Shear in Bending PDF

9/25/2019 Shear in Bending
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Shear in Bending
Internal stresses and forces due to shear within a beam bending situation.
Lecture Notes: shear in bending - worked exercises.pdf empty.one

Lecture Video: FEA Shear in bending of I beam (4 mins) or jump to embedded video
Transverse Shear Force in Bending

In the bending moment chapter we looked at the Shear Force Diagram. This is actually the traverse shear force that is being
determined - for a horizontal beam with vertical loads, this means it is the vertical shear force.
Transverse Shear Force

We can cut the beam to find the Bending Moment (by doing moment equation of ONE side).But what if we don't know where the
maximum is? Are we going to pick lots of places to "cut" until we eventually find it?
There is another way. We can use shear force to find bending moment, using a diagram method.
But first - a definition of shear force in a beam.
Imagine ONLY the sliding aspect of the beam, not the bending. This is a bit wierd since beams don't slide apart, they bend apart. But
anyway, we still need to get this shear force thing happening.
Imagine the beam as a stack of magnets. They can slide OK but not bend.
Now if one hand pushes up and the other down, it slides. (shears)
Of course, it doesn't matter which magnet slides, they all want to slide. This one just happened to have the least friction, but in fact
every slice has the same shear force.
Positive Shear Force

In a diagram we would show it like this;
When the left hand side (LHS) goes up then this is called positive shear force.
A Shear Force Diagram (SFD) is a graph of the shear force all the way along a beam.
We can construct a shear force diagram for a loaded beam, but the shear force at a particular point along the beam is actually the
average for the cross-section. For more information about Shear Force Diagrams, see Bending Moment
www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM09155A-CAE/050-Shear-in-Bending/shear-in-bending.html 1/18
Average Shear Force along the length of a loaded beam. SFD = Shear Force Diagram
Unfortunately, this is shear force cannot be used to determine the shear stress with the simple "stress equals force on area" equation.
Why not? Because, as you might have guessed, shear stress it is not uniform throughout the cross-section.
Drat.
Longitudinal Shear in Bending

In addition to the transverse shear force, a longitudinal shear force also exists in the beam. Evidence of this longitudinal shear force
(i.e. a force parallel to the beam axis) is shown below.
(a) Three planks not glued together. There is slippage between (b) Planks are glued together. No slippage occurs. Glue carries a
the planks. shear load.
The glue in the beam in Figure (b) carries a shear load parallel to the axis of the beam. This load produces a shear stress called the
longitudinal (or horizontal) shear stress.
Relationship Between Vertical And Horizontal Shear Stress
The transverse and longitudinal shear forces produce stresses called the vertical and horizontal shear stresses. These stresses are
shown acting on a small part of the beam in the figure above.
At any particular point in the beam the horizontal shear stress is equal to the vertical shear stress.
At any point in the beam;

τv = τh
Where;
τv = vertical shear stress
τh = horizontal shear stress
Proof
To prove τv = τh
Force acting on a horizontal surface = τh x (ab)
Force acting on a vertical surface = τv x (cb)
Taking moments about anywhere on the front face
of the element (e.g. the centre of it);
τh (ab)c = τv (cb) a
So τv = τh
(Note: This works even if the element is a

rectangular rather than a square prism)
So we know they are the same, but that doesn't tell us how to calculate it.
Calculating The Shear Stress

Below shows a typical beam (a simply supported beam)
Above: At the cross section y-y the shear load in the beam is 10 kN.
However, the shear stress is not uniform throughout this cross section. The shear stress is largest at C, then a bit lower at B; and
lowest at A for this particular beam.
So when we investigate the section itself, the shear force varies with height.
Now we focus on calculating the longitudinal shear stress at longitudinal plane B-B; (shown below in the cross sectional view)
The shear stress at BB on the cross section can be calculated using:
Where τ = shear stress (MPa), which is the same as τv or τh for a small element at section B-B
Q = first moment of area (mm3) of the upper cross-section of the beam (above the B-B plane). Where Q = A.y
V = vertical shear force (N)
I = 2nd moment of area of beam (mm4), which is bh3/12 for a rectangular beam
b = width of beam at B-B (mm)
In most parts of a beam the shear stress is low, it is highest at the centre of a beam.
For I beams, the web thickness is selected so that on the neutral axis (which is the maximum longitudinal shear plane) has a
longitudinal (or transverse) shear stress (at that point in the cross-section), that is not excessive.

