Calculus Concept Collection - Chapter 6

Area Between Two Curves

Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.


11. The integral associated with this area is  0
x x 2  1  2  sin( x)dx .

This definite integral can be resolved as follows:

   
 0
x x 2  1  2  sin( x)dx   x x 2  1   2   sin( x)
0 0 0
3 3
1 1 7
 ( x 2  1)  2 x  cos( x) |0  ( 2  1)  2 
2 2
3 3 3
3
12. The integral associated with this area is  2
cos( x)  cos(2 x)dx .

This definite integral can be resolved as follows:

3 1 1 1
 2
cos( x)  cos(2 x)dx  sin( x)  sin(2 x) |32  sin(3)  sin(6)  sin(2)  sin(4)
2 2 2
13. First, we express our functions in terms of y.

y  x3  9  x  3 y  9

1 1
y x
x y

Now, we set up and evaluate the integral.

1
 1   1
 1
3 y 9 
y
dy   ( y  9) 3 dy  
1 1 y
dy 
4 4 4
3 3 3
( y  9) 3  ln( y ) |1  (  9) 3  ln( )  (8) 3
4 4 4

14. Set them equal to each other and solve for x.

5x  4 x2  6
0  4 x2  5x  6
0  (4 x  3)( x  2)

3
The curves intersect at x  2 and x   .
4

15. First find points of intersection.

x2  8  x2
0  8  2 x2
0  2(2  x)(2  x)

They intersect at x  2 .

To find the area, integrate over the difference. On the interval, 8  x 2  x 2 so integrate

2 2
2
(8  x 2 )  ( x 2 )dx   (8  2 x 2 )dx
2
2
2 3 64
 8x  x 
3 2 3
Volumes by Cross Section

Answers
1. Find a formula for area of a cross-section as a function of height. A good way to do this is to
first find a function for length of a side, since it changes linearly with height. At height zero the
length is 20; at height 15 the length is 0. Create a straight line function between these points:
0  20 4
l ( x)  x  20   x  20
15  0 3
Then area is length squared:
4 16 160
A( x)  l ( x)2  ( x  20)2  x 2  x  400
3 9 3
To find volume integrate the area formula over the total height, from 0 to 15.
15 16 160
V   ( x2  x  400)dx  2000
0 9 3

2. Find a formula for area of a cross-section as a function of height. Start by finding a function
for radius as a function of height. At height zero, radius is 10/2=5. At height 4, radius is 0. The
radius changes linearly with height so make a linear function between these points.
05 5
r ( x)  x5   x5
40 4
Now find cross-sectional area:
5 25 25
A( x)    r ( x)2    ( x  5) 2    ( x 2  x  25)
4 16 2
Integrate the area function over the height.
4 4 25 2 25 4 25 25 100
0
A(x)dx     (
0 16
x  x  25)dx    ( x 2  x  25)dx   
2 0 16 2 3

3. Cross-sections of the swimming pool are rectangles with sides of lengths 12 and
 
6  2 cos( x) ; the area of each rectangle is A( x)  12  (6  2cos( x)) . Integrate the area
20 20
over the length 15:
15 15  15 15 
0
A( x)dx   12  (6  2 cos(
0 20
x))dx  12  (  6dx   2 cos(
0 0 20
x)dx)


15
40 40 2 240 2
 12  (6 15  sin ( x)  12  (90   )  1080 
 20 0  2 
4. Find area of a cross section as a function of height by first finding side length as a function of
height; side length varies linearly with height, from (0,2) to (2,0): s( x)  2  x .
3 2
The area of an equilateral triangles is A  s .
4
 3 3 3
A( x)  s ( x) 2  (2  x) 2  (4  4 x  x 2 )
4 4 4
Integrate over the height:
2 2 3 3 8 2 3
0
A( x)dx  
0 4
(4  4 x  x 2 )dx   
4 3 3

