BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

B.Sc. (Hons.) GEOLOGY SYLLABUS, SEMESTER SYSTEM proposed w.e.f. 2008-09

The B.Sc.(Hons.) Geology shall be imparted to students for three academic sessions consisting of six semesters as
given below. Candidates will be examined and evaluated on grade basis at the end of each semester in the different
courses of theory and practical as per credits given against each course. The B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology will consist of
(a) Core Courses and (b) Geological Field Training.

a) The Core courses will be compulsory for all the admitted students. There will be eleven core courses, each of 6
credits (4 credits for theory and 2 credits for practical) covering major branches of Geology.

b) The compulsory geological field training includes a few days field work at the end of Semesters – II, IV and V.
The field training will be conducted by faculty members. The semester breaks can also be utilized for the
geological field training.

SEMESTER – I

Paper – I: ELEMENTARY PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ( 4 Cr.)

Section – A: Physical Geology

Unit-1
Introduction to geology, scope, subdisciplines and relationship with other branches of science; Earth in the solar system,
origin, size, shape, mass, density, rotational and evolutional parameters.

Internal constitution of the earth, core, mantle and crust; Convections in the earth’s core and production of magnetic field;
Composition of earth in comparison to other bodies in the solar system; Origin of hydrosphere and atmosphere,
biosphere; Origin of oceans, continents and mountains; Age of the earth; Radioactivity and its application in determining
the age of the earth; Rocks, minerals and fossils.

Unit-2
Earthquakes - causes, geological effects and their measurement, distribution of earthquake belts;Volcanoes - types, causes
and geological effects, distribution of volcanic belts; Relationship of earthquakes with volcanic belts; Weathering and
erosion; Soil, soil formation, soil profile and soil type; Geological time scale; Major events in the earth’s history.

Section – B: Structural Geology

Unit-3
Topography and its representation; Dip and strike; Outcrop, effects of topography on outcrop; Forms of igneous rocks;
Clinometer compass and its use; Folds, parts of fold, nomenclature and description of folds and causes of folding.

Unit-4
Faults - parts of faults, types of faults and causes of faulting; Joints- their geometric classification; Unconformity, its
kinds and significance; Overlap; Outlier and inlier.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Physical Geology:
Study of important geomorphological models; Reading topographical maps of the Survey of India; Elementary study of
aerial photographs.

Structural Geology:
Study of clinometer compass; Exercises on structural problems; Completion of outcrops; Drawing and interpretation of
sections across elementary representative geological structures.

Books Recommended:

Physical Geology and Structural Geology

Billings, M.P. (1972): Structural Geology, Prentice Hall.

Dennis, J.G. (1972): Structural Geology, Ronald Press Company, NewYork.
Hills, E.S. (1963): Elements of Structural Geology, Farrold and Sons, London.
Holmes, Arthur (1992): Principles of Physical Geology, Vol. 1, Chapman and Hall, London.
Leet, L.D. and Judson, S. (1969): Physical Geology, Prentice Hall.
Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. (2000): Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, Vol. III, Academic Press.
Ruhe, R.V. (1975): Geomorphology, Houghton Miffin Co., Boston.
Singh, R. P. (1995): Structural Geology, A Practical Approach, Ganga Kaveri Publ., Varanasi.
Sparks (1960): Geomorphology, Longmans, London.

SEMESTER – II

Paper – II: ELEMENTS OF MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ( 4 Cr.)

Section – A: Introductory Mineralogy

Unit-1
Minerals, definition and classification; Processes of mineral formation (magmatic, post-magmatic, pegmatitic,
weathering, sedimentary and metamorphic); Common physical properties of minerals (form and shape, colour, streak,
luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, tenacity, transparency, specific gravity, magnetic nature).

Unit-2
Chemical composition and diagnostic physical properties of rock forming minerals mentioned below:
quartz, orthoclase, microcline, albite, labradorite, nepheline, muscovite, biotite, augite, hypersthene, tremolite,
hornblende, olivine, serpentine, talc, chlorite, apatite, calcite, dolomite, garnet, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, staurolite,
topaz, tourmaline, corundum, gypsum, graphite and kaolinite.

