SYNOPSIS

ON

TOSTUDYTHEEFFECTOFWASTEPLASTICMIXEDWITHSDBC
ONMARSHALLSTABILITYANDFLOWPARAMETERS

SUBMITTED BY:

MURTAZA ALI

ENROLLMENT NO.: 17FOETMTTE118

ROLL NO.: 17320360112

M.TECH (4TH SEM)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Er. POOJA SHARMA

DESH BAHAGAT UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY

Roads are considered as the lifeline of any country. Some of the important roles roads in
India’s economy are:

1. Connection to villages.

2. Communication in hilly terrain.

3. Carriers of freight and passengers complementing the railways

4. Helps agricultural development

5. Administrative convenience, etc.

Engineers have been always with open mind to adopt any material available to them for
its use for the construction purposes. It is logical to see that the purpose of highway construction
is to provide a firm and even surface for the carriageway or the pavement which could stand the
stress caused due to number of load applications.

Types of Highway construction

 Earth road and gravel roads.

 Soil stabilized roads.

 Water bound macadam (WBM) road.

 Bituminous or black-top roads.

 Cement concrete roads.

MATERIAL USE IN CONSTRUCTION

 Cement
 Aggregate
 Sand
  Bitumen

CONSTRUCTION METHOLOGY AND GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Construction of Bituminous Roads: Bituminous pavements are in common use in India and
abroad. Flexible pavements could be strengthened in stages by constructing bituminous
pavement layers one after another in a certain period of time unlike the cement concrete
pavement construction. The problem associated with the construction of bituminous pavements
is control of the proper viscosity of the bituminous-aggregate mixtures during mixing and
compaction operations. Bituminous constructions are also adopted for base and binder courses of
pavements on heavy-traffic roads.

Types of Bituminous Constructions:-The followings construction techniques are in use:

 Interface treatments like prime coat and tack coat

 Surface dressing and seal coat

 Ground or penetration type constructions.

 Penetration Macadam

 Built-up Spray Grout

 Premix which may be any one of the following:

 Bituminous bound macadam

 Carpet

 Bituminous Concrete

 Sheet Asphalt or Rolled Asphalt

 Mastic Asphalt
HIGHWAY PAVEMENT FAILURE

A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed

materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied
vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of
acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reacting characteristics, and
low noise pollution. The major Flexible pavement failures are fatigue cracking, rutting, and
thermal cracking. The fatigue cracking of flexible pavement is due to horizontal tensile strain at
the bottom of the asphaltic concrete. The failure criterion relates allowable number of load
repetitions to tensile strain and this relation can be determined in the laboratory fatigue test on
asphaltic concrete specimens. Rutting occurs only on flexible pavements as indicated by
permanent deformation or rut depth along wheel load path. Two design methods have been used
to control rutting: one to limit the vertical compressive strain on the top of sub-grade and other to
limit rutting to a tolerable amount (12 mm normally. Thermal cracking includes both low
temperature cracking and thermal fatigue cracking.

Fig.-1 Wheel load on pavement

Fig.-2 Load Distribution

Failures may be:-

Failure in sub grade

 Inadequate Stability

 Excessive application of stresses

 Plastic deformation

Failures in sub base or Base course

 Inadequate stability

 Loss of binding action

 Loss of bearing course materials

 Inadequate wearing course

Causes of premature failures:-

 Rutting due to high variation in ambient temperature.

 Uncontrolled heavy axle loads.

 Limitation of pavement design procedures to meet local environmental conditions.

HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE

Definition / Objectives:-

Preserving and keeping each type of roadway, roadside, structures as nearly as possible in
its original condition as constructed or as subsequently improved and the operation of highway
facilities and services to provide satisfactory and safe transportation, is called maintenance of
Highways. The various maintenance functions includes:-

1. Surface maintenance
 2. Roadside and drainage maintenance

3. Shoulder and approaches maintenance

4. Snow and ice control

5. Bridges maintenance

6. Traffic service

a. Highway maintenance is closely related to the quality of construction of original

road.

b. Insufficient pavement or base thickness or improper construction of these

elements soon results in expensive patching or surface repair.

c. Shoulder care becomes a serious problem where narrow lanes force heavy vehicle
to travel with one set of wheels off the pavement.

d. Improperly designed drainage facilities, mean erosion or deposition of material

and costly cleaning operation or other corrective measures.

e. Sharp ditches and steep slopes require manual maintenance as compare to cheap
maintenance of flatter ditch and soil by machine.

f. In snowy country, improper location extremely low fills and narrow cuts leave no
room for snow storage, creating extremely difficult snow removal problems.