5. The formula for area as a function of length x is

1
A( x)  h  w( x)  2w( x)  2(1  x)  2  2 x
2
Integrate over the total length.
5
0
2  2 xdx  35

1 1 4 1 21 3
6. x  xdx  x  x |0 
3
0 4 2 4

6 1
7.  5 x
dx  ln( x) |56  ln(6)  ln(5)

1 1 1
8.  1
x cos( x 2 )dx 
2  cos(u )du  sin( x 2 ) |11  0
2

ln( x)4 4 1
2 
x
dx   ln( x)  dx   udu 
2 x
9.
1 1
ln( x) 2 |42  (ln(4)2  ln(2) 2 )
2 2

3
20 2
10 sin( x ) cos( x )  1dx   udu 
3
(cos( x )  1) 2 20
|10
10. 3 3
2 2
(cos(20)  1)  (cos(10)  1) 2
2
3 3

11. Two regions between two parallel lines have the same area if and only if every line parallel
to the two bounding lines intersects the two regions with line segments of equal length.

12. R2  y 2
We can see this with Pythagorean Theorem. The distance from the center of sphere to a point
on the edge of this cross section is of course R . The distance straight down from this point to
the cross section at the center of the sphere is y by definition. Taking these as two legs of a

triangle, the third leg—which is radius we are looking for—is then R2  y 2 .

2
h
13. R 
2

2
We can see this with Pythagorean Theorem, again: simply apply the result of the previous
h
theorem to the top of the cylinder, which coincides with the cross section of height .
2

14. We integrate the cross section of the original sphere minus the cross section of the sphere.
2
2 2
h /2 2h h /2 h
 h/2 ( R  y )   R  2 dy    h/2 2  y dy
2 2 2 2

Curiously, this does not rely on the radius of the sphere.

15. Volumes with equal sized cross sections corresponding with each other must necessarily be
equal.
Solids of Revolution: Volumes by Disks

Answers
1. 36
117
2.
5
3.  2  2
2
4. 
3
3
5.
5
72
6.
5
7. 2
128
8.
5
128
9.
3
128
10.
7

11. 2

 1
12. 1  
2 e

13. Sum infinite solid disks of radius 3x+2 and height dx between x=0 and x=4:
4 4 4
V    r ( x)2 dx    (3x  2)2 dx    (9 x 2  12 x  4)dx  304 .
0 0 0

14. Sum solid disks of radius y and height dy between y=0 and y=3.
3 3
V    r ( y)2 dy    ( y)2 dy  9 .
0 0

15. Find boundaries of integration by setting y  2 x 2  12 x  10 equal to y=0:

0  2 x 2  12 x  10
0  x2  6 x  5
0  ( x  5)( x  1)
x  1,5
Then find the sum of infinite disks of radius 2 x2  12 x  10 and width dx between these
bounds.
5 5
V    r ( x)2 dx    (2 x 2  12 x  10)2 dx
1 1
5 2048
   (4 x 4  48 x3  184 x 2  240 x  100)dx  
1 15
Solids of Revolution: Volumes by Washers

Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14. Find boundaries of integration by setting the curves equal to each other.

7 1
2 x 2    x2  2
2 2
3 3 2
 x
2 2
1  x2
x  1
 7 1
On the interval, 2 x 2    x 2  2 . Integrate over washes with width dx, outer radius
2 2
7 1
2 x 2  and inner radius  x 2  2 :
2 2

1 1  7 1 

1
 R( x)2   r ( x)2 dx     (2 x 2  )2   ( x 2  2)2  dx  10 .
1
 2 2 

15. Integrate using washers over y-values. Solve y  x  1 for x: y 2  1  x, y  0 . Since the x-
axis is one boundary, y=0 is the lower bound. For the upper bound set y 2  1  x equal to
x  2 : y 2  1  2  y 2  1  y  1.The inner radius is 4-2=2; the outer radius is
R( y)  4  ( y 2  1)  3  y 2 . Then we integrate

1 1 1

0
 R( y )2   r 2 dy    (3  y 2 )2    22 dy    (9  6 y 2  y 4 )  4 dy
0 0
1 16
   (5  6 y 2  y 4 )dy 
0 5
Solids of Revolution: Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