Section – B: Optical Mineralogy

Unit-3
Polarizing microscope, its parts and functioning; Nicol Prism and its construction; Optically isotropic and anisotropic
substances; Ordinary and polarized lights; Common optical properties observed under ordinary and polarized lights and
crossed nicols; Optical properties of some common rock forming minerals (quartz, orthoclase, microcline, plagioclase,
garnet, biotite, muscovite, augite, hypersthene, hornblende, olivine and calcite).

Section – C: Introductory Crystallography

Unit-4
Crystal, elementary idea of crystal structure; Parts of crystal - face, edge, apex, solid angle and interfacial angle;
Crystallographic axes and angles; Parameters and indices; Common crystal forms - dome, prism, pyramid and pinacoid;
Elements of crystal symmetry; Introduction to different crystals systems.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)
Mineralogy and Crystallography
Study of physical properties of minerals mentioned in theory course; Study of elements of symmetry of representative
crystals from each system; Use of polarizing microscope; Study of optical properties of important rock forming minerals.

Books Recommended:

Elements of Mineralogy and Crystallography

Berry, L.G., Mason, B. and Dietrich, R.V. (1982): Mineralogy, CBS Publ..
Dana, E.S. and Ford, W.E.(2002): A textbook of Mineralogy (Reprints).
Nesse, D.W. (1986): Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill.
Phillips, F.C (1971): Introduction to Crystallography,Longman Group Publ..
Read, H.H. (1968): Rutley’s Element of Mineralogy (Rev. Ed.), Thomas Murby and Co.

SEMESTER – III

Paper – III: PETROLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY ( 4 Cr.)

Section – A: Petrology

Unit-1: Igneous Petrology

Magma and its composition; Phase rule application to H 2O system; Common textures; Magmatic differentiation and
assimilation; Introduction to mineralogical classification; Brief petrographic description of common igneous rocks
(granite, diorite, syenite, gabbro, dolerite, basalt, rhyolite, trachyte, pyroxenite and peridotite)

Unit-2: Sedimentary Petrology

Weathering and denudation of supra-crustal rocks; Origin of clastic and nonclastic sediments and genesis of sedimentary
rocks; Primary sedimentary structures; Elementary idea about texture and mineral composition of clastic and nonclastic
sedimentary rocks; General classification of sedimentary rocks; Descriptive petrography of fundamental rock types such
as - conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, limestone and shale.

Unit-3: Metamorphic Petrology

Definition, types and agents of metamorphism; Classification of metamorphic rocks; Metamorphic textures and
structures; Metamorphic zones and isograds; Progressive, regional and thermal metamorphism of pelitic, calcareous and
basic igneous rocks; Common metamorphic rocks and their protoliths as given below:
slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, hornfels, marble, quartzite.

Section – B: Economic Geology

Unit-4
Definition of ore, ore mineral and gangue; Classification of ore deposits; Chemical composition, diagnostic characters,
uses and distribution in India of the following minerals:
magnetite, hematite, chromite, psilomalane, pyrolusite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, native gold, magnesite, bauxite,
pyrite, diamond, muscovite, beryl, fluorite, gypsum, barite, halite, phosphorite, talc, kyanite, graphite, asbestos, monazite
and corundum; Elementary idea regarding origin, uses and distribution of coal and petroleum in India.

PRACTICALS ( 2Cr.)

Petrology
Megascopic and microscopic study of the following rock types:
granite, syenite, nepheline syenite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite, rhyolite, trachyte, dolerite, basalt, sandstone, limestone,
conglomerate, breccia, gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble.

Economic Geology
Study of ore and economic minerals in hand specimens as detailed in the theory syllabus; Preparation of maps showing
distribution of important metallic and non-metallic deposits and important coal and oil fields of India.

Books Recommended:

Petrology and Economic Geology

Best, Myron G.(2002): Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Blackwell Science.

