INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON MIDTERM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 3 (HUMAN EMBODIMENT) movement of the will towards DECIDING

Dualism: A philosophical position that there is a radical (DISCERNING) , ACTING, and CONSENTING
difference between mind and matter.
Kinds of Dualism: DASEIN – “there-being”, has the capacity to realize
1. Substance Dualism – There exists two kinds the meaning of its existence considering its situation
of substance. as being thrown into a world of endless possibilities
BODY- physical substance
MIND- non-physical substance Man’s Historical Action:
2. Property Dualism – Mental Phenomena are - Man is a crosspoint or point of intersection of
non-physical properties of the physical phenomena but physical, interpersonal, social, and historical lines of
not properties of non-physical substances. events.
- Man as a task is both a limitation and possibility.
Plato’s Dualism Limitation as finitude, and possibility as capacity to
Body – likened to a prison transform/transcend.
- The soul is confined in the body and becomes
limited 1. PHYSICAL CROSSPOINT – man is a product of the
Soul – likened to a chariot evolutionary processes of nature.
- The soul is compelled to investigate the truth 2. INTERPERSONAL CROSSPOINT – each one of us
by the means of the body belongs to interpersonal lines of events
- Aims to disassociate from the body as far as 3. SOCIAL CROSSPOINT – man is a product of past
possible and turn its attention to the generations which formed the society in which one
contemplation of the intelligible lives.
4. HISTORICAL CROSSPOINT – man is a product of
3 Parts of the Soul: historical struggles
- Rational: Symbolized by the charioteer, guides
and control the 2 parts MAN’S EMBODIMENT
: lover of truth, rules over the other parts Objectum: thrown in front
- Spirited: symbolized by the white horse, noble - “I place my self outside of the thing that I am
: seeks for glory, honor, and recognition inquiring on”
- Appetitive: symbolized by the black horse, - “A BODY”, an objective idea apart from me
deformed and obstinate
: responsible for desires and pleasure SUBJECTUM: thrown beneath
- “I am part of the thing I am investigating”
Descartes’ Dualism - “MY BODY”, a boy full of life, the self
Man – a thing that thinks
Res Extensa – BODY BODY – “I own my body, I treat it as an instrument in
- Extended substance, an extended thing, order to possess and use other things.”
extension of the thinking thing INSTRUMENT – an extension or reinforcing of a power
Res Cogitans – MIND or part of my body
- Thinking Substance, the thing that thinks, the
only thing that defines man PARADOX OF THE BODY
“I am A BODY” – “I treat my body as a possession”
ARGUMENT of INDIVISIBILITY – Mind and Body are “I am MY BODY” – “There is no gap between me and
distinct entities my body
- Body is divisible, mind is indivisible, hence mind is not - “I cannot detach my body from myself, and I cannot
the same as body reduce myself to my body”
- Man is a being-in-the-world through his body
ARGUMENT of INDUBUTABILITY – Mind and Body are - Body acts as an intermediary between the self and
distinct entities the world
- Everything physical is doubtful, the mind is non- - Body serves as a bridge and obstacle
physical, The MIND EXISTS (COGITO ERGO SUM)
- MIND (certain) and BODY (doubtful) are different CHAPTER 4 (HUMANITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT)
things ANTHROPOCENTRISM
COGITO – the indubitable basis of our judgments, an - Philosophical viewpoint arguing that man is the
embodied being central or most significant entity in the world.
- Nature serves the interest of man
EMBODIMENT – to make incarnate a meaning which - Humans are the loci of fundamental value
proceeds from the inner person and makes it visible or - Man is self-ending, self-centering, idolizes himself
present through a roper body structure.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
ANALYSIS OF THE WILL – exposes human capacity to – Political and Ethical movement that seeks to
act or the refusal to act. Summed up in the three-fold improve and protect the quality of the natural
 environment through changes to environmentally
harmful human activities ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY (Way of Virtue)
- FORMAL AND RADICAL - Speaks of unity and oneness between the universal
- Forma Effort: Sustained Dialogues, Bilateral and self and the nature of man
Multi-Lateral agreements among stakeholders - The person is in deep harmony with nature
- Radical Environmentalism: Violent actions, - Establishing order and duty to society is ethical
warding off potential violators from committing - Cultivation of virtues, morals, and good governance
crimes against nature
CONFUCIANISM
- Environmental Stewardship: Humans do not have
- Get involve in the affairs of family, society, and
a full ownership of the things around them
politics
- Man is a care-taker of the environment
- Before involving oneself, practice living life morally
- Finding God in all things through education
- God dwells in every creation, man should instill the - Governance is not influencing people, but having a
sense of responsibility moral and righteous path
- Superior man is the notion of a righteous and
DEEP ECOLOGY virtuous ruler
– Philosophical reflection that regards humanity as - A superior man should possess the Five Cardinal
only an equal part of the global ecology Virtues
- Man must radically change their relationship to
nature by recognizing the inherent value of nature CARDINAL VIRTUES
- The aim of deep ecology is ecological balance and 1. Ren 仁 – Compassion, Love of men,
harmony benevolence, altruism, humanity
2. Yi 義/义 – Righteousness, Honesty, Duty
2 types of Deep Ecology
3. Zhi 智 – Doing one’s best
1. SELF-REALIZATION: spiritual in nature. People
4. Xin 新 – Practical Wisdom or knowledge
grow with nature
5. Li 禮/礼 – Proper Conduct, polite and
2. BIO-CENTRIC EQUALITY: All things in the
respectful, Correct behavior, values
biosphere develop to reach their own unfolding or
sel-realization. Everything is part of a whole, one SUPERIOR MAN
with equal value - Should possess the Cardinal Virtues
- According to Peimin Ni, Ren is the primary quality
CLIMATE JUSTICE of a moral person, it must be out of heart, not
– Social movement seeking to address the merely rationality
inequitable distribution of environmental hazards
among the poor and minorities RECTIFICATION OF NAMES
- All people deserve to live in a clean and safe - Good governance is grounded in the Rectification
environment of Names
- Man as a rational being, has responsibility to take - People must be worthy of their titles or positions in
care and respect the environment society
- Tantum Quantum: one must use other created - “Let the ruler be a ruler, the minister be a minister,
things, in so far as they help towards one’s end. the father be a father, and the son be a son.”
- All thing in the world are gifts from God, presented - People should conduct themselves according to
to us so that we can know God more easily and their names
make a return of love more readily.
- Ethical Responsibility: we must recognize the LOGIC OF DISCOVERY
otherness of the environment Science – is a way of looking at reality
- One’s action is for the good of the other, not for - It starts with positing intelligent conjectures
his own about reality

2 forms of Climate Justice INDUCTIVE REASONING – an inference having

1. Intergenerational Justice conclusion that proceeds from the antecedent
- implies our moral obligation to the rights of the premises with probability. Making broad
future generation generalizations from specific observations (Particular
- an obligation to pass on to the future, in the name to General)
of justice, a world where it would be possible to
Survive. DEDUCTIVE REASONING – an inference from one or
2. Intragenerational Justice more statements to reach a logically certain
- implies our moral obligation to the rights of the conclusion (General to Particular)
present generation
- idea of fairness ****************** END ********************
- what we do individually or collectively affects the
lives of others