Answers

16

2
1. 2 x( x)dx 
0 3


2
x
2. 2 x[ x  ( )]dx  8
0 2

9 3

3
3. 2 x( 3  x )dx 
0 5

8

2
4. 2 y (2  y )dy 
0 3

9

3
5. 2 y ( y 2 )dy 
0 2


3
1
6. 2 x( )dx  4
1 x
20

2
7. 2 x[(2 x  1)  (2 x  3)]dx  . Lower limit of integration is where slant lines intersect.
1 3


8
4
8. 2 x[ ( x 2  10 x  16)]dx  160
0 9


1
9. 2 y(1  y )dy 
0 5


1
10. 2 y ( y 2 )dy 
0 2
9

1
11. 2 (1  y ) y1/3dy 
0 14
12. We sum up shells of thickness dy on the interval 0  y  14 . Solve y  3x  2 for x:
y2 y  2 14 y
 x . So the height as a function of radius y is given by h( y)  4    on the
3 3 3 3
interval 2  y  14 . On the remaining interval the solid is a right circular cylinder of height 4
and radius 2. The length of each shell is l ( y)  2 r  2 y . We integrate over 2  y  14 :
 14 14 y 14 14 y2
2
2 y(  )dy  2  ( y  )dy  2 144  288
3 3 2 3 3

and add the volume of the inner right circular,  r 2 h    4  4  16 .

The total volume is 288  16  304 .

13. Here shells have a height y, radius 4-x and thickness dx. In terms of x, height is x 1 .
Boundaries of integration are found by the intersection of y  x  1 with the x-axis ( x  1 ) and
by x  2 .

Integrate:

2
1
2 (4  x) x  1dx

Let u=x-1. Then

2 2 2 2
1
2 (4  x) x  1dx 2  (3  u) u du 2  (3 u  u u )du 2  (3u1/2  u 3/ 2 )du
1 1 1

8 16
2   .
5 5

14. Shells have thickness dx, radius x-(-2)=x+2, height ( x2  4 x  1)  4   x 2  4 x  3 .

Boundaries of integration are the intersections of the curves:

4   x2  4 x 1
x2  4x  3 
( x  3)( x  1)  0
x  1,3

Integrate:

3 16 32
1
2 ( x  2)( x 2  4 x  3)dx 2 
3

3

15. Shells have thickness dx, height sin(x), radius   x . Boundaries of integration are x   / 2
and x   . So the integral is:


 /2
2 (  x)sin( x)dx
16. Shells have thickness dx, radius x, height (13  x2 )  ( x2  8x  19)  2 x2  8x  6 . To find
boundaries of integration, set the curves equal to each other to find their points of intersection:

13  x 2  x 2  8 x  19
2 x2  8x  6  0
x2  4 x  3  0
x  1, x  3

Then integrate:

3 16 32
1
2 x(2 x 2  8 x  6)dx 2 
3

3
The Length of a Plane Curve

Answers

1. Yes. The derivative of any polynomial exists:

n n 1
f ( x)  a j x j  f '( x)   ja j x j 1
j 0 j 0

Since the derivative is also a polynomial, polynomial are infinitely differentiable.

2. No. While this is a continuous function, it is not differentiable at zero.

3. Yes.
h( x)  af ( x)  bg ( x)  h '( x)  af '( x)  bg '( x)

4. No, because tangent is not defined over the entire real line.

5. 12

6. (17/12)

7. 2

8. 6


s
4h 2 2
9. L  1 x dx.
0 S4
b
10. The arc length formula is: L   a
1 | f ( x) |2 dx .
1 1
In this case: L   0
1 | f ( x) |2 dx   1dx  1
0

