Chapter 4

The Laws of Motion

Souphanouvong University Mr. Pem PHAKVISETH

Faculty of Engineering
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Department of Materials Science and Engineering
 Outline
• Force
• Newton’s Three Law
• Force example 1: Gravitational force
• Force example 2: Friction
• Application of Newton’s Laws

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 Sir Isaac Newton
 1642 – 1727
 Formulated basic concepts and
laws of mechanics
 Universal Gravitation
 Calculus
 Light and optics

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 Classical Mechanics
• Describes the relationship between the motion of objects in our everyday
world and the forces acting on them
• Conditions when Classical Mechanics does not apply
• Very tiny objects (< atomic sizes)
• Objects moving near the speed of light

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Contact and Field Forces

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 Fundamental Forces
• Types
• Strong nuclear force
• Electromagnetic force
• Weak nuclear force
• Gravity
• Characteristics
• All field forces
• Listed in order of decreasing strength
• Only gravity and electromagnetic in mechanics

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 Newton’s First Law
• An object moves with a velocity that is constant in magnitude and
direction, unless acted on by a nonzero net force
• Note that: The net force is defined as the vector sum of all the external
forces exerted on the object

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 External and Internal Forces
• External force
• Any force that results
from the interaction
between the object
and its environment
• Internal forces
• Forces that originate
within the object itself
• They cannot change
the object’s velocity

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 Inertia
• Is the tendency of an object to continue in its original motion
• In the absence of a force
• Thought experiment
• Hit a golf ball
• Hit a bowling ball with the same force
• The golf ball will travel farther
• Both resist changes in their motion

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Newton’s Second Law
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

• Can also be applied three-dimensionally

F x  max ; Fy  may ; Fz  maz ;

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 Units of Force
• SI unit of force is a Newton (N)
kg m
1N  1 2
s
• US Customary unit of force is a pound (lb)
• 1 N = 0.225 lb
• See table 4.1

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 Some Notes About Forces
• Forces cause changes in motion
• Motion can occur in the absence of forces
• All the forces acting on an object are added as vectors to find the
net force acting on the object
• m is not a force itself
• Newton’s Second Law is a vector equation

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 Example 4.2 Horses Pulling a Barge
Two horses are pulling a barge with mass 2.00× 103Kg along a canal,
as shown in Figure 4.7. The cable connected to the first horse makes
an angle of Ɵ1=30.0° with respect to the direction of the canal, while
the cable connected to the second horse makes an angle of Ɵ2=-45.0°.
Find the initial acceleration of the barge, starting at rest, if each
horse exerts a force of magnitude 6.00×102N on the barge. Ignore
forces of resistance on the barge.

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 Newton’s Third Law
• If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force exerted by
object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction to the force exerted by object 2 on object 1.
• F12  F21
• Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist

 F12 may be called the action force and F21 the

reaction force
 Actually, either force can be the action or the
reaction force
 The action and reaction forces act on
different objects

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 Some Action-Reaction Pairs

 n and n '
 n is the normal force, the
force the table exerts on the
TV
 n is always perpendicular
to the surface
n ' is the reaction – the TV
on the table
 n  n '

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 More Action-Reaction pairs
'
 Fg and Fg
F is the force the Earth
g
exerts on the object
F' is the force the object
g
exerts on the earth

Fg  Fg'

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 Forces Acting on an Object

 Newton’s Law uses the

forces acting on an
object
 n and Fg are acting on
the object
 n ' and Fg' are acting
on other objects

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 Example 4.5 Action-reaction
A man of mass M=75.0 kg and woman of mass m=55.0 kg stand facing
each other on an ice rink, both wearing ice skates. The woman pushes the
man with a horizontal force of F=85.0 N in the positive x-direction.
Assume the ice is frictionless. (a)What is the man’s acceleration? (b)
What is the reaction force acting on the woman? (c) Calculate the
woman’s acceleration.

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19
 Gravitational Force
• Mutual force of attraction between any two objects
• Expressed by Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation:
• Every particle in the Universe attracts every other
particle with a force that is directly proportional to the
square of the distance between them
m1 m2
Fg  G 2
r

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 Weight
• The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of
mass m near the Earth’s surface is called the weight w of the object
• w = m g is a special case of Newton’s Second Law
• g is the acceleration due to gravity
• g can also be found from the Law of Universal Gravitation
• Weight is not an inherent property of an object
• Mass is an inherent property
• Weight depends upon location

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 Example 4.3 Forces of Distant Worlds
(a) Find the gravitational force exerted by the Sun on a 70.0 kg man
located at the Earth’s equator at noon, when the man is closest to
the Sun. (b) Calculate the gravitational force of the Sun on the man
at midnight, when he is farthest from the Sun. (c) Calculate the
difference in the acceleration due to the Sun between noon and
midnight. (For values, see Table 7.3, page 223)

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Application of Newton’s Laws

A Crate being pulled to

the right on a frictionless
surface.

