Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Education is very important to everyone. It gives everybody knowledge about something

they didn’t know. It starts at home with parents teaching their children good manners and right

conduct. Children go to school as they reach the right age. As they grow up, they are starting to

have their own goals. Possibly, one of their goal is to make their parents proud of them by having

high grades in school. To achieve this, students have to strive hard and stay motivated until they

reach the final stage.

According to Ireland K. (2017), a specialized in health, fitness and lifestyle topics. She is

a support worker in the neonatal intensive care and antepartum units of her local hospital and

recently became a certified group fitness instructor. Parental involvement refers to the amount of

participation the parents are giving to their children’s school. Parental involvement in education

remains important for facilitating positive youth development. The impact of parents being

involved to their children’s academic performance to the children’s achievement is highly

considered by teachers. According to Jane Dee Hull (2015), a governor of Arizona from 1997 to

2003, the best practices in education suggests parental involvement. Parental involvement on one’s

academic achievement should not be underestimated. It has been demonstrated to be a key factor

for children’s academic outcome. Parents who are engaged in their children’s school life has a big

impact in their children’s academic achievements because of the home support and knowledge that

the child receives.

academic achievement of the students in Laguna College Senior High School Department. It will

also discuss the parenting style the students are experiencing. This research is important to be

conducted to know whether the effect of parental involvement, use of parenting styles and

student’s academic performance has a significant relationship to each other.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the impacts of parental involvement on the academic performance of

the students and to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents according to:

a) Age

b) Gender

c) Grade level

d) Strand

e) General Weighted Average

f) Type of Family

g) Parenting Style

2. How can parental involvement contribute to student’s academic performance?

3. What are the types of parenting styles that parents mostly used?

4. What is the percentage of student’s success when parents get involved on their studies?

5. Is there a significant relationship between parenting style and student’s academic

performance?
Hypothesis

> There is no significant relationship between parental involvement and student’s

academic performance.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

of the Students through distribution of survey involvement in academic

 Type of Family questionnaire, tallying and performance of the students.

 Parenting Style analysing the data collected.

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the effects of parental involvement on the academic performance of

the students. The data collection will be limited only to 100 out of total population of grade 11

and grade 12 students currently studying in the Laguna College, school year 2019-2020. This study

will be done through utilization of questionnaire to are distributed to the students as a survey

instrument and reference. By their strategy, the researchers will be able to know the effects of

parental involvement on the academic performance of senior high school students.

This study aims to know the impact of parental involvement on the academic performance

of students in Laguna College Senior High School Department. The following will benefit from

this study:

 Students

This study will mostly benefit the students because it will help them understand

why their parents are getting involve on their academic related activities.

 Parents

This study will help them assess the possible impacts of their involvement in the

student’s performance.

 Teachers

Through this study, they will be informed of the effects of parental involvement on

their students’ academic performance.

 Future Researchers

They could benefit from this study as they use this as a reference when they are

about to conduct related study.

 Performance

- refers to students’ academic efforts.

 Students

- As used in this study, it refers to the SHS students of Laguna College (SY 2019-

2020).

 Final Stage

- It means the last year of studying; college; a moment you receive your college

diploma.

 Academic beliefs

- Expectation of someone to students.

 Parental Involvement

- Refers to the parents or guardian’s participation in the education of their child.

Methodology

Education is very important to everyone. Thus, parental involvement is highly considered

by teachers for better learning. This study aims to know the effect of parental involvement on the

academic performance of the students in Laguna College Senior High School Department. This

chapter is divided into several section addressing the research design, informants, sampling, data

collection procedures that will employed in answering the given statement of the problems and

hypotheses.

Research Design

The method that was used in the study was quantitative method to address the problems

and objectives. The researchers employ a descriptive - correlational design which aims to ascertain

the impacts of parental involvement in the academic performance of senior high school students.

The research design is responsible for the overall strategy that leads to logical conclusions and

pertinent recommendations regarding this study.

Respondents of the Study

The study included two grade levels (Grade 11 and Grade 12) of Senior High School

Department of the Laguna College (S.Y. 2019-2020) which are divided into their respective

strands. The researchers limited the sample size to 100 respondents which will be selected through

stratified random sampling for proportional allocation. This technique was employed to ensure a

fairly equal representation of the variables for the study.