Composite Cross sections
A beam with a built-up cross section is shown.

To calculate the shear stress at BB, you need the value of Q for the
beam above BB. To calculate Q, break the beam down into separate
areas, in this case Area 1 and Area 2.
Q is calculated using the formula,
Q = A1y1 + A2y2
A1= Area 1 (mm2)
y1= distance from neutral axis to centroid of Area 1 (mm)
A2= Area 2(mm2)
y2= distance from neutral axis to centroid of Area 2 (mm)
Shear Stress using FEA:

The stress labelling convention is;
XX, YY, ZZ are the normal/planar stresses

XY, XZ, YZ are Shear stresses in each of those 3 planes
Note that the FEA analysis may give a positive of negative shear stress, depending on the orientation of the X,Y & Z axis with respect
to the job. We can ignore the negative sign for now, it is only needed for heavy-duty 3D stress analysis which is beyond the scope of
our study here.
Solve Example 3 Using FEA

1. Draw up beam in Inventor (give it 500mm long Z axis typical)
2. In Stress Analysis, use steel, but do not turn on gravity.
3. Constrain "fixed" at the wall, apply 25kN to the free end.
4. Simulate it, then probe at (X,Y,Z) = (0,30,100) using Stress
YZ. The result is a shear stress in the YZ plane of 18.75MPa.
(using an average mesh size of 1% of its length).
FEA analysis of the beam in Ex3.

Note that the probe point is 100mm away from the fixed constraint.
This avoids the weirdness of a surface of immovable elements -
which mucks up the shear stress for short distance.
This becomes very important when analysing the shear stress between individual members in a composite cross-section. e.g. the shear
stress in a welded joint between web and flange of an I beam.
This is very interesting. It says that just above the junction B-B the long shear stress in the FLANGE is only 1.5 MPa, but immediately
below that plane, in the WEB, the stress suddenly increases to 15 MPa. Obviously this is because the area is suddenly reduced from
100mm wide to 10mm wide - hence the stress increases 10 times. Makes sense.
Here, FEA matching the results will be more difficult because the shear stress is being constrained by proximity to the flange.
Solve Example 4 Using FEA

Using the same mesh refinement, the stress near the flange is
sensitive to location. As we measure stress in the web as we
approach the flange, the stress starts to deviate in the last few
mm before it meeets the flange;
X (mm) Y (mm) Z (mm) Stress YZ (MPa)

0 60 100 15.43
0 63 100 18.43
0 64 100 16.28
0 64.5 100 15.15
0 64.9 100 14.25
0 65 100 13.14
0 65.1 100 0.13

0 65.5 100 0.15
0 66 100 0.18
Longitudinal Stress in Beams FEA
Using FEA in Inventor to determine shear stress in a beam under bending
BEAMS WITH A CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION.

For a beam with a circular cross section the maximum shear stress occurs on the neutral axis. The maximum stress is calculated
below.
Shear Stress Variation In Beams

From the previous examples you can see that the shear stress is not constant, but varies from the top to the bottom of the beam. If
you were to calculate the shear stress at all points from top to bottom of a beam cross section and graph the magnitude of the stress
you would get shear. stress diagrams as shownbelow.
Glues are often used today for making fabricated beams.
The shear strength of the glue should be greater than the stress at the location of the glued joint. Alternatively select a glue with a
shear stress greater than the maximum shear stress in the beam.
Calculating The Longitudinal Shear Force

The transverse shear force can be calculated using the procedure for shear force diagrams. The longitudinal (or horizontal) shear force
cannot be calculated as directly. However, having calculated the shear stresses, the horizontal shear force can then be calculated. The
horizontal shear force is used to find weld sizes and nail sizes in built-up beams. (Amoung other things)
Above shows a typical beam. You will note that the bending moment varies along the beam. If you look at part of a beam closely
(below), you can calculate the bending stress acting on the left hand side and the right hand side of the segment.
The stresses acting on the right hand side of the segment are larger than those acting on the left hand side. This occurs because the
bending moment is larger at the position of the right hand side.
For equilibrium of the segment in Figure 13,
Σ Horizontal forces = 0
R1 + S -R2 = 0
Hence the horizontal shear force balances out the difference in the bending forces.
But...the horizontal shear force can be calculated from the shear stress equation! Tadaa!
Now stress is force over area. From Figure at right (yet another view of that element of
the beam), the shear force is S1, and it acts over an area δx.b. Hence the shear stress
becomes,
Example:
FABRICATED BEAMS
Beams are often made up, or in some cases strengthened, by adding top and bottom plates.
In the nailed beam the nail carries the shear force on A.A. The weld carries the shear force between the top plate and the flange.
Following those numbers (above) in more detail:

A = 150 * 50 = 7500 mm2
y = 50mm
Q = Ay = 375E3 mm3
V = 1000N
I = 53E6 mm4
S/dx = QV/I = 7.08 so if we invert this,
dx/S = 0.141
But S=450N, so multiply by S;
dx = 63.6mm
Where does 965N/mm come from?

It is the load per mm of a 10mm weld, where, from the welded joints formula (fillet welds);
F = 0.707*stress*length*size
F = 0.707*stress*1*10
F = 7.07*stress
So re-arranging to give;
Stress = F / 7.07 = 965/7.07 = 136 MPa (Which is the standard weld stress used in Ivanoff),
With S.F = 3, gives electrode rating of 136*3 = 410 MPa.
In other words;
F = 0.707*stress*length*size
F = 0.707 * (410/3) * 1mm * 10mm
= 965 N/mm
Report 1: Fabricated beams

Part 1: Use FEA to calculate:
A hollow rectangular beam is to be fabricated for a foot bridge. It must span 25m and carry a load of 400kg/m. Ratio of Height:Width
is 3:2. It is to be made of steel and welded in 4 plates. Rated stress of the material is 250MPa and safety facter of 3. Plate thickness is
20mm.
Design the cross-section for maximum Von Mises stress of 250/3.
Determine the weld shear stress if the welds are fillet welds on the inside of the upper and lower plates.
Part 2: Use hand calculation to calculate:

A timber beam is also a box beam (like shown above). The dimensions are:
c=20 mm
g=40 mm
h=300 mm
t=50 mm
b= 200 mm
The vertical shear stress is 50kN.

(a) Determine the shear stress at the junction between flanges and web (don't forget there are 2 flanges here).
(b) Determine the maximum nail spacing if a single nail can withstand 500N.
Report 2 (alternative option): Analysis of a engineered wood floor joist
Floor joist design guide notes/Dindas-hyJOIST-Design-Guide.pdf

Select one of the floor joists in the list (there are 10 varieties) Dindas-hyJOIST-selection.pdf
Design a room that is at the maximum length for that chosen joist. Use 22mm hardwood flooring as the dead load.
Choose a joist spacing (there are 2) Dindas-hyJOIST-selection.pdf
Live load is 1.8kN (From design guide)
P.S. This gives 10*2 = 20 different variations
The following notes are from;

https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/01_loads_loading/01_primary_loads/
Dead load
Dead load on a structure is the result of the weight of the permanent components such as beams, floor slabs, columns and walls.
These components will produce the same constant 'dead' load during the lifespan of the building. Dead loads are exerted in the vertical
plane.
Dead load = volume of member x unit weight of materials
By calculating the volume of each member and multiplying by the unit weight of the materials from which it is composed, an accurate
dead load can be determined for each component.
The different components can then be added together to determine the dead load for the entire structure.
Material Unit weight kN/m3
Plain concrete 23.5
Reinforced concrete 24
Glass 25.5
Mild steel 77
Hardwood 11
Softwood 8
Table 1: Dead load comparisons of various materials
Live loads
page_003.htm
Example: Area of floor = 6.0 m x 4.0 m = 24 m2

Live load rating of a house = 1.5 kPa
Therefore, live load of floor = 24 m2 x 1.5 kPa = 36 kN
All unfixed items in a building such as people and furniture result in a 'live' load on the structure. Live loads are exerted in the vertical
plane. Live loads are variable as they depend on usage and capacity, therefore the AS 1170 table provides allowances which are based
on conservative estimates.
For example, the live load for a floor in a house is given as 1.5 kPa compared to a dance hall floor live load of 5.0 kPa. It is reasonable
to expect that a dance hall would have more people in it than a house.
Uniformly distributed
Live loads for floors as per building usage
load kPa or kN/m2
Houses 1.5
Flats, apartments, motel bedrooms 2.0
Offices 3.0
Workshops 5.0
Parking, vehicle > 2.5 t 5.0
Hospitals, school assembly areas with fixed seating 3.0
Dance halls, bars, lounges 5.0
Table 2: Live load comparisons
Simply-supported floor joists
Analysis of your Design Variation