Blatt, H. and Tracy, R.J. (1996): Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic), W.H. Freeman and Co., NewYork.
Brown, C. and Dey, A.K. (1955): Indian Mineral Wealth, Oxford Univ.
Ehlers, E.G. & Blatt, H (1982): Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Petrology, CBS Publ.
Huang: (1962): Petrology, McGraw Hill Book Co.
Jense, M.L., Bateman, and A.M. (1981): Economic Mineral Deposits, John Wiley and Sons.
Krishnaswamy, S. (1979): India’s Minerals Resources, Oxford and IBH Publ.
Nockold, Knox and Chinner (1978): Petrology for students, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Sharma, N.L. and Ram, K.V.S. (1972): Introduction to India’s Economic Minerals, Dhanbad Publ.
Winkler, H. G.F. (1967): Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Springer–Verlag.

SEMESTER – IV

Paper – IV: PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY ( 4 Cr.)

Section – A: Paleontology

Unit-1
Paleontology, definition, subdivisions and scope, its relationship with other sub-disciplines of geology; History of
development in paleontology; Fossils, definition, characters, kinds (body and trace fossils); Conditions of fossilization;
Incompleteness of fossils record; Elementary ideas about origin of life; their adaptation to various kinds of environments;
Bathymetric distribution of organisms.

Unit-2
Systematic classification of organisms; Elementary knowledge about the chief characteristics of the following phyla -
Arthropoda, Hemichordata, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Cnidaria and Bryozoa; A detailed study of the
morphology and geological distribution of the following classes/orders - Trilobita, Graptoloidea, Anthozoa and
Echinoidea.

Section – B: Stratigraphy

Unit-3
Stratigraphy: Definition, its scope and relationships with other subdisciplines of geology; History of advancement in
stratigraphy; Principles of stratigraphy; Geological time scale; Elements of stratigraphic classificaton; Rock units, time
units and time rock units; Physical and structural subdivisions of India and their characteristics; Brief elementary account
of important Indian Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary stratigraphic horizons.

Unit-4
Study of the following supergroups of Indian Precambrian rocks with special reference to classification, lithology and
economic significance - Dharwar of Karnataka, Mahakoshal (Bijawars) of Central India, Cuddapah of Andhra Pradesh
and Vindhyan of Son valley.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Paleontology
Study of modes of preservation of fossils; Study of morphological characters of about 30 genera pertaining to Trilobita,
Graptoloidea, Echinoidea and Anthozoa.

Stratigraphy
Preparation of lithostratigraphic maps of India showing distribution of the following -
Dharwar Supergroup, Mahakoshal (Bijawars) Supergroup, Cuddapah Supergroup and Vindhyan Supergroup.

Study of important rock types of the above mentioned stratigraphic units; Preparation of physiographic map of India
showing important features.

Books Recommended:

Paleontology and Stratigraphy

Black, R.M. (1988): The Elements of Palaeontology, Cambridge Univ.

Boggs, S. (2001): Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.
Jain, P.C. and Anantharaman, M.S. (1983): Palaeontology: Evolution and Animal Distribution, Vishal Publ.
Krishnan, M.S. (1968): Geology of India and Burma, Higgibothon, Madras.
Kumar, R. (1985): Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Moore, R.C., Lalicker, C.G. and Fischer, A.G.(1997): Invertebrate Fossils, CBS Publ.
Nield, E.W. and Tucker, V.C.T. (1985): Palaeontology: An Introduction, Pergmon Press.
Prothero, D.R. (2004): Bringing Fossil to Life – An Introduction to Paleontology (2 nd Ed.), McGraw Hill.
Shrock, R.R. and Twenhoffel,W.H. (1952): Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology, CBS Publ.
Wadia, D.N. (1966): Geology of India, English language Publ.
Weller, J.M. (1960): Stratigraphic Principles and Practices, Universal Book.
Woods, H. (1985): Palaeontology Invertebrate, CBS Publ.