The sources of data which have completely allowed this study to become perceptive was

the Senior High School students from Grade 11-12 at Laguna College during the S. Y. 2019-2020.

To obtain a proportional number of students needed from each strand to complete the sample size

of 100, the researchers used the formula for proportional allocation as follows:

n¡ = N¡/N × n

where:

n¡ is the number of samples from each strand;

N¡ is the total number of students in each strand per grade level;

N is the total number of SHS students enrolled in Laguna College n is the sample size.

Research Instrument

The instrument used for this study was a recognition type of questionnaire that was

developed to obtain demographic data of the respondents (e. g. Type of family, General Weighted

Average, Age, Strand, Grade Level, and Gender). This was followed by a Likert Scale composed

of 20 statements that express a viewpoint about the impact of parental involvement in their

academic performance.

Procedure of Data Gathering

Permission to conduct a survey during class hours was secured from the senior high school

teachers. Then, letters were sent directly to the students to receive consent for participation. The

respondents were instructed to fill up the personal data information sheet and answer the

questionnaire by checking the number that corresponds to their appropriate responses to the
questions and situations presented. They were assured that their responses would be treated

confidentially. They were given a period of time to answer the personal data information sheet and

the researcher-made parental involvement questionnaire. After that, the instruments were retrieved

and the data were tallied and tabulated for analysis and interpretation.

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered from the study were tallied and described using the formula for weighted

mean. The interpretation was based on the scale below:

Weighted mean = Σ(x₁f₁) + (x₂f₂) + ... + (xnfn)

where: x is the scale f is the frequency of the scale.

Scale: Interpretation:

1.0 - 1.49 very low

1.5 - 2.49 low

2.5 - 3.49 moderate

3.5 - 4.49 high

4.5 - 5.0 very high

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies, which the researchers

have perused to shed light on the topic under study.

Related Literature

According to Wilder (2014), in his article Effects of parental involvement on academic

achievement: a meta-analysis, here he discussed the impact of the parental involvement on the

students’ academic achievement, this has been recognized by the teachers and administrators who

consider parental involvement to be one of the most important parts of new educational system.

This study revealed that the relationship was strongest if parental involvement was defined as

parental expectations for academic achievement of their children. Different meta-analyses across

different populations and education levels has been demonstrated and it shows positive influence

of parental involvement over academic achievement (Castro et al., 2015; Jeynes, 2016; Ma et al.,

2016).

Self-esteem is commonly studied by researchers, because it is an important factor to mental

health. It has an impact on social and emotional development of a person through childhood,

adolescence, and into adulthood. According to Steiger, et al. (2014), academic self-esteem is

defined as how an individual feels or reflect his/her abilities in an academic setting.

According to Bronfenbrenner (1987), Parental involvement in school has long been

published as one of the most important factors that affect children’s academic and socio-emotional

development. Findings have demonstrated a positive relationship between parental involvement in

education and academic achievement. According to Tárraga et al., (2017), parental involvement
improves children’s self-esteem and their academic performance. According to Garbacz et al.,

(2017), parental involvement also improves school retention and attendance. Parental involvement

also contributed to academic competence and achievement.

Furthermore, according to Christenson and Reschly (2010), the parent-school partnership

allows for the conceptualization of roles and relationships and the impact on the development of

the children in a broader way. By using this kind of approach, the families and the schools are the

main characters in constructing the roles and forms of involvement that generates new and varied

actions relating to each other.

The literatures are closely related to the current study for it directly mentions relationship

of the parent and school, academic self-esteem, and its role as an important factor on children’s

development.

Parenting styles include disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturing, communication

styles and expectation of maturity and control of parents to their children. It can help their children

understand their parents why do they need to do certain things. Originally, there are 3 different

parenting styles. According to Baumrind (1960), those 3 parenting styles are Authoritarian,

Authoritative and Permissive Styles. And for further research by Maccoby and Martin suggested

to add a fourth parenting style: Uninvolved Style. According to Cherry (Baumrind, 2019),

Authoritarian style is one of the 3 major style of parenting. In this style, children are expected to

follow their parent’s rule. Not following their rules may result in punishments and most

authoritarian parents don’t explain their reasons behind those rules. Baumrind claimed that there

are parents who are obedience and status – oriented, who expects their orders to be obeyed without

explanations. The second major style is Authoritative Style, those parents who use this kind of

parenting style are responsive to children and willing to listen to their children’s questions. These
parents expect a lot of their children, but they provide warmth, feedback, and adequate support.