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 Assumptions about crate
• Objects behave as particles
• Can ignore rotational motion (for now)
• Masses of strings or ropes are negligible
• Interested only in the forces acting on the object
• Can neglect reaction forces

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 Assumptions about Ropes

 Ignore any frictional effects of the rope

 Ignore the mass of the rope
 The magnitude of the force exerted along the rope is called
the tension
 The tension is the same at all points in the rope

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 Free Body Diagram of Crate
• Must identify all the forces acting on the object of interest
• Choose an appropriate coordinate system
• If the free body diagram is incorrect, the solution will likely be
incorrect

 The force is the tension acting on

the box
 The tension is the same at all
points along the rope
 n and Fg are the forces exerted by the
earth and the ground
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Apply Newton’s second Law to Crate

max  T
ma y  n  mg  0

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 Solving Newton’s Second Law Problems
• Read the problem at least once
• Draw a picture of the system
• Identify the object of primary interest
• Indicate forces with arrows
• Label each force
• Use labels that bring to mind the physical quantity involved
• Draw a free body diagram
• If additional objects are involved, draw separate free body diagrams for each
object
• Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
• Apply Newton’s Second Law
• The x- and y-components should be taken from the vector equation and written
separately
• Solve for the unknown(s)
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 Example 4.8: Moving a crate
The combined weight of the crate and dolly is 3.00× 102N. If the
man pulls on the rope with a constant force of 20.0N, what is the
acceleration of the system(crate and dolly), and how far will it move
in 2.00s? Assume the system starts from rest and that there are no
friction forces opposing the motion?

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 Group problem: Running car
(a) A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined at an angle
Ɵ=20.0°, as in Figure. Determine the acceleration of the car,
assuming the incline is frictionless. (b) If the length of the drive
way is 25.0 m and the car starts from rest at the top, how long does
it take to travel to the bottom? (c) What is the car’s speed at the
bottom?

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 Equilibrium
• An object either at rest or moving with a constant velocity is said to be
in equilibrium
• The net force acting on the object is zero (since the acceleration is zero)

F  0
• Easier to work with the equation in terms of its components:

F x  0 and F y 0

• This could be extended to three dimensions

• A zero net force does not mean the object is not moving, but that
it is not accelerating
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 Example 4.6 A Traffic light at rest
A traffic light weighting 1.00× 102N hangs from a vertical cable tied to
two other cables that are fastened to a support as in Figure 4.14a. The
upper cables make angles of 37.0° and 53.0° with the horizontal. Find
the tension in each of the three cables.

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 Multiple Objects – Example
• When you have more than one object, the problem-solving strategy is
applied to each object
• Draw free body diagrams for each object
• Apply Newton’s Laws to each object
• Solve the equations

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 Example 4.11: Atwood’s Machine
Two objects of mass m1 and m2, with m2>m1, are connected by a
light, inextensible cord and hung over a frictionless pulley, as in
Figure 4.20a. Both cord and pulley have negligible mass. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the system and the tension in the
cord.

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 Forces of Friction
• When an object is in motion on a surface or through a viscous medium,
there will be a resistance to the motion
• This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment
• This is resistance is called friction

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 Static Friction, ƒs

 Static friction acts to keep

the object from moving
 If F increases, so does ƒs
 If F decreases, so does ƒs
 ƒs  µs n
 Use = sign for impending
motion only

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 Kinetic Friction, ƒk

 The force of kinetic friction

acts when the object is in
motion
 ƒk = µk n
 Variations of the
coefficient with speed will
be ignored

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Some Coefficients of Friction

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Example 4.12 A Block on a Ramp
Suppose a block with a mass of 2.50 kg is resting on a ramp. If the
coefficient of static friction between the block and ramp is 0.350,
what maximum angle can the ramp make with the horizontal before
the block starts to slip down?

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 The system approach
• The objects are rigidly connected.
• When two objects are considered a system, external force of
one objects becomes internal force of the system.

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 Example 4.15 Two Blocks and a cord
A block of mass m=5.00 kg rides on top of a second block of mass
M=10.0 kg. A person attaches a string to the bottom block and pulls the
system horizontally across a frictionless surface, as in Figure 4.26a.
Friction between the two blocks keeps the 5.00 kg block from slipping
off. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.350, (a) what maximum force
can be exerted by the string on the 10.0 kg block without causing the
5.00 kg block to slip? (b) Use the system approach to calculate the
acceleration.

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 Group Problem: Two Blocks
Suppose instead the string is attached to the top block in Example
4.15. Find the maximum force that can be exerted by the string on
the block without causing the top block to slip.

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 Thank you for your attention !!!

감사합니다 !!!

Next Chapter is Energy

Souphanouvong University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
43
 Topic

Some Images in this Chapter were

taken from:
Publicatio
Main / Sub Title Writer Publisher
n Year
Serway, BROOKS/COLE
College Physics, 8th
Main Vuille, Cengage 2008
Edition Learning
Faughn

Dept. of Physics,
NUOL,
Sub Physics 1(221PH111) Faculty of 2016
Laos
Natural Science

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