11. We need to take the derivative of the function.

d 2 x  cos( x)
ln( x 2  sin( x))  2 .
dx x  sin( x)
b 25 2 x  cos( x) 2
In this case: L   a
1 | f ( x) |2 dx  
15
1 (
x 2  sin( x)
) dx

b
12. The arc length formula is L   a
1 | f ( x) |2 dx .
d  sin( x)
We need to take a derivative:  ln(cos( x))    tan( x)
dx cos( x)
 Now we integrate:
  
L 1  tan( x)2 dx   sec( x) 2 dx   sec( x)dx
1 1 1

 ln(sec( x)  tan( x)) |  ln(sec(1)  tan(1))  ln(sec(0)  tan(0))
1

b
13. The arc length formula is L   a
1 | f ( x) |2 dx .
3
d 2
We need to take a derivative: ( x  1) 2   x  1
dx 3
b 5 2 32 5 2 32
L 1  x  1dx   xdx  x |0  5
a 0 3 3

b
14. The arc length formula is L   a
1 | f ( x) |2 dx .
d
We need to take a derivative: (2 x3  4 x 2  x  1)  6 x 2  8 x  1 .
dx
b 3
The function is L   a
1 | f ( x) |2 dx   1  (6 x 2  8x  1)2 dx
1

2
 dx 
 
d d
15. The arc length formula is: L  1  [ f ( y )] dy 
2
1    dy.
c c  dy 
f '( y)  1  3 y 2 .


4
L 1  [1  3 y 2 ]2 dy .
1
Area of a Surface of Revolution

Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7. We can create a sphere of radius by rotating a semicircle of radius around the axis.
The formula for a circle of radius is , and we can solve for to get the

equation for the semicircle: . Then we can also

solve for: and

so . Now we can plug all this into the integral that gives us
the surface area, integrating from :

8. We can create this right circular cone by rotating a line around the axis over the
interval . Two points we know that have to be on the line
are and , which then gives us an equation for the line
 of . Then we can determine the derivative of with respect

to , and so . And now we are ready to calculate the integral

that gives the lateral surface area:

5 dy 2 5 5
0 0 0
2 5
9. 2 y 1  (
) dx  2 x 1  (1) 2
dx  2 2 xdx  2 x  25 2 .
dx 0

 /2 dy 2  /2  /2
10.  2 y 1  ( ) dx   2 cos( x) 1  sin ( x)dx  2  cos( x) 1  sin ( x)dx
2 2
 /4 dx  /4  /4

0.5 dy 2 0.5 x 2 0.5 x2

 2 y 1  ( ) dx   2 1  x 1  ( ) dx   2 1  x 1 
2 2
dx
0 dx 0
1  x2 0 1  x2
11.
0.5 1  x2 x2 0.5 1 0.5
  2 1  x 2        2 dx  2 x 0  
2 0.5
dx 2 1 x dx
0 1 x 1 x
2 2 0 1 x 2 0

4 dy 2 4 1 2 4 1 4 x
 2 y
1
1 (
dx
) dx   2 x 1  (
1
2 x
) dx   2 x 1  dx  2  x  dx
1 4x 1 4x
12.
4 1
 2  x  dx
1 4
1
Let u  x  to solve the integral. Then the surface area is
4
(17 17  5 5) (17 17  5 5)
2  
12 6
13.
5 dy 2 5 5
 2 x
0
1 (
dx
) dx   2 x 1  (1)2 dx  2 2  xdx  2  25  25 2
0 0

14.
 /2 dy 2  /2  /2
 /4
2 x 1  (
dx
) dx   2 x 1  sin 2 ( x)dx  2  x 1  sin 2 ( x)dx
 /4  /4

15.
0.5 dy 2 0.5 x 2 0.5 x2
 0
2 x 1  (
dx
) dx   2 x 1  (
0
1  x2
) dx   2 x 1 
0 1  x2
dx