Authoritative parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than being harsh. This kind of

parenting style helps children develop their skills such as independence, self – control, and self –

regulation. Permissive style is the last style identified by Baumrind, in this parenting style, parents

mostly let their children do they want. They are more like friends than parents. They are letting

their children to decide for themselves rather than giving directions. Parents’ expectations are

typically minimal. In this category, parents tend to be warm and nurturing. The fourth style that

psychologists Eleano Maccoby and John Martin proposed is uninvolved or neglecting parenting.

This kind of parenting style mostly occur on OFW parents because they are busy fulfilling their

children’s basic needs but they are unaware of what is happening to their children’s life.

Uninvolved parents offer little to nothing in the way of guidance, structure, rules or even support

that their children need. Different parenting style may affect their children’s development.

These are the fore types of family structure that most of us experience. We have the nuclear,

single parent, extended, step, and the grandparent family. Nuclear family is the traditional type of

family structure, it contains of two parents and children. Children in a nuclear family receive

strength and stability from both parents as they have both the support and the presence of their

parents. This kind of family structure is what most wants. Single parent family is composed of one

parent and children; this type of family structure is the biggest change society has seen. It is a

struggle to find childcare, as it only consists of one parent and they need to work for their

necessities. Extended family structure consists of two or more adults who are related, either by

blood or marriage, living in the same home. This family may include relatives such as cousins,

aunts, uncle, and grandparents living together. This kind of family structure usually happens when

one of the family members experience financial difficulties. Step family usually happens when a
married couple decides to have a divorce and remarry again with another man/woman. Here some

of the people who remarry both have a child and both children become acquainted with each other

through their parent’s status. Grandparent family structure happens when the child’s parent/s are

not present, died, or abandoned the child at a very young age. This is why some are being taken

care of by their grandparent instead of their own family. One of the most used reason on why

children are being taken care of by their grandparents is that their parents work abroad.

Related Studies

Education has an important role in society. It gives every child an insight, increase of

knowledge, and it makes them grow or enhance the talents they have. The responsibility to

socialize and educate children is a shared obligation between parents and schools. While parental

involvement and its impact on student academic performance has been research for decades, some

studies found that parental involvement had no effect on pupil achievement or adjustment, others

found positive effects, whilst yet other studies found a negative relationship.

Accoring to Cole (2017), the academic beliefs of the parent can affect how students view

education. Parents with high academic expectations for their children influence the student’s

learning, their motivation to learn, as well as the ability to build their confidence. Studies show

that praise and rewards should never be withheld from students. Parental involvement may give

them inspiration and courage to do well in school. The more parental involvement, the more

students are likely to become productive members of society as well as excel in academics.

According to Bryan (2005), children are likely to excel when their parents are actively

participating in their education. In order for a child to reach academic achievement, parents must
be involved and participate in the educational process. It is mostly done in elementary students

where children are only beginners in terms of psychological, emotional, and intellectual aspects.

It can also be done in some high school students but it is very rare this time.

Several works (Ferguson & Rodriguez, 2005; Simons, 2000) show that the majority of

research on parental involvement in schools has focused on the primary and elementary levels,

while little is known about parental involvement at the middle and high school levels (Ross,

2010).

According to Pinantoan (2016), students whose parents are involved in their school

works are seen to have a better performance than students whose parents are disengaged with

what is going on at school. This is especially the case during the earliest years of schooling, in

Kindergarten through the 5th grade, when students with active parents are almost twice as likely

to succeed. The effect is seen to be diminishing once the students enter the middle school,

possibly because they are maturing.

Also in this study, it shows that having a supportive mother is more positive than having

a supportive father. But having a supportive father slightly increases the grades of the child

compared to when having a supportive mother.

The present study, like the articles reviewed, aims to provide more specific impacts of the

parental involvement on the academic performance of the students, whether it may be positive or

negative.
 Impacts of Parental
Involvement on the Academic
Achievements of Students in
Laguna College Senior High
School Department

Arellano, Marc Francis

Balaque, Brylle Josper

Calandria, Rachelle

Calimlim, Lazell Anne Mari

de Luna, Selwyn

Hernandez, Andre Miguel