CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter reviews related literature and studies which serves as frame of

reference for this study. Related literature and studies, both foreign and local

sources, are presented such that some of the present study’s variables have been

discussed.

RELATED LITERATURES

Foreign Literature

The growing body of research exploring “helicopter parenting” suggests that

parents who dedicate excessive energy to protecting their children from adverse

life events can result in young adults who are at an increased risk for depression

and who engage in negative coping skills (Schiffrin et al., 2014). This states that

parents should always exert effort on giving their time toward their children. In

that case, they will help their child away from problems and struggles.

According to MacGeorge, Feng, & Burleson (2011) , social support is

essential to communication, fostering feelings of closeness and trust within familial

relationships while also helping individuals cope with many challenges. As

indicated by Motkar (2011), nurturing the child is a major point of concern as it

helps to develop your child's personality and prepares him/her to survive in the

competitive world.
 The parent- child relationship is one of the earliest connection that a person

has and it definitely affects your life in every single part. One of the best way to

build positive relationship between parents is communication. According to the

article entitled, "Exploring Tough Love Communication in Parents’ Relationships

with Their Young Adult Children" by Meara H. Faw, Jennifer Sonne, and John

Leustek (2019), communication between parents and their young adult children

serves as an important foundation for healthy development and successful

socialization. In certain situations, parents may communicate tough love in order

to accomplish their different goals.

Meanwhle, Strohschein and Matthew( 2015), states that adolescents who

receive parental support and encouragement are less likely to rebel against their

parents. This kind of relationship between parents and their children creates an

attachment that makes their children feel that they are loved and valued by their

parents. For the most part, a child would not want to disappoint someone they have

grown a connection with. Therefore, disobeying their parents by rebelling would

not be a choice if this attachment to parents were to exist.

Local Literature

According to Sapungan, and Sapunga (2014), if we involve the parents in

educating their children, it is tantamount to saying that the school is proactive in

implementing changes or development among the students. As parent’s

to realize quality reform in education.

Alampay and Jocson (2012) claimed that the home where parent-child

interactions happen, and the complex roles, meanings, and consequences

associated with parenting, are embedded in and shaped by broader contexts such

as extended kin networks, neighborhoods, socioeconomic class, and culture .

On the other hand, Abulencia (2014) yielded a positive result in terms of

academic performance of the students, through the increased participation of

parents and community in the education of their children.

In order for a child to succeed, parents exert a lot of influence on their child's

cognitive development in the early years and thus, the contact between home and

school should be maintained, especially during the primary school years. Although

family background appears to be a powerful determinant of parental involvement,

most parents, if duly encouraged, are able to devote extra time and effort to

assisting with their children’s education, both in the home and school settings (Ho,

2009).

There are also some factors that affects the parent-child relationship based

on how they discipline their children. One such factor that need to be addressed is

the stress experienced by parents, not just in raising their children but also in other

challenges that they faced inside and outside the home (De Leon, 2012; Garcia,

2012).
RELATED STUDIES

Foreign Studies

In The Journal of Human Resources, Foley (2014) states that for students

with “medium and low cognitive ability, family background plays an important role

in explaining their dropout decisions.” Foley found students in the “medium and

low” ability range are more likely to have parents who are themselves high school

dropouts, do not value education, are not engaged or involved; these students have

a probability of “0.40” of dropping out before graduation. Now, consider these exact

same circumstances, changing only the variable of parental engagement; the

probability of student attrition decreases dramatically to 0.045. So, in essence, the

value that parents place on education and their involvement in their children’s

education directly influences whether or not students value their own education. If

we want to increase student achievement, we must find ways to engage parents and

thus engage the students. He also states that, parental attitudes and educational

level can play a major role in determining the students’ performance in school.

Quilliams and Beran(2009), also conducted a study and found a link

between parental involvement and student achievement. They concluded that,

when parents provide less academic encouragement and give certain positive

feedback about students’ abilities and progress, their children are likely to show

poor achievements. Another positive effect of having good relationship with

parents is the child's involvement in different activities especially in school.

Newswire (2010) took the study parental involvement equal to better students. The
sample comprised of 1300 children from Ten American Cities. He found that when

parents boosted their involvement in child‟s school activities the child's behaviour

problems found to be decreased.

