Chapter 5:

Applications of Integrations
Part 1

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Areas Between Curves
2. Volumes

Calculus1 2
 1. Areas
Between
Curves

S = {( x, y ) | a  x  b, g ( x)  y  f ( x)}

Area A of region S bounded by the curves y = f ( x), y = g ( x),

and the lines x = a, x = b, where f and g are continuous
functions, f ( x)  g ( x), x  [a, b], is

 f ( x) − g ( x)  dx
b
A= Calculus1 3
a
Proof: Approximate ith strip by a
Divide S into n strips
of equal width x rectangle with base x
( ) ( )
and height f xi* − g xi*

( ( ) ( ))
n
Riemann sum 
i =1
f xi* − g xi* x approximates area of S

( )
b

( ) ( )
n
A = lim
n →

i =1
f xi* − g xi* x = a ( f ( x) − g ( x) ) dx
Calculus1 4
Ex 1. Find the area bounded by the curves
f ( x) = x 2 − 1 and g ( x) = x − 3
and the vertical lines x = – 1 and x = 2.

( )
 x 2 − 1 − ( x − 3) dx
2
−1  
( )
2
= x 2 − x + 2 dx
−1
2
x x 3
 2
=  − + 2x 
 3 2  −1

8   −1 1  15
=  − 2 + 4 −  − − 2 =
3   3 2  2
Calculus1 5
Area Enclosed by Two Curves: We first determine
the intersection points of these curves
Ex . Find the area enclosed by the curves
y = x 2 − 3x and y = 2 x − 4.
Solution:

Intersection points satisfy:

x 2 − 3x =2 x − 4  x = 1, x = 4

f ( x ) = 2 x − 4  g ( x ) = x 2 − 3 x, 1  x  4
4
 x 5x 
( )
3 2
( 2 x − 4 ) − x − 3x dx
4

2
= − + − 4x  9
  Calculus1 =
1  3 2 1 6 2
Areas between two curves changing order

f ( x)  g ( x) for some x
f ( x)  g ( x) for some other x

 f ( x) − g ( x) if f ( x)  g ( x)
| f ( x) − g ( x) |= 
 g ( x) − f ( x) if f ( x)  g ( x)
Area between the curves y = f ( x) and y = g ( x), and the lines
x = a, x = b, is
b
A =  | f ( x) - g ( x) | dx
a Calculus1 7
Ex: Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x, y = cos x,
x = 0, and x =  / 2
Solution
Intersection points:
sin x = cos x  x =  / 4
cos x  sin x, 0  x   / 4
cos x  sin x,  / 4  x   / 2

Calculus1 8
 Regions between functions of y
Area bounded by the curves x = f ( y ), x = g ( y ),y = c, y = d ,
where f and g are continuous functions, f ( y )  g ( y ), y  [c, d ],
is

A =   xR ( y ) − xL ( y )  dy
d
 f ( y ) − g ( y )  dy
d
A= c
c

Calculus1 9
Ex: Find the area enclosed by the line y = x − 1 and the
parabola y = 2 x + 6
2

Solution
Solve equations to find x as a function of y :
1 2
xL = y − 3 and xR = y + 1
2

Calculus1 10
Note: In last Example, we can integrate w.r.t. x instead of y,
but calculation is much more involved

We would
have to
divide A into
two
subregions

Method used
in last
Example is
easier!
Calculus1 11
2. Volumes
 Volume of a Cylinder
A (right) cylinder is a solid bounded by a plane region B1, called the
base, and a congruent region B2 in a parallel plane, and consists of all
points on line segments perpendicular to the base and join B1 to B2

Volume V of a cylinder: V=Ah, where A = area of base, h=height

Calculus1 13
 Approximate by Volumes of Cylinders
Idea: we “cut” S into pieces and approximate each piece by a cylinder

Let A(x) = cross-sectional

area of S in a plane Px ,
perpendicular to the x-axis
passing through x, where
a≤x≤b
Calculus1 14
Approximate by Volumes of Cylinders

