Handout Expt No 1 ECE workshop NSSSCE

Study No 1. Electronic components

Date:
Scope of study: Familiarization/Identification of electronic components with
specification (Functionality, type, size, color coding, package, symbol. [Active,
Passive, Electrical, Electronic, Electro-mechanical, Wires, Cables,
Connectors, Fuses, Switches, Relays, Crystals, Displays, Fasteners, Heat sink
etc.)

Electronic components

An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system
used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial
products, available in a singular form and have two or more electrical terminals (or leads) aside
from antennas which may only have one terminal. These leads connect to create an electronic
circuit with a particular functional objective.
Electronic components can be classified as passive, active, or electro mechanic.

• Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit. Passive components
include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and
transformers.
• Active components Active components include amplifying components such
as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.
• Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by using moving parts
or by using electrical connections

Introduction

Basic components like capacitors, resistors, inductors, diodes, light emitting diode (led) and

transistors can be divided into 2 categories: (i) Passive components like resistors and capacitors

and (ii) Active components like diodes and transistors. The difference between the above two

categories is that active components can generate energy whereas passive components can not

generate energy. In other words active components can increase power of a signal whereas

passive components often cause the power to be lost.

Some components like resistors have their values marked on them whereas others like

transistors do not have any value marking but have a type number on them. One has to refer to

datasheets to get to know the value of the unmarked component. Besides component values, they

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are also characterized by their ratings for e.g. maximum current value that a component can

stand without being burnt out.

Passive components

Resistors:

Symbol of a Resistor

Resistors can be of two types: fixed value resistors or variable resistors. The formula for

resistance is given by: R = ρ l / A where ρ is resistivity, l is length and A is area of crossection.

Different value resistors can be manufactured by changing the length and area of crossection or

the material itself which changes the resistivity. Materials generally used for fabrication of

resistors are nichrome (80 % Ni and 20 % Cr), constatntan (55% cu and 45 % Ni ) and

Manmganin (85 % Cu and 10 % Mn and < 5 % Ni). Metals are not used as they have a very high

temperature coefficient of resistance. Three main methods of fabrication are (i) a slab or a rod of

suitable resistivity, (ii) Material using thinner crossection and longer length. The length is

doubled and then wound in such a way that inductance effects are cancelled out. (iii) Thin films

of material on insulating substrate. Each resistor has a current carrying capacity. Current more

than the prescribed wattage may damage the resistor.

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Colour Code for Resistors

Band colour Band colour & its

& its value tolerance

Black = 0 Gold = + - 5%
Brown = 1 Silver = + - 10 %
Red = 2 No colour means 20 %
Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
Green = 5
Blue = 6
Violet = 7
Grey = 8
White = 9

The first two bands near an end indicate first 2 digits, digit corresponding to 3rd band is the

power of 10 to be multiplied and fourth band indicates tolerance as mentioned in the table. Refer

fig 1, where brown = 1, black = 0, red = 2 and silver = 10 % tolerance. Hence its value is

10 x 10 2 Ω = 1 k Ω.

Most commonly used resistors in lab are fixed value resistors which exist for standard values

according to E12. Other ranges are E24 and E48 Ranges.

E12 Range: Table 1 is for the values of resistors of E12 range. Topmost row defines the basic

value units of resistors in ohms. Every following row is 10 fold of the upper row.

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Table 1: Table for E12 range values of resistors.

1.0 Ω 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.7 5.6 6.8 8.2 Ω

10 Ω 12 . . . . 68 82 Ω

100 Ω 680 820 Ω

1k 1.2k 6.8k 8.2k

10k 82k

100k 820k

1M 1.2M 6.8M` 8.2M

10M 12M 68M 82M

Variable resistors Besides the fixed value resistors, there also exist variable resistors. The

resistance of variable resistors can vary in steps or continuously. Potentiometer is also an

example of continuously varying resistor

Special purpose resistors Light dependent resistors (LDR) and thermistors are examples of

special purpose resistors. Thermistor is a resistor whose value depends on its temperature. It is

also called a heat sensor. LDR is a resistance whose resistance depends upon the amount of

light falling on it.

Capacitors

Symbol of a Capacitor

Capacitors are capable of storing charges. They are used for coupling ac signals from one circuit

to another and for frequency selection etc. A capacitor consists of 2 metallic plates separated by

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a dielectric. The capacitance is defined as : C = Єo Єr A / d, where A is the area of plates, d is

plates separation, Єo is permittivity of free space and Єr is relative permittivity. An important

parameter for capacitors is its voltage handling capacity beyond which the capacitor dielectric

breaks down.