SEMESTER – V

Paper – I: PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ( 4 Cr.)

Section –A: Physical Geology

Unit-1
Exogenic and endogenic geomorphic processes; Evolution of landscape; A detailed account of the geological work of
natural agencies - groundwater and springs, rivers, glaciers, lakes, ocean and wind.

Unit-2
Origin and classification of mountains; Concept and theories of isostasy; Origin and significance of mid oceanic ridges
and trenches; Sea floor spreading & continental drift; Brief idea about plate tectonics and distribution of plates;
Mitigation of environmental hazards - earthquakes, landslides, floods, basic concepts of remote sensing; Indian space
mission; elements of photogeology.

Section –B: Structural Geology

Unit-3
Geological significance and recognition of unconformities; Fold morphology, geometric and genetic classifications,
mechanics and causes of folding; Geometric and genetic classification of faults.

Unit-4
Effects of faulting on the outcrops; Geometric and genetic classification of joints; Foliation, descriptive terminology,
origin and relation to major structures; Stereographic projection and its use in structural analysis.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Physical Geology
Slope analysis from Topographical Maps. Interpretation of aerial photographs.

Structural Geology
Exercises on structural geology problems; Stereographic projection of structural data; Geometrical problems on folds and
faults; Drawing and interpretation of profile sections across the geological maps.

Books Recommended:

Physical Geology and Structural Geology

Billings, M.P. (1972): Structural Geology, Prentice Hall.

Ghosh, S.K. (1993): Structural Geology, Pergamon Press, New York.
Holmes, Arthur (1992): Principles of Physical Geology, Vol. 1, Chapman and Hall, London.
Leet, L.D. and Judson, S. (1969): Physical Geology, Prentice Hall.
Mallory, B.F and Cargo, D.N. (1979): Physical Geology, McGraw Hill.
Monrow, James S. (1986): Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth, Booke Cole, Australia.
Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. (2000): Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, Vol. III, Academic Press.
Ritter, Dale F. (1986): Processes of Geomorphology. Wm C. Brown Publ.
Singh, S (2001): Geomorphology, Prayag Pustak Bhandar, Allahabad
Sitter, L.U. De (1959): Structural Geology, Mc Graw Hill Publ.
Strahler, A. N. and Strahler, A.H. (1973): Environmental Geoscience, Hamilton Publ. Co.
Turner, F.J. and Weiss, L.E. (1963): Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonites McGraw Hill Book Co.

Paper – II: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY, MINERALOGY, OPTICAL MINERALOGY AND

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ( 4 Cr.)

Section - A: Igneous Petrology

Unit-1
Physical properties, genesis, evolution and types of magma; Concepts of rock series and rock association; Phase
equilibrium in one (SiO2), two (Di-An, Fo-Silica, Ab-An) and three (Di-Ab-An and Di-Fo-An) component silicate
systems.

Unit-2
IUGS mineralogical (QAPF) and chemical (total alkali-silica diagram) classification schemes; Common igneous textures;
Detailed petrographic description of granite, granodiorite, diorite, syenite, phonolilte, gabbro, norite, dolerite, basalt,
andesiste, dunite, pyroxenite, peridotite, komatite, trachyte, rhyolite and dacite.

Section – B: Mineralogy and Crystallography

Unit-3
Classification of minerals; Introduction to crystal chemistry - Ionic size, packing, radius ratio and coordination number,
solid solution; Isomorphism, polymorphism, diadochy, pseudomorphism, chemical bonds, Pauling’s rules; Structural
classification of silicates; Study of the following group of minerals with reference to chemical and structural formulae;
Classification and occurrences - olivine, garnet, alumino-silciates, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, silica and feldspar.

Unit- 4
Introduction to 32 crystals classes of crystallography and description of the holosymmetric class; Contact goniometer;
Angular measurement of crystal faces; Different types of crystal projections – spherical and stereographic and their uses;
Electromagnetic spectrum, light, optics of light (reflection, refraction, Snell’s law), dispersion, double refraction, sample
preparation techniques for optical microscopy, refractive index liquids, Becke effect, relief, birefringence, retardation,
pleochroism, extinction and interference colours; Classification of minerals into uniaxial and biaxial minerals.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Igneous Petrology
Megascopic and microscopic study of the igneous rocks as per list given in the theory paper.