•Divide S into n “slabs” of equal width Δx

• Approximate the ith slab by a cylinder
with base area A(xi*) and “height” Δx. The
volume of the cylinder is A(xi*) Δx

n
V A( xi* ) xi
i 1

Approximation
Calculus1 is getting better as n→∞.
15
 Definition of Volume
Let S be a solid that lies between x=a and x=b. If the cross-
sectional area of S in the plane Px , perpendicular to the x-axis,
is A(x), where A is a continuous function, then the volume of S
n

lim  A( x )x = 
is b
V= *
i i A( x)dx
a
max xi →0 i =1

Note: It is important to
remember that A(x) is the area
of a moving cross-section
obtained by slicing through x
perpendicular to the x-axis
Calculus1 16
 4 3
Example 1: Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V r
3
Solution: We place the sphere so that its center is at the origin.
The plane Px intersects the sphere in a circle whose radius is
radius = y r2 x2
A( x) y2 r2 x2
r r

V A( x)dx r2 x 2 dx
r r
r 3 r
2 2 2 x
2 r x dx 2 r x
0
3 0

3 r3 4 3
2 r r
3 3
Calculus1 17
Example 2: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the x-axis the region under the curve y x from 0 to 1

Solution
2
A( x) x x
1 1 2 1
x
V A( x)dx xdx
0 Calculus1
0
2 0
2 18
Example 3: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the y-axis the region bounded by y x 3 , y 8, and x 0

Solution:

If we slice at
height y, we get
a circular disk
with radius x

x 3 y
2
2
A( y ) x 3 y y 2/3
8 8 8
2/3 3 5/3 96
V A( y )dy y dy y
0 0
5
Calculus1 0 5 19
Example 4: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the x-axis the region enclosed by the curves y x and y x 2
Solution:

Intersection points: y x x2 x 0, x 1
A( x) x2 x4 ( x2 x4 )
1 1 3 5 1
2 4 x x 2
V A( x)dx (x x )dxCalculus1 20
0 0
3 5 0
15
Example 5: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about
the line y=2 the region enclosed by the curves y x and y x 2
Solution:

R = 2 − x2 , r = 2 − x

Calculus1 21
Intersection points: y x x2 x 0, x 1
A( x) R2 r2 (2 x 2 )2 (2 x) 2
1 1

V A( x)dx [(2 x 2 )2 (2 x) 2 ]dx

0 0
1 5 3 2 1
4 2 x x x 8
(x 5x 4 x)dx 5 4
0
5 3 2 0
15

Calculus1 22
 Volumes of Solids of Revolution
The solids we considered are examples of solids of revolution because
they are obtained by revolving a region about a line. In general, we
calculate the volume of a solid of revolution by using the basic defining
formula
b d
V =  A( x)dx or V =  A( y )dy
a c

and we find the cross-sectional area A(x) or A(y) in one of the following
ways:
• If the cross-section is a disk, we find the radius of the disk (in terms of
x or y) and use
A = π(radius)2
• If the cross-section is a washer, we find the inner radius rin and outer
radius rout and compute the area of the washer by subtracting the area of
the inner disk from the area of the outer disk:
A = π(outerCalculus1
radius)2 - π(inner radius)2 23
 Specific Cases
• Rotating about x-axis • Rotating about y-axis
the area under the the area bounded by
graph of y=f(x)>0 the graph of x=g(y)>0
between a and b: and y-axis between c
Radius of the disk at x and d: Radius of the
is f(x).So disk at y is g(y).So
d
V =   ( g ( y )) dy
b 2
V =   ( f ( x)) 2 dx
c
a

Calculus1 24
 More Specific Cases
Rotating about x-axis the area bounded by the graphs f(x)
and g(x) between a and b:
b
V =   | ( f ( x)) 2 − ( g ( x)) 2 | dx
a

Rotating about y-axis the area bounded by the graphs f(y)

and g(y) between c and d:
d
V =   | ( f ( y )) − ( g ( y )) | dx
2 2

Calculus1 25
Example 6: A wedge is cut out of a
circular cylinder of radius 4 by
two planes. One plane is
perpendicular to the axis of the
cylinder. The other intersects the
first at an angle of 30o along a
diameter of the cylinder. Find the
volume of the wedge

A cross-section perpendicular to
the -axis at a distance from the
origin is a triangle ABC

1
A( x) S ABC AB BC
2 Calculus1 26
 1 1 16 x 2
A( x) 16 x2 16 x2
2 3 2 3
4 4 2 4
16 x 1
V A( x)dx dx (16 x 2 )dx
4 4
2 3 3 4

3 4
1 x 128
16 x
3 3 0 3 3

Calculus1 27
 Homework Chapter 5
• Section 5.1: 8, 11, 16
• Section 5.2: 6, 12, 16
• Section 5.3: 10, 12, 13
• Section 8.1: 6, 10, 16
• Section 8.2: 4, 6, 10

Calculus1 28