0.5 1  x2 x2 0.5 1 0.5 x

  2 x  dx   2 x dx   2 dx
0 1 x 1 x
2 2 0 1 x 2 0
1  x2

Let u  1  x 2 , du  2 xdx . Then

0.5 x 0.75 1 1
 0
2
1  x2
dx  
1

u
du    u 1/2 du    (2  3 )
0.75

16.
4 dy 2 4 1 2 4 1
 2 x
1
1 (
dx
) dx  2  x 1  (
1
2 x
) dx  2  x 1  dx
1 4x
2 dx 2 2 2
 2 x
1
1 (
dy
) dy  2  y 2 1  (2 y ) 2 dy  2  y 2 1  4 y 2 dy
1 1

17.
3 dy 2 3 3
 1
2 x 1  (
dx
) dx  2  x 1  (2 x)2 dx  2  x 1  4 x 2 dx
1 1

let u  1  4 x 2 , du  8xdx . Then

3 2 37   (37 37  5 5)
2  x 1  4 x 2 dx   u1/2 du   (373/2  53/2 ) 
1 8 5 6 6
Applications: Work and Force

Answers
1. 1.471 N

2. 0 N

3. 5 1010 J

4.
a. k  5 N/m

b. 8.1 J

5. 3.2 J

 

15
y
6. W  600  50 18(1  50 )dy   20475 ft-lbs
0  


12
y
7. W  6  )dy  43.9 ft-lbs
0 4

 30 (5  y  2)(
4
8. W  25  y 2 )2 dy  12440 ft-lbs. where y is the height of the fluid
0


 2(6  h) 2 

6
9. W   30(6  h  1)(2 ) dh  5280 ft-lbs where h is the height of the fluid.
0  6 
9 3
 2 2
10. W 
0
 40(9  h)( 3 h) dh  5760 ft-lbs, where h is the height of the fluid.
 
 

3
h
11. W   40(4  h)( 2  3)10dh  10800 ft-lbs, where h is the height of the fluid.
0  


3
2
12. W  (4  h)dh  9 ft-lbs.
0 3
10
13.  0
[ x sin( x 2 )  2]dx  [ cos( x 2 )  2 x] |10
0   cos(100)  21

5
14.  0
cos(sin 2 ( x))dx  4.04
2 1 4 1 3 1 2 1
15.  (2 x  x 2  x  1)dx  x  x  x  x |02  8(1  )
3
0 2 3 2 3
Applications: Fluid Forces

Answers

1. F  PA   ghA  (1000)(9.8)(8)(10)(16)  1.2544 106 N

  gx 10dx  3.136 10

8
2. F  6
N where x is the depth of the pool.
0

3. F  (  g 5)(0.5 1)  2.45 104 N .

5l sin 


1
4. F   gx w dx  2.5725 104 N , where l  1 m is the length of the plate,
5 sin 
w  0.5 m is the width of the plate,  is the angle the plate makes with the bottom of the
pool, and x is the depth of the pool.

5l sin 


1
5. F   gx w dx  2.5113 104 N , where l  0.5 m is the length of the plate,
5 sin 
w  1 m is the width of the plate,  is the angle the plate makes with the bottom of the
pool, and x is the depth of the pool.


4
1
6. F   g (4  x) w dx  9.6975 104 N , where the integral covers the additional depth
0 sin 
starting at 4 m, and  is the angle the bottom of the pool makes with the horizontal ground
4
plane ( sin   ).
16  4
2 2


50
7. F  (1000)(9.8) x 600dx  7.35 109 N .
0
    
5 2
8. F 

2
 g ( y  2) 2 52  y 2 dy  
 5
 g ( y  2) 2 52  y 2 dy  163, 417 N , where depth

is taken along the negative y-axis, and the . ( y  2) factor in the integrand is the fluid depth.
The integral was determined using a calculator. The problem can be reformulated as follows
with fluid depth at y  0 by moving the center of the tank to (0,2):

 
3
F
 0
 g ( y) 2 25  ( y  2)2 dy  163, 417 N .

2   1  
 
9 9
9. F   g ( y  1)  2 9  y 2  dy    g ( y  1)  2 9  y 2  dy  14,808 N , where depth
1  4  2  4 
is taken along the negative y-axis, and the ( y  1) factor in the integrand is the fluid depth.
The integral was determined using a calculator. The problem can be reformulated as follows
with fluid depth at y  0 by moving the center of the tank to (0,1):
2  