The value of a capacitor depends upon the dielectric constant (K = Єo Єr.) of the material. There

are three main classes of capacitors: (i) Non electrolytic or normal capacitors and (ii) electrolytic

capacitors and (iii) variable capacitors. Normal capacitors are mostly of parallel plate type and

can have mica, paper, ceramic or polymer as dielectric. In the paper capacitors two rectangular

metal foils are interleaved between thin sheets of waxed paper and the whole system is rolled to

form a compact structure. Each metal foil is connected to an electrode. In mica capacitors

alternate layers of mica and metal are clamped tightly together. Refer fig 3.

In electrolytic capacitor mostly a then metal-oxide film is deposited by means of electrolysis on

axial electrode. That’s how it derives its name. During electrolysis the electrode acts as anode

whose cathode is a concentric can. Since the dielectric layer is very thin hence these require

special precaution for their use: i.e. they have to connected in the right polarity failing which the

dielectric breaks down. Besides these fixed value capacitors we also have variable capacitors

whose value depends upon the area of crossection. They have a fixed set of plates and a movable

set of plates which can be moved through a shaft. This movement changes the area of overlap of

the two sets of plates which changes its capacity. Refer fig 3.

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Colour and Number code of capacitors. Different marking schemes are used for electrolytic and

non-electrolytic capacitors. Temperature coefficient is of minor importance in an electrolytic

filter capacitor, but it is very important in ceramic trimmers for attenuator use. One never finds

temperature coefficient on an electrolytic label, but it is always present on ceramic trimmers.

(i) Electrolytic Capacitors: There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors: (i) Axial

where the leads are attached to each end (220µF in picture) and (ii) Radial where

both leads are at the same end (10µF in picture) Refer fig 4.

(iii) Non-polarised capacitors ( < 1µF): Small value capacitors have their values printed but

without a multiplier. For example 0.1 means 0.1µF = 100nF. Sometimes the unit is placed in

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between 2 digits indicating a decimal point. For example: 4n7 means 4.7nF.

Capacitor Number Code : A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is

difficult: the 1st number is the 1st digit, the 2nd number is the 2nd digit, the 3rd number is the

power of ten to be multiplied., to give the capacitance in pF. Any letters just indicate tolerance

and voltage rating. For example: 102 means 10 X 10 2 pF = 1nF and 472J means 4700pF =

4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).

Capacitor value reference.

Marking Value (µF) Marking Value (µF)
101 0.0001 331 0.00033
102 0.001 332 0.0033
103 0.01 333 0.033
104 0.1 334 0.33
221 0.00022 471 0.00047
222 0.0022 472 0.0047
223 0.022 473 0.047
224 0.22 474 0.47

Available Values of Capacitors: Like resistors capacitors are also available for only

particular values. Following are 2 series defined for capacitors

The E3 series (3 values for each multiple of ten) 10, 22, 47, then it continues 1to100, 220, 470,

1000, 2200, 4700, 10000 etc.

The E6 series (6 values for each multiple of ten) 10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68, ... then it continues 100,

150, 220, 330, 470, 680, 1000 etc.

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Inductors:

Symbol of a Inductor

Inductor is a component made by a coil of wire which is wound on a core. It is used to vary the

impedance of a circuit or for frequency tuning. The value of an inductor depends upon the total

number of turns (N), area of crossection of the core (A) and length of the core (l).The formula is

L = µo µr N2 A / l. Its unit is in Henry.

Inductors devices
Electrical components that use magnetism in the storage and release of electrical charge through
current:

• Inductor, coil, choke

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• Variable inductor
• Transformer
• Loudspeaker and microphone

Active components

Diode: A diode is a single junction device made of p and n type materials.. Its main function is to

rectify an ac signal although other special purpose diodes like zener and led’s are used for other

purposes. A normal diode comes in a black casing whereas a zener diode has a transparent

casing. Their pictures and symbols are given in fig. 7.

Other diodes may be made by a p type and n type materials or between a semiconductor and a

metal. If the junction is made between a metal and semiconductor then it is called a Schottky

diode whose application is in rectifying and non-rectifying contacts and Schottky devices. If the

pn junction is made between very heavily doped materials then it forms a Zener diode. These are

used for voltage regulation in power supplies. and have breakdown voltages which are very low.