REVIEWS OF LITERATURE

Zulufqar Bin Rashid and Dr. Rakesh Gupta (2017)studied a well-developed

transportation infrastructure is essential for economic, industrial, social and cultural development
of a country. Due to this need, human being has developed three modes of transport, i.e., by land,
by water and by air. The road network has expanded from 4 lakh km in 1947 to 20 lakh km in
1993 and almost 55 lakhkms as on 31 March, 2015. India has less than 3.8 kms of road per 1000
people; including all its paved and unpaved roads. In terms of quality, all season, four or more
lane highways; India has less than 0.07 kms of highway per 1000 people as of 2010. Inadequate
maintenance of roads accounts to an act of disinvestment and sacrifice of past investment in
roads. Roads have been receiving decreasing share of total Five Year Plan expenditure
(decreasing from 6.7% in first plan to 3% in second plan). The Vehicle Operating Cost increases
at a rapid rate as the condition of existing pavements starts deteriorating. The loss due to bad
conditions of the main road network would be around Rs.12000 crore per annum. The purpose of
the proposed study is to identify the defects in flexible pavements in highway system. For this
study some test sections were identified on SH-4,(now upgraded as NH 205-A) in Punjab from
Kharar to Landran, District S.A.S Nagar (Mohali). The parameters influencing the performance
of flexible pavements will also be identified. For efficient maintenance of road pavements, the
deficiencies in our existing highway system need to be clearly understood. All type of
distresses/defects needs to be classified with causes and treatment as per different severity level.

Mr. Nagaraju (2015)examined that in India, the road traffic volume has increased
manifolds during the post-independence period. The traffic axle loading may also in many cases
be much heavier than the specified limit. As a result of which, the existing road network has
been subjected to severe deterioration leading to premature failure of the pavements. In such a
scenario, development of the effective pavement management strategies would furnish useful
information to ensure the compatible and cost- effective decisions so as to keep the existing road
network intact. The optimum maintenance and rehabilitation strategies developed in this study
would be useful in planning pavement maintenance strategies in a scientific manner and ensuring
rational utilization of limited maintenance funds. Once this strategy for urban road network is
implemented and made operational; this would serve as window to the other urban road network
of different regions.

Dr. Tarawnehand Dr. Sarireh (2013) examined that pavement deterioration is a serious
problem for road and traffic highway sector in Jordan. The allocated cost for construction of new
roads, replacement and rehabilitation, and maintenance was 292.1 M JD in the implementation
program (2007-2009) and 192. 2 M JD in (2011-2013). The current research aims to describe the
most affecting causes for road deterioration in Jordan by a questionnaire designed and directed to
contractors in road construction and maintenance. A list of causes was prepared through
conducting literature review, consulting and interviewing a group of 15 managers from
contractors and experts in the field, they advised to study 51 of expected causes for road
deterioration. Then a questionnaire was prepared and directed to 150 of contractors in road
construction and maintenance. The mission was involving to give a scale (rank) from 1 (strongly
disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (do not know), 4 (agree), and 5 (strongly agree) to the expected causes.
38 (25.33%) responses were received and analyzed. The criterion (defects caused during
construction due to poor construction quality) takes the highest rank of 4.15, while the lowest
factor is (Inadequate resistance to polishing of surface aggregate) of 2.73. Also, the causes for
deterioration were reorganized into 11 consistent groups of relevant causes. The first group
(Effect of Cracks and Structural Failure) ranks 3.96 and the last group (Effect of Pavement
Width) ranks 2.93 in group comparison. The research is helpful in highlighting the causes for
road deterioration in Jordan, and in avoiding of these causes or mitigating their effect during
design, construction, and maintenance through operation.