To model this using Inventor, you will need to select a wood material. The closest to Radiata Pine is probably Birch, but these are
constructed in plywood (web) and LVL (flange). LVL = Laminated Veneer Lumber.
Plain wood in orthotropic, which means it is strong in one direction (like rope), but very much weaker in the other directions. However,
these engineered wood materials (plywood and LVL) are approximately isotropic (same in every direction), at least in this application.
Change Birch to isotropic.
(Material Library > Select Birch > Physical > Mechanical > Behaviour > Isotropic)
Actually, I tell a lie. The plywood is really closer to transversely isotopic, and the LVL is more like anisotropic. But in the arrangment of
the beam they are loaded in their high strength directions, so we get away with calling them isotropic. Otherwise it will not calculate
anyway, because anything except isotropic is MUCH more complicated.
Tasks
1. According to the design guide, these tables apply to a live floor load of 1.8kN. Use simply supported and minimum bearing
support for floor loads only. (p4)
2. Determine the maximum material shear stress in the web of the beam (by hand and by FEA).
3. Determine the maximum material tensile stress in the flange of the beam. (by hand and by FEA)
4. Drill the maximum sized hole in the worst position allowed and determine the highest Von Mises stress. Is this more of a shear
issue or a tensile/compression issue?
5. Repeat Task 4 for a maximum-sized rectangular hole in the worst position allowed.
6. From Task 3, calculate the safety factor for tensile stress in the flange (research LVL properties)
7. Determine the maximum shear flow of an un-cut beam. Determine the necessary shear force of the adhesive joint (per mm of
length). Treat the joint as occuring exactly at the web/flange transition (i.e. disregard the groove in the flanges). Use manual
calculations, because you don't have a choice this time! Increase this adhesion rating by the same the same safety factor as Task
6, to give a final value for glue joint strength in N/mm.
Web Links
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/products/finite-element-analysis
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/01_loads_loading/01_primary_loads/
http://www.dindas.com.au/building-products/engineered-i-joists.aspx
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What are transverse and longitudinal shear forces?

What are transverse and longitudinal shear forces?

What is the relationship between vertical and horizontal shear stresses?

What is the relationship between vertical and horizontal shear stresses?

9/25/2019 Shear in Bending

Lecture Notes: shear in bending - worked exercises.pdf empty.one

Transverse Shear Force in Bending

Transverse Shear Force

Positive Shear Force

Longitudinal Shear in Bending

Relationship Between Vertical And Horizontal Shear Stress

At any point in the beam;

(Note: This works even if the element is a

Calculating The Shear Stress

The shear stress at BB on the cross section can be calculated using:

A beam with a built-up cross section is shown.

A1= Area 1 (mm2)

y1= distance from neutral axis to centroid of Area 1 (mm)

A2= Area 2(mm2)

y2= distance from neutral axis to centroid of Area 2 (mm)

Shear Stress using FEA:

XX, YY, ZZ are the normal/planar stresses

Solve Example 3 Using FEA

FEA analysis of the beam in Ex3.

Solve Example 4 Using FEA

X (mm) Y (mm) Z (mm) Stress YZ (MPa)

0 64.5 100 15.15

0 65.1 100 0.13

Longitudinal Stress in Beams FEA

Using FEA in Inventor to determine shear stress in a beam under bending

BEAMS WITH A CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION.

Shear Stress Variation In Beams

Calculating The Longitudinal Shear Force

Following those numbers (above) in more detail:

Where does 965N/mm come from?

Report 1: Fabricated beams

Part 2: Use hand calculation to calculate:

The vertical shear stress is 50kN.

Report 2 (alternative option): Analysis of a engineered wood floor joist

Floor joist design guide notes/Dindas-hyJOIST-Design-Guide.pdf

P.S. This gives 10*2 = 20 different variations

The following notes are from;

Material Unit weight kN/m3

Plain concrete 23.5

Table 1: Dead load comparisons of various materials

Example: Area of floor = 6.0 m x 4.0 m = 24 m2

Flats, apartments, motel bedrooms 2.0

Parking, vehicle > 2.5 t 5.0

Hospitals, school assembly areas with fixed seating 3.0

Dance halls, bars, lounges 5.0

Table 2: Live load comparisons

Simply-supported floor joists

Analysis of your Design Variation

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