The normal diode has a breakdown voltage of greater than 100 V.

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Some of the diode specifications are: Maximum reverse voltage (Vbr), rated forward current (If) ,

maximum forward voltage drop (Vf) and package style. Table 3 gives some of the most

commonly used diodes with their specifications.

Table 3

Device Material IF (mA) VF(V) VBR

Number used. (V)

OA91 Ge 50 2.1 115

In 4148 Si 100 1.0 75

In 4149 Si 100 1.0 75

IN 4007 Si 1000 1.6 1000

To test whether a given diode is O.K. or not, a simple multimter test can be performed which is

given later in this unit.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Led’s are pn junction devices which emit light radiation when biased in the forward direction.

The semiconductor material used for these junctions is a compound semiconductor like AlGaAs

whose band gap corresponds to a particular wavelength according to equation Eg = 1.24 / λ

where Eg is the band gap in ev and λ is the wavelength in microns. (e.g. red ~ 0.7 µ hence

corresponding E g = 1.24 / 0.7 = 1.77 ev). When the pn junction is forward biased, the electrons

are excited to conduction band and when they fall to the valence band, they give out energy in

the form of radiation corresponding to the Eg of the material Conventional led’s are made from

the materials like AlGaAs, GaAlP, GaAsP, GaP and GaN which emit Red, green, orange, yellow

and blue colours respectively. Led’s come in a special transparent casing as shown in fig 8..Dual

colour led’s are also available where two junctions are encapsulated on the same chip. It has

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three leads where cathode is common whereas normal leds’ have two leads one for cathode and

other for anode. A very important precaution while using an led is the amount of current being

passed through it. For most leds the maximum allowable current is 20 mA beyond which the led

can burn out. Hence in most of the circuits a resistor is used to limit the current. Some important

specifications before using an led are: LED colour, peak wavelength, viewing angle, optical

power output, luminous intensity, forward current and forward voltage.

Transistors

Symbol of a Transistor

Transistors are semiconductor devices used for applications like amplification of voltages,

current and are also used in oscillator circuits and switches. It’s a two junction and 3 terminal

device made of three layers of n and p type materials. The three regions are emitter, base and

collector. They are of 2 types (i) pnp and (ii) npn. Their most important specifications are Ic,

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Vce, hfe and Power rating. They come in different casings like TO18, TO92C, and TO39 etc

Given below is a table of most commonly used transistors with their specifications (approximate)

and casings. Datasheets from the companies can be referred to to know the exact specifications.

Case IC VCE hFE Ptot Category Possible

Code Structure
style max. max. min. max. (typical use) substitutes
BC107 NPN TO18 100mA 45V 110 300mW Audio, low power BC182 BC547
General purpose, BC108C BC183
BC108 NPN TO18 100mA 20V 110 300mW
low power BC548
General purpose,
BC108C NPN TO18 100mA 20V 420 600mW
low power
Audio (low noise),
BC109 NPN TO18 200mA 20V 200 300mW BC184 BC549
low power
General purpose,
BC182 NPN TO92C 100mA 50V 100 350mW BC107 BC182L
low power
General purpose,
BC182L NPN TO92A 100mA 50V 100 350mW BC107 BC182
low power
BC547B NPN TO92C 100mA 45V 200 500mW Audio, low power BC107B
General purpose,
BC548B NPN TO92C 100mA 30V 220 500mW BC108B
low power
Audio (low noise),
BC549B NPN TO92C 100mA 30V 240 625mW BC109
low power
General purpose,
2N3053 NPN TO39 700mA 40V 50 500mW BFY51
low power
General purpose,
BFY51 NPN TO39 1A 30V 40 800mW BC639
medium power
General purpose,
BC639 NPN TO92A 1A 80V 40 800mW BFY51
medium power
General purpose,
TIP29A NPN TO220 1A 60V 40 30W
high power
General purpose,
TIP31A NPN TO220 3A 60V 10 40W TIP31C TIP41A
high power
General purpose,
TIP31C NPN TO220 3A 100V 10 40W TIP31A TIP41A
high power
General purpose,
TIP41A NPN TO220 6A 60V 15 65W
high power
General purpose,
2N3055 NPN TO3 15A 60V 20 117W
high power
BC177 PNP TO18 100mA 45V 125 300mW Audio, low power BC477
General purpose,
BC178 PNP TO18 200mA 25V 120 600mW BC478
low power
Audio (low noise),
BC179 PNP TO18 200mA 20V 180 600mW
low power
BC477 PNP TO18 150mA 80V 125 360mW Audio, low power BC177