9
F  g ( y)  2 9  ( y  1)2  dy  14,808 N
1  4 

10. Yes. To explain look at how and are mathematically related. The force is proportional
to
w , or the mass density  .

1 1 1
11. 0 (1000 9.8) 
2
 (5  y ) dy  4900  0(5  y)dy  22, 050 N

   
10 6
12. F 
 6
 gy 2 4  ( y  8)2 dy  
 10
 gy 2 4  ( y  8)2 dy  9.8520 105 N , where


depth is taken along the negative y-axis, and 2 4  ( y  8)2 dy in the integrand is the strip 
of area on the circular plate [center at (0,-8), radius 2] at depth y .

15   14  
 
3 3
13. F   gy  2 (15  y )  dy    gy  2 (15  y)  dy  8.1098 104 N , where
14  3  15  3 


depth is taken along the negative y-axis, and 2 4  ( y  8)2 dy in the integrand is a strip 
 of area on the triangular plate at depth y .

18 17
14. F 

17
 gy(1)dy  
 18
 gy(1)dy  1.7150 105 N , where depth is taken along the

negative y-axis, and (1)dy in the integrand is a strip of area on the square plate at depth
y.

4
15.   g (30  y)[2 y sin( y )]dy  5.32186 10 N , where depth is taken along the positive y-axis
2 5
0

(y=0 is at 30 m depth; y=30 is the surface).

Applications: Probability and Probability Density
Functions

Answers


7
1
rdx  1 , so that r ( x)7  1
7
1. r  : since
14 7

5
x3 x2 

5
6
2. r   : since rx( x  5)dx  1 , so that r (  5 )   1
125 0 3 2 0

25
r 

25
26 r
3. r   1.04 : since dx  1 , so that  1
25 0 (1  x) 2
1  x  0

 /2


 /2
4. r  1 : since r sin xdx  1 , so that r cos x 0 1
0


10
1 1
5. g (7)  : since g ( x)dx  1  10 g (7)
5 0 2


10
4
6. Yes. ( x  0.9)dx  1
0 25

7. a. The probability that a randomly chosen light bulb will have a lifetime
between 1000 and 5000 hours.

b. The probability that a randomly chosen light bulb will have a lifetime of at least 3000


1
1 2 13
8. a. P(1  x  1)   ( x  9)dx   0.48
1 36 27


T
1 2
9. P(2.2  x  2.2)  0.9 : using P(T  x  T )   ( x  9)dx  0.9
T 36

Solve the equation T  27T  48.6  0 to find the only value of T in the interval.
3

 0.125e
3
0.125t
10. a. P(0  t  3)  dt  0.31
0
 
b. P(10  t ) 
10
0.125e0.125t dt  0.29

 
63.4 63.4
1 2 2 1 2 /(2(3.2) 2 )
11. a. P( x)  e( x ) /(2 ) dx  e( x63.4) dx  0.50
0  2 0 3.2 2


65
1 2 /(2(3.2)2 )
b. P( x)  e( x63.4) dx  0.24
63 3.2 2



1 2 /(2(3.2)2 )
c. P( x)  e( x63.4) dx  0.0036
72 3.2 2

d. P(72)  0

M
1 x3 

M
1 2
12. M=0:  ( x  9)dx  0.5 means  (  9 x)   0.5 , or M (M 2  27)  0 .
 36 36 3  3


M
ln 2 M
13. M   5.545 : 0.125e0.125t dt  0.5 means 0.125e0.125t   0.5 .
0.125  0

3

x2 
 
x 3
x 2 1 x4
14. M=0:  ( x 2  9)dx   ( x  9)dx   (  9 ) 
 36 3 36 36 4 2  3

 

 
1
15. Mean   8: x0.125e0.125t dt  x 0.125e0.125t dt
0.125  0