Mineralogy
Study of the following silicate minerals with regards to their diagnostic physical properties -
Olivine Group, Garnet Group, Aluminosilicate Group, Staurolite, Topaz, Zircon, Epidote Group, Tourmaline, Beryl,
Pyroxene Group, Amphibole Group, Mica Group, Talc, Serpentine, Chlorite, Kaolinite, Silica Group, Feldspar
Group, Feldspathoid Group, Zeolite Group; A study of few models of silicate and non-silicate structures.

Optical Mineralogy
Optical study of few rock-forming minerals; Determination of length fast and length slow characters of minerals;
Scheme of pleochroism, extinction.

Crystallography
A study of about 12 crystal models belonging to the seven crystal systems; Determination of axial ratio and face
symbols of orthorhombic and monoclinic crystals, Stereographic projection of olivine and hornblende.

Books Recommended:

Berry, L.G., Mason, B. and Dietrich, R.V. (1982): Mineralogy, CBS Publ.
Best, Myron G.(2002): Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Blackwell Science.
Blatt, H. and Tracy, R.J. (1996): Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic), W.H. Freeman and Co., NewYork.
Dana, E.S. and Ford, W.E.(2002): A textbook of Mineralogy (Reprints).
Kerr, P. F. (1977): Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill.
Moorhouse, W.W. (9151): Optical Mineralogy, Harper and Row Publ.
Ness, D.W. (1986): Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill.
Phillips, F.C. (1971): Introduction to Crystallography.
Read, H.H. (1968): Rutley’s Element of Mineralogy (Rev. Ed.), Thomas Murby and Co.
Verma, A.R. and Srivastava, O.N. (1991): Crystallography of solid state Physics, New Age Int. Publ.

Paper - III: SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY ( 4 Cr.)

Section – A: Sedimentary Petrology

Unit-1
Processes of formation of sedimentary rocks; Classification of rudaceous, arenaceous, argillaceous and calcareous rocks;
Structures of sedimentary rocks; Mineralogical characteristics, textures, and diagenesis of sedimentary rocks; Heavy
minerals and provenance interpretations.

Unit-2
Petrographic details of important siliciclastic and carbonate rocks such as - conglomerate, breccia, quartz-arenite, arkose,
lithic arenite, quartzwake, felspathicwacke, lithicwacke, mudrocks / shale, limestones: crystalline, micritic and sparitic.

Section – B: Metamorphic Petrology

Unit-3
Phase rule and Goldschmidt’s mineralogical phase rule; Principles of metamorphic reactions, metamorphic facies and
metamorphic facies series; Graphical representation of mineral assemblages in ACF, AKF, AFM diagrams; Prograde,
retrograde and polymetamorphism.

Unit-4
Progressisve metamorphism of (a) Pelitic rocks in K2O – FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, (b) Basic rocks in CaO – FeO –
MgO – Al2O3 – SiO2 system, (c) Calcareous rocks in CaO – MgO –SiO 2 – CO2 – H2O system; (d) Ultramafic rocks in
MgO – Al2O3 – SiO2 – H2O system.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Megascopic and microscopic examination of conglomerate, breccia, quartz arenite, arkose, lithic arenite, quartzwacke,
feldspathicwacke, lithicwacke (grewacke), mudrocks/shale and carbonates (micrite, sparite and accretionary limestones).
Examination of some common heavy minerals in grain mounts; Megascopic and microscopic study of metamorphic
rocks - slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite, charnockite, hornfels, khondalite

Books Recommended:

Bucher, K. and Martin, F. (2002): Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks (7 th Rev. Ed.), Springer–Verlag,.
Ehler, E.G. and Blatt, H. (1982): Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Petrology, CBS Publ.
Greensmith, J. T. (1984): Petrology of Sedimentary rocks, Thomas Murby Publ.
Hatch, F.H., Rastall, R.H. and Black, M. : Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Thomas Murby Publ.
Mason, R. (1978): Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks, CBS Publ.
Pettijohn, F.J. (1957): Sedimentary rocks (3rd Ed.), Oxford Book Co.
Winkler, H.G.C. (1967): Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Narosa Publ.
Yardlley, B.W.D. (1989): An introduction to Metamorphic Petrology, Longman Scientific and Technical, New York.