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General purpose,
BC478 PNP TO18 150mA 40V 125 360mW BC178
low power
General purpose,
TIP32A PNP TO220 3A 60V 25 40W TIP32C
high power
General purpose,
TIP32C PNP TO220 3A 100V 10 40W TIP32A
high power

Fig 9 gives some of the transistors with the symbols. for npn and pnp. and fig 10 illustrates some

of the casings. with the configurations for emitter , base and collector leads

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Integrated Circuit (IC)

Today all electrical, electronic and computer parts have IC’s in them. Integrated circuit is a name

given to a package which can hold more than 10 and up to millions of electronic components.

They can give various functions like : (i) the function of a full microprocessor circuit (eg 8085),

(ii) a memory chip, (iii) a voltage regulator (LM 7805) or (iv) Can contain just 10 AND gates

(eg LS7400). They come in a black bench like casing with a notch on one side and with electrical

legs for connections, which are called pins. The size is usually around 1 cm2 X 1 cm2. Refer to

the picture. Its name is always written on top which contains a few letters with numerals,

according to its type, make and company. For example an IC with name LS 7400 would mean

LS series with And gates, LM741C - mA741C is an operational amplifier (opamp). Datasheets

can be referred to, to know the details of pin configurations and make etc. The pins are usually

read starting from left of notch and going anticlockwise as shown in picture for 555 timer IC.

Fabrication of an IC is a highly sophisticated and relatively expensive process requiring clean

rooms and very expensive equipments like photolithography, metallization and diffusion etc. But

due to their bulk manufacture and requirement, the cost of each IC is very low.

Electromechanical components

In engineering, electro mechanics combines electrical and mechanical processes and procedures

drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electrical engineering in this

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context also encompasses electronics engineering and some devices are classified to include

within this category.

Piezoelectric devices, crystals

Electronic symbol

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very
precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric
resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as
crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in
similar circuits.
The crystal oscillator circuit sustains oscillation by taking a voltage signal from the
quartz resonator, amplifying it, and feeding it back to the resonator. The rate of expansion and
contraction of the quartz is the resonant frequency, and is determined by the cut and size of the
crystal. When the energy of the generated output frequencies matches the losses in the circuit, an
oscillation can be sustained.
Terminals and connectors

Terminals and connectors are devices used to make electrical connection

A terminal is the point at which a conductor from an electrical component, device or network
comes to an end and provides a point of connection to other external circuits. A terminal may
simply be the end of a wire or it may be fitted with a connector or fastener. The connection may
be temporary, as seen in portable equipment, may require a tool for assembly and removal, or
may be a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.

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An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as
an interface using a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks
(female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for
assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices An
adapter can be used to effectively bring together dissimilar connectors.
There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors. Connectors may join two lengths of
flexible copper wire or cable, or connect a wire or cable to an electrical terminal.
Electrical connectors are characterised by their pinout and physical construction, size, contact
resistance, insulation between pins, ruggedness and resistance to vibration, resistance to entry of
water or other contaminants, resistance to pressure, reliability, lifetime (number of
connect/disconnect operations before failure), and ease of connecting and disconnecting.
They may be keyed to prevent insertion in the wrong orientation, connecting the wrong pins to
each other, and have locking mechanisms to ensure that they are fully inserted and cannot work
loose or fall out. Some connectors are designed such that certain pins make contact before others
when inserted, and break first on disconnection; this protects circuits typically in connectors that
apply power, e.g. connecting safety ground first.
It is usually desirable for a connector to be easy to identify visually, rapid to assemble, require
only simple tooling, and be inexpensive. In some cases an equipment manufacturer might choose
a connector specifically because it is not compatible with those from other sources, allowing
control of what may be connected. No single connector has all the ideal properties; the
proliferation of types is a reflection of differing requirements.
Examples of Keyed Connectors

XLR connector, showing the 4-pin Mini-DIN S- 4-pin Mini-DIN pinout: the
notch for alignment. Video cable: the notches are off-center rectangle and
the keying showing the surrounding notches are a
keying. key.

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Note:
The XLR connector is a style of electrical connector, primarily found on professional audio,
video, and stage lighting equipment. The connectors are circular in design and have between 3
and 7 pins.