Dr. Achampong et al. (2013)examined that premature road pavement failure occurs
when it can no longer perform its traditional function of carrying vehicles and people from one
location to another in safety and comfort before the anticipated design life. Usually premature
pavement failure of Ghana roads results in frequent road accidents with loss of life and
properties, high transportation costs of goods and services, high maintenance costs of vehicles
and increase in travel time. A classical example of pavement failure is the Koforidua BY –Pass
Road where the design life was fifteen (15) years but it failed in less than six (6) months after
being opened to vehicular traffic. The objectives of this research were to investigate the causes
leading to the early deterioration of the road pavement and recommend remedial approach to
ameliorate the current situation. Desk Study of contract documents, as built drawings, visual road
condition survey, structured questionnaire, in situ field tests and laboratory tests were conducted.
The forensic studies revealed that the premature pavement failure were due to lack of
geotechnical investigation, insufficient drainage system, poor construction methods, the
inclusion of sub standard materials, inadequate quality control and quality assurance program It
was recommended that the design phase should provide adequate drainage system for the road
way. Where poor to marginal construction material do not meet the specifications, it should be
stabilized. Proper construction methods should be employed and also dedicated personnel are
needed to monitor the QC/QA program.
 Oladele et al.(2011) examined that It has been estimated that the trend in annual
expenditure on road maintenance in developing countries had increased for the past twenty years.
Therefore as resources are dwindling, the challenge of highway engineering infrastructure is an
economic one, demanding increasing emphasis on the optimum allocation and use of these
scarce resources. The objective of this paper is to provide a model that estimates the cost of
maintenance in a typical developing country. Multiple Regression technique was used to develop
the model with maintenance cost (W) as dependent variable and the length of the road in
kilometers, type of road defects, width of road, terrain, year of awarding the maintenance
contract are some of the independent variables. The relevant inputs data extracted from existing
Bills of Engineering Measurements and Evaluation (BEME) of maintained Nigerian roads were
analyzed using Econometric Views (EViews) package. The developed models were applied to
some roads in the SouthWest Nigeria. The roads have the same geological terrain to estimate
highway maintenance costs which are relevant for road network planning and investment
optimization. Results demonstrated that the models are able to perform quick estimation of
maintenance costs with reasonable accuracy, relatively simple to use and their applications and
data requirements are well within the capabilities of potential users.

Adiat, Adelusi and Ayuk (2009), used integrated geophysical methods to investigate the
courses of incessant road failure along some parts of Igbara-oke – Ibuji road – southwestern
Nigeria. Results from the geophysical survey identified the causes of the road failure to include:
Clayey nature of the topsoil / Sub-grade soil on which the road pavement is founded. Clay,
though highly porous but less permeable owing to poor connectivity of its pores, retains water
without releasing it thus makes it swell up and collapse at the exertion of pressure and this
subsequently lead to road failure. Also reported by this group was the presence of near surface
linear features such as faults, fractured zones, fissures and joints etc. in the subsoil beneath the
road pavement as this creates structurally weak zones that enhance groundwater accumulation
and hence pavement failure.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To study the about the highway and material use if construction

 To study the highway failures.

  To study the highway maintenance

METHODOLOGY

This project work is based on secondary data collection will be use in this research.

REFERENCES

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Textbooks

1. Huang, Yang H., "Pavement analysis and design", 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New

Jersey, USA, 2004.

2. NikolaidesAthanassios, "Highway Engineering, Pavements, Materials and Control of

Quality", 1st ed , USA, CRC Press (2014)

3. Yoder, E. J., and Witczak, M. W., "Principles of pavement design ", 2nd edition, John

Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1975.

 4. Y. Shahin and S.D.Kohn, "Pavement Maintenance management for Roads andParking

Lots, "Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), UnitedStates Army Corps

of Engineers, Technical Report M-294.2004.

5. Asphalt Institute, "Asphalt in Pavement Maintenance," manual Series No.16 (MS-

16).1999

6. Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, "Pavement Management Guide."2014

Websites

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.com