommy`s book. They are books are alike
2. Sue is her sister
3. Mr. John and Mark have similar phones. In other words, their phone are

4. My sister and I have similar face. In other words, My face my

sister`s face
5. Your job is my job
16 – 3. The ComparativeAnd The Superlative
Comparative Adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to comparedifferences between the two
objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences
where two nouns are compared, un this pattern :
“Noun (subject) + comparative adjective + than + noun (O)”
The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the
context (final example bellow )
 This box is smaller than the one I lost
 Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like jack better. (“than Jim is
understood)
 My house is larger than her house

Superlative Adjectives
Superlative Adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper
or lower limit of a quality ( the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the higher). They
are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects
Noun (s) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (O)
The group that isbeingcompared with can be omitted if it is clear from the
context (final example bellow)
 This is the smallest box I’ve ever seen
 Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race
 We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flow the highest. (“ of
all the rocks” is understood)
 My house is the largest one in our neighborhood
Forming Regular Comparatives and Superlatives
Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the
number of syllables in the original adjective.
 One syllable adjectives

Add -erfor the comparative and – est for the superlative. If the adjectives
has a consonant + single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be
double before adding the ending
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Tall Taller Tallest
 Fat Fatter Fattest
Big Bigger Biggest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Two syllables
Adjective with two syllables can from the comparative either by
adding – er or by preceding the adjective with more. These adjectives
 from the superlative either by adding – est or by preceding the
adjective with most. In many cases both forms are used, although one
usage will be more common than the other. If you are not sure
whether a two – syllable adjective can take a comparative or
superlative ending , play it safe and use more and most instead. For
adjectives ending in “y”, change the “y” to an” i” before adding the
ending

ADJECTI COMPARATI
SUPERLATIVE
VE VE

HAPPY HAPPIER HAPPIEST

SIMPLE SIMPLER SIMPLEST
BUSY BUSIER BUSIEST
TILTED MORE TILTED MOST TILTED
TANGLED MORE MOST TANGLED
TANGLED

 Three or more syllables

Adjectives with three or more syllables from the Comparative by
putting “more” in front of the adjectives by putting “most” in front

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV

E E

IMPORTANT MORE MOST

EXPENSIVE IMPORTANT IMPORTANT
MORE MOST
EXPENSIVE EXPENSIVE

 Irregular comparatives and superlatives

These very common adjectives have completely irregular
comparatives and superlatives forms.

ADJECTI COMPARATI
SUPERLATIVE
VE VE

Good Better Best

Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much More Most
Far Further / Farther Furthest / Farthest
Examples :
 Today is the worst day I’ve had in a long time
 You play tennis better than I do
 I ran pretty far yesterday, but I run even farther today
 This sweater is less expensive than that one
 This is the least sweater in the store

Exercise.
Direction: complete the sentences use the correct forms (Comparative or
superlative) of the adjectives in italics
1. Easy This exercise is ________________ the next one
This is one of _________________ exercise in the
book

2. Good The student Cafeteria has ___________ roast beef

sandwiches in the city

3. Large Rusia is _______________ Country in the world

4. High Mt. Everest is ______________ Mountain in the world

5. Good Fruit is _____________ for your health ___________

candy
16 – 4. Using One of + Superlative + Plural Noun
The superlatives often follow one of
Notice the pattern : Using One of + Superlative + Plural Noun
Examples :
- Mira is one of the most diligent people in our family
- Mt. Everest is one of the highest mountain in the world

Exercise.
Direction: Use the given phrase to make sentences. Use One of + Superlative
+ Plural Noun

1) Ann is good person in our class

 Ann is One Of The Best Person inn our class
2) Jack is tall people in our class

3) A Beautiful place in this country

4) A big mountain in this city

5) This exercise is easy than the next one


16 – 5. Using BUT
But gives the idea that “this is the opposite of that”. A comma usually
precedesbut.
Examples.
John is rich, butDoni is poor
Exercise. Direction: Complete the sentences!
1) Tommy is lazy, but Temmy is ____________
2) A ball is round, but a box is _____________
3) This task is easy, but that task is _____________
4) My room is always clean, but this room is ___________
5) My house is so far from school, but her house is _________________

16 – 6.Using Verbs After But

Affirmative verb + but + negative verb
Examples:
a. I want to go school, but Jay isn’t
b. My mother can cook, but I can’t
Negative verb + but + affirmative verb

Examples :
a. Maya can’t to dance, but I can
b. Ardi isn’t smart, but Randi is
Exercise
Direction: Complete the sentence!
1. My sister was married, but I _______________
2. My family came at the party, but I __________
3. My car is expensive, but his car ____________
4. I like music, but my friends ________________
5. Sany can’t jump, but her husband ______________
6. My mother likes flowers, but my father __________
7. My brother has a car, but I ________
8. I want to run, but my friend ____________
9. She doesn’t like a coffee, but he ______________
10. I can’t speak Arabian, but my sister ________

16 – 7. Making Comparisons With Verb

The adverbs from comparatives and superlatives using – er and – est, and
most and more. More and most are used with adverbs that end in – lyand -er and
– est are used with irreguler adverbs
Comparative Superlative
Ann walks more slowly More slowly The most slowly
than Maya More fluently The most fluently
Ann speak the most fluently
of all
Sue worked the hardest of Harder The hardest
all
Mike worked harder than
Sam

Exercise
Direction: Complete the sentence with the correction from (comparative or
superlative)of the adverbs in italics
Quickly I Fineshed My Work ______________________ Tom
Beautifuly Maya sings ____________________________ Ari
Beautifuly Ann sings ___________________________ of all
Hard My sister works _____________________ I
Hard My brother works ______________________of all
Early We arrived at the party ______________________ the Smith
Early The Wilsons arrived at the party _________________ of all.