Cable assemblies

A cable assembly, wiring assembly or wiring loom, is an assembly of cables or wires which
transmit signals or electrical power. The cables are bound together by straps, cable ties, cable
lacing, sleeves, electrical tape, conduit, a weave of extruded string, or a combination thereof.
Commonly used in automobiles, as well as construction machinery, cable harnesses provide
several advantages over loose wires and cables. For example, many aircraft, automobiles and
spacecraft contain many masses of wires which would stretch over several kilometres if fully
extended. By binding the many wires and cables into a cable harness, the wires and cables can be
better secured against the adverse effects of vibrations, abrasions, and moisture. By constricting
the wires into a non-flexing bundle, usage of space is optimized, and the risk of a short is
decreased.
Switches

A switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch may be operated directly
by a human operator to control a circuit (for example, a light switch or a keyboard button), may
be operated by a moving object such as a door-operated switch, or may be operated by some
sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow. Switches are made to handle a wide range of
voltages and currents.

Electronics Expansion
specification and of Description Symbol
abbreviation abbreviation

A simple on-off switch: The two

Single pole, terminals are either connected together or
SPST single throw disconnected from each other. An
example is a light switch.

Single pole, A simple changeover switch: C (COM,

SPDT double throw Common) is connected to L1 or to L2.

Double pole, Equivalent to two SPST switches

DPST single throw controlled by a single mechanism

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Double pole, Equivalent to two SPDT switches

DPDT double throw controlled by a single mechanism.

Protection devices Fuse

Symbol

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a
sacrificial device to provide over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. It’s
essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it,
interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device
failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers.
A fuse interrupts excessive current ("blows") so that further possible damage by overheating or
fire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular
circuits. Over current protection devices are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to
human life and property damage. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are
chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Slow blow fuses are
designed to allow harmless short term currents over their rating while still interrupting a
sustained overload.

Enclosure

An enclosure is a cabinet for electronic equipment to mount switches, knobs and displays and to
prevent electrical shock to equipment users and protect the contents from the environment.
Electronic packaging may place many demands on an enclosure for heat dissipation, radio
frequency interference and electrostatic discharge protection, as well as functional, esthetic and
commercial constraints.

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Heat sink

In electronic systems, a heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that cools a device by dissipating
heat into the surrounding medium. Heat sinks are used with high-power semiconductor devices
such as power transistors and optoelectronics such as lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs),
where the heat dissipation ability of the basic device is insufficient to regulate its temperature. A
heat sink is designed to maximize its surface area in contact with the cooling medium
surrounding it, such as the air. Air velocity, choice of material, protrusion design and surface
treatment are factors that affect the performance of a heat sink. Heat sink attachment methods
and thermal interface materials also affect the temperature of the integrated circuit. Thermal
adhesive or thermal grease improve the heat sink's performance by filling air gaps between the
heat sink and the heat spreader on the device.
The most common heat sink materials are aluminium alloys. Fin efficiency is one of the
parameters which make a higher thermal conductivity material important. A fin of a heat sink
may be considered to be a flat plate with heat flowing in one end and being dissipated into the
surrounding medium as it travels to the other

Printed circuit boards

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper
layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Multi-layer PCBs
allow for much higher component density. Conductors on different layers are connected with
plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors
or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

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Relays

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor
device to perform switching. Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is
also applied to relays; a relay switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can
be thrown by energizing the coil.
The following designations are commonly encountered:
SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous
whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is
sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST
switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six
terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent
to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals,
including the coil.

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Displays

A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual. When the input
information is supplied as an electrical signal, the display is called an electronic display. Some
displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters. They are called segment displays,
because they are composed of several segments that switch on and off to give appearance of
desired glyph. The segments are usually singleLEDs or liquid crystals. They are mostly used
in digital watches and pocket calculators.

The common segment displays shown

side by side: 7-segment, 9-segment, 14-

segment and 16-segmentdisplays.

Fasteners

A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.
Other alternative methods of joining materials include crimping, welding, soldering, brazing,
taping, gluing, cementing, or the use of other adhesives.

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Electronic components

• Passive components
• Active components
• Electromechanical components

Passive components

Resistors
Fixed Resistors
Variable resistors
Special purpose resistors
Capacitors
Fixed capacitor
Variable capacitor
Inductors

Active components

Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Transistors
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Electromechanical components

Piezoelectric devices, crystals

Terminals and connectors
Cable assemblies
Switches
Protection devices Fuse
Enclosure
Heat sink
Printed circuit boards
Relays
Displays
Fasteners.

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