Mwai Kimu(2012) conducted his qualitative study on Parent involvement in

Public Primary Schools in Kenya, and he concludes that a society needs to increase

its level of educational involvement and that's starts with the support by the

parents. He claims that parent-school linkages can be developed through the

teacher/parent relationship because teachers are the main linkage of parents to the

school, the teacher/parent relationship is critical to pupils' success and parent

involvement.

As stated by Chua (2011), Chinese mothers believed that parenting is a

success and if not, it is a failure for her child and most especially to them. He stated

that Western mothers believed that stressing academic success is not good for

children or that parents need to foster the idea that learning is fun. In contrast with

the Chinese mothers, they believed that their children can be the best students, that

academic achievement reflects successful parenting, and if their children did not

excel in school it is the parent to be blame.

Local Studies

Nierva(2009) concluded that parent involvement in the Philippines is vague

because there is still need to improve in parent involvement practices, especially

in school. Much of the practices by Filipinos are brought about by history including

the ways parents race their children. The Philippines are facing many problems that

greatly affect families. Thus, our country, like other countries continually seeks for

solutions to bridge the gap. According to Nierva, children perform better in school

when they have the opportunities to learn from their primary context of

development, namely the home and school. When both parents and teachers,

support one another and build a stronger partnership, it will result to academic

success.

Although Filipino parents across all social class levels typically regard

education as essential to their children's success and are willing to go to great

lengths to help their children through school, retention is a major concern in

Philippine school, as many students do not continue past their elementary grades

(Blair, 2014). In his Comparative study of Filipino and U.S. Parents which uses

Questionnaires from six different measures, it concludes that Filipino parents are

engage in their children's education, and want them to succeed, yet the filial

responsibilities engrained in their culture necessitates the needs of the family

ahead of the needs of the individual child. In his study, it uses theories which

envision the flow of family capital. It recommends future studies to attempt to

examine more international samples, so as to explore cultural variations, and

develop theories which can more readily account for both structural and cultural

traits.
 Other research takes a broader approach, focusing on a wide range of

practices used by parents to socialize their children's moral (Ochoa, 2014) and pro

social behaviors (De Leon,2012); that is to teach their children to become good

persons. Both studies were qualitative, with De Leon's research focusing on

preschoolers' parents, and Ochoa's including children in middle childhood to early

adolescence and their respective mothers. Although the studies are different in

terms of its participants, they yielded a similar repertoire of parenting practices,

albeit with different classifications. In both studies, discipline and corporal

punishment feature prominently, even if the researchers did not intentionally focus

in these. This suggests the centrality of discipline in Filipino parents' practices to

socialize their children's good behaviors, and the normativeness of corporal

punishment within the local setting.

Abarquez's (2009) master's thesis on the parenting styles of working and

non-working mothers of high school students in Tagaytay City sought to analyze the

relationship between children's self-concept and academic performance with their

mother's work status. The majority of mothers were found to benurturing-

permissive, suggesting that they tended to be high in emotional warmth but low in

control as parents. Finding no significant differences between the children of

working and non-working mothers in self-concept and academic performance, the

author suggested that working mothers find ways to compensate for the time spent

away from their children through quality interactions. However, the analysis used

by the author did not allow for any insights with regards to the impact of parenting

styles on children's psychological and academic outcomes.

In this chapter, the researcher presented past studies about positive parent-

child relationship and its effects on the behaviors and achievements of the children.

A discussion was made on the definitions and terms concerned about having good

parent-child relationship. Different studies have been carried out to explore the

effect of having strong connection toward the parents.

The literature highlights the effectiveness of having good relationship

between a parent and the child and how it affects their lives. Different studies were

conducted about the significance of building a healthy relationship with parents

and how it really takes a big impact on the lives of everyone.

https://www.mckendree.edu/academics/scholars/nevarez-ramirez-issue-

nevarez-ramirez-issu28.pdf

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/edri/2011/915326/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/350158

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254888924_Relationships_between

_Child_Behavior_Problems_and_Family_Functioning_A_Literature_Review

http://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parent_Child_Relationships

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a1a3/b697e8b482911598df766359d36554c

.pdf

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of_the_research_literature_from_2004_to_2014