Paper - IV: GEOLOGICAL FIELD TRAINING ( 4 Cr.)

SEMESTER – VI
Paper – V: PALEONTOLOGY ( 4 Cr.)

Unit-1
Application of paleontology with special reference to problems of geological refinement, sequence stratigraphy,
correlation, paleoecology and paleobiogeographic reconstructions; Organic evolution - ancient and modern concepts,
evidences, theories of organic evolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Synthetic theory.

Unit-2
Binomial nomenclature and procedures in taxonomy; Species concept; Skeletons and their compositions; Types of
fossils; Collection and preparation of macro- and micro– fossils; Identification of fossils; Describing a fossil specimen.

Unit-3
Detailed study of morphological characters and geological distribution of the following invertebrate fossil groups -
Brachiopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Crinoidia and Bryozoa.

Stratigraphic significance of Trilobites, Graptolites, Ammonites and Conodonts; Elementary ideas about different types of
microfossils (calcareous, siliceous, phosphatic, chitinous, organic walled and agglutinated).

Unit-4
Modes of preservation of plant fossils; Classification and broad characteristics of major plant groups; elementary
knowledge of Gondwana flora.

Origin and general characteristic of vertebrates; Elementary ideas about vertebrate classes; Elementary knowledge of
Siwalik vertebrate fauna.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Study of morphological characters, systematic positions and age of about 30 representative genera belonging to the
following groups -
Brachiopoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, and Gastropoda.

A detailed systematic description of the following genera -

Rhynchonella, Terebratula, Arca, Modiolus, Perisphinctes, Nautilus, Natica and Conus.

Books Recommended:

Black, R.M. (1988): The Elements of Palaeontology, Cambridge Univ..

Clarkson, E.N.K. (1986): Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution, Allen and Unwin Publ.
Jain, P.C. and Anantharaman, M.S. (1983): Palaeontology: Evolution and Animal Distribution, Vishal Publ.
Lehmann, U. (1983): Fossils Invertebrate, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Moore, R.C., Lalicker, C.G. and Fischer, A.G.(1997): Invertebrate Fossils, CBS Publ.
Nield, E.W. and Tucker, V.C.T. (1985): Palaeontology: An Introduction, Pergmon Press.
Prothero, D.R. (2004): Bringing Fossil to Life – An Introduction to Paleontology (2 nd Ed.), McGraw Hill.
Rastogi (1988): Organic Evolution, Kedarnath and Ramnath Publ.
Raup, D.M. and Stanley, S.M. (1985): Principles of Palaeontology, CBS Publ..
Shrock, R.R. and Twenhoffel,W.H. (1952): Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology, CBS Publ.
Stebbins (1979): Process of Organic Evolution (3rd Ed.) Prentice Hall.
Woods, H. (1985): Palaeontology Invertebrate, CBS Publ.
Paper – VI: STRATIGRAPHY ( 4 Cr.)

Unit-1
Historical advancement in stratigraphy; Stratigraphic classification and terminology; Methods of collecting stratigraphic
data; Identification of stratigraphic contact.

Unit-2
Criteria for stratigraphic refinement and correlation; Outline of sequence stratigraphy; Elements of facies concept in
stratigraphy.

Unit-3
A detailed study of succession, lithology, age, economic importance and fossil content of the following –
Archaean of Southrn Indian Shield, Proterozoic of Son Valley, Palaeozoic of Kashmir, Gondwana Supergroup, Triassic
of Spiti, Jurassic of Kachchh, Cretaceous of Tiruchirapalli.

Unit-4
A detailed study of succession, lithology, age, economic importance and fossil content of the following:
Deccan Trap and equivalents, Paleogene of Assam, Kachchh and Andaman, Siwaliks of Jammu and Himachal Pradesh
and Karewas of Kashmir.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Distribution of following geological formations on sedimentary basin map of India -

Marine Lower Permian, Gondwana Supergroup, Marine Mesozoics, Deccan Traps and equivalents, Marine Cenozoic and
Siwalik Group.

Preparation of land / sea distribution on sedimentary basin map of India during Late Precambrian/Early Cambrian, Early
Permian, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene; Study of rocks from important Indian stratigraphic horizons.

Books Recommended:

Boggs, S. (2001): Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.

Dunbar, C.O. and Rodgers, J. (1957): Principles of Stratigraphy, John Wiley and Sons.
Krishnan, M.S. (1968): Geology of India and Burma, Higgibothon, Madras.
Kumar, R. (1985): Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Wadia, D.N. (1966): Geology of India, English language Publ.
Weller, J.M. (1960): Stratigraphic Principles and Practices, Universal Book.

Paper - VII : HYDROGEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION GEOLOGY

AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (4 Cr.)

Unit-1
Definition of hydrogeology, geohydrology and hydrology; Hydrological cycle and groundwater in the hydrological cycle;
Hydrological parameters - Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration and infiltration; Origin and age of groundwater;
Vertical distribution of groundwater; Types of aquifers; Water bearing properties of rocks - Porosity and Permeability;
Retention of water in rocks and yield of water from rocks; Different types of springs and their formations; Darcy’s law
and its validity; Dissolved constituent of groundwater; Salinization of groundwater; Groundwater provinces of India.

Unit-2
 Definition and dimensions of environment; General idea about components and composition of different environmental
domains such as atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere; Types of environmental pollution; Introduction to weather and
climate; Past-climates in the earth history; Concept and origin of monsoon; Elements of natural hazards.

Unit -3
Fundamentals of geological, geochemical and geophysical techniques employed in exploration of mineral deposits.

Unit-4
Elementary idea of computer knowledge in geological sciences; Construction and use of spread-sheet and electronic
presentation.

PRACTICALS ( 2 Cr.)

Groundwater provinces of India; Major hydro-geochemical provinces of India; Preparation of water table contour map
and their interpretation; Determination of permeability by falling and constant head method; Graphical presentation of
water quality data; Preparation of seismic and flood zonation maps of India.

Exercises on ore reserve calculation; Delineation of ore body on the basis of geological data; Preparation of graphs using
spread-sheet and electronic presentation.

Books Recommended:

Arogyaswamy, R.N.P. (1973): Courses in Mining Geology, Oxford and IBH Publ.
Bryant, E. (1985): Natural Hazards, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Chaussier, Jean – Bernard and Morer, J. (1987): Mineral Prospecting Manual., North Oxford Academic.
Davies, S. N. and De Wiest, R. J. N. (1966): Hydrogeology, John Wiley and Sons.
Dobrin, M. B., and Savit, C. H., (1988): Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Karanth, K. R. (1989): Hydrogeology, Tata McGraw Hill Publ.
Keller, E.A. (1978): Environmental Geology, Bell and Howell, USA.
Lal, D. S. (2007): Climatology, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
Nagabhushaniah, H. S. (2001): Groundwater in Hydrosphere, CBS Publ.
Raghunath, H. M. (1990): Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Rajendran S. et al (2007) : Mineral Exploration : Recent Strategies.
Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P, Sheriff, R.E. and Keys, D.A. (1990): Applied Geophysics, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Todd, D. K. (1995): Groundwater hydrology, John Wiley and Sons.
Tolman, C. F. (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill Book Co.
Valdiya, K.S. (1987): Environmental Geology – Indian Context, Tata McGraw Hill.

Paper – VIII: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY ( 4 Cr.)

Unit-1
Concept of ore, ore minerals and gangue in economic geology; Tenor of ores; Ore forming minerals – metallic and non-
metallic; Common forms and structures of ore deposits; Paragenesis, paragenetic sequence and zoning in metallic ore
deposits.

Unit-2
Processes of formation of ore deposits; Magmatic, contact metasomatic, pegmatitic, hydrothermal, sedimentation,
residual concentration, mechanical concentration, oxidation and supergene suphide enrichment and metamorphism.

Unit-3
Study of important industrial minerals of India with particular reference to the industries - cement, glass and ceramics,
refractory, fertilizer and building stones, chemicals and gemstones.
Unit-4
Processes of formation, geological occurrence, uses and distribution of coal and petroleum in India; A brief study of
atomic fuels.

PRACTICALS (2 Cr.)

Study of ore and economic minerals in hand specimen as detailed in the theory syllabus; Preparation of maps showing
distribution of important metallic and non-metallic deposits and important coal and oil fields of India.

Books Recommended:

Brown, C. and Dey, A.K. (1955): Indian Mineral Wealth, Oxford Univ.
Gokhale, K.V.G.K. and Rao, T.C. (1983): Ore Deposits of India, East West Press Pvt. Ltd.
Jense, M.L., Bateman, and A.M. (1981): Economic Mineral Deposits, John Wiley and Sons.
Krishnaswamy, S. (1979): India’s Minerals Resources, Oxford and IBH Publ.
Mookherjee, A. (2000): Ore Genesis-A Holistic Approach, Allied Publisher.
Sharma, N.L. and Ram, K.V.S. (1972): Introduction to India’s Economic Minerals, Dhanbad Publ..

ANCILLARY COURSES FOR STUDENTS OF OTHER STREAMS/DEPARTMENTS

Earth Science: Paper – I

Unit-1
Introduction and origin of solar system, characteristics of planets and their distribution; Kinds of forces and their
magnitudes in the earth; Time scales of processes – days to millions of years.

Unit-2
Planet earth - the structure from core to the upper levels of magnetosphere, interior structure, distribution of pressure and
temperature, basic chemistry and physics of the earth.

Unit-3
The surface we live on – geomorphologic features and processes, plate tectonics and isostasy – salient relevance to earth
science; Sediments and sedimentary processes; the oceans, the atmosphere and the biosphere.

Unit-4
Building blocks of earth - important rocks and minerals, their characteristics and mineral deposits, water and melts;
Some tools - basics of geological maps and their interpretation; Plate tectonics and its consequences - earthquake,
volcanoes, mountain building, tsunami.

Earth Science: Paper – II

Unit-1
Integrated evolution of earth and life on it inclusive of the successive important assemblies; Development of the
geological time scale, Hadean (>3800 my) Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.

Unit-2
Relevance of geological factors and water, oxygen revolution; Major marine and non-marine system.
Unit-3
Present and past climatic changes; Salient features of environment and a natural hazard.

Unit-4
Principal, longitudinal and geographical differentiation of the earth, equatorial, mediterranean polar and savannahs.

Books Recommended:

Alberede (2003): Geochemistry, an introduction, Cambridge Univ. Press.

Condie (2005): Earth as an evolving Planetary System, Elsevier Publ.
Holmes, Arthur (1992): Principles of Physical Geology, Vol. 1, Chapman and Hall, London.
Johnson, A. M. (1984): Physical Processes in Geology, Freeman Cooper and Company.
Leet, L.D. and Judson, S. (1969): Physical Geology, Prentice Hall.
Marshak (2005): Earth, portrait of planet (2nd Ed), W.W. Norton and Co.
McBride, N. and Gilmour, I (2003): An Introduction to the Solar System, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Mears, J. (1970): The Changing Earth, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Ranalli (1995): Rheology of Earth (2nd Ed), Chapman and Hall.
Rollinson, H. (2007): Early Earth System A Geochemical Approach, Blackwell Publ.
Sparks (1960): Geomorphology, Longmans.