350 Nursing Bullets: Maternal & Child Health Nursing Reviewer

Increase your knowledge and confidence for the Nursing Licensure Exam (NLE) or
NCLEX with these easy to digest information regarding the concepts of Maternal and
Child Health Nursing. These bullets cover topic about labor, pregnancy, nursing care of
the newborn, developmental stages and many more!

Topics

 Labor, Delivery
 Pregnancy
 Breastfeeding
 Abortion
 Conditions affecting the pregnant women

Bullets

1. Unlike false labor, true labor produces regular rhythmic contractions, abdominal
discomfort, progressive descent of the fetus, bloody show, and progressive
effacement and dilation of the cervix.
2. To help a mother break the suction of her breast-feeding infant, the nurse should
teach her to insert a finger at the corner of the infant’s mouth.
3. Administering high levels of oxygen to a premature neonate can cause blindness as a
result of retrolental fibroplasia.
4. Amniotomy is artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes.
5. During pregnancy, weight gain averages 25 to 30 lb (11 to 13.5 kg).
6. Rubella has a teratogenic effect on the fetus during the first trimester. It produces
abnormalities in up to 40% of cases without interrupting the pregnancy.
7. Immunity to rubella can be measured by a hemagglutination inhibition test (rubella
titer). This test identifies exposure to rubella infection and determines susceptibility
in pregnant women. In a woman, a titer greater than 1:8 indicates immunity.
8. When used to describe the degree of fetal descent during labor, floating means the
presenting part isn’t engaged in the pelvic inlet, but is freely movable (ballotable)
above the pelvic inlet.
9. When used to describe the degree of fetal descent, engagement means when the
largest diameter of the presenting part has passed through the pelvic inlet.
10. Fetal station indicates the location of the presenting part in relation to the ischial
spine. It’s described as –1, –2, –3, –4, or –5 to indicate the number of centimeters
above the level of the ischial spine; station –5 is at the pelvic inlet.
11. Fetal station also is described as +1, +2, +3, +4, or +5 to indicate the number of
centimeters it is below the level of the ischial spine; station 0 is at the level of the
ischial spine.
12. During the first stage of labor, the side-lying position usually provides the greatest
degree of comfort, although the patient may assume any comfortable position.
13. During delivery, if the umbilical cord can’t be loosened and slipped from around the
neonate’s neck, it should be clamped with two clamps and cut between the clamps.
14. An Apgar score of 7 to 10 indicates no immediate distress, 4 to 6 indicates moderate
distress, and 0 to 3 indicates severe distress.
15. To elicit Moro’s reflex, the nurse holds the neonate in both hands and suddenly, but
gently, drops the neonate’s head backward. Normally, the neonate abducts and
extends all extremities bilaterally and symmetrically, forms a C shape with the
thumb and forefinger, and first adducts and then flexes the extremities.
16. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia) is an increase in blood pressure of
30/15 mm Hg over baseline or blood pressure of 140/95 mm Hg on two occasions at
least 6 hours apart accompanied by edema and albuminuria after 20 weeks’
gestation.
17. Positive signs of pregnancy include ultrasound evidence, fetal heart tones, and fetal
movement felt by the examiner (not usually present until 4 months’ gestation
18. Goodell’s sign is softening of the cervix.
19. Quickening, a presumptive sign of pregnancy, occurs between 16 and 19 weeks’
gestation.
20. Ovulation ceases during pregnancy.
21. Any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy should be considered a complication until
proven otherwise.
To estimate the date of delivery using Nägele’s rule, the nurse counts backward 3
months from the first day of the last menstrual period and then adds 7 days to this
date.
22. At 12 weeks’ gestation, the fundus should be at the top of the symphysis pubis.
23. Cow’s milk shouldn’t be given to infants younger than age 1 because it has a low
linoleic acid content and its protein is difficult for infants to digest.
24. If jaundice is suspected in a neonate, the nurse should examine the infant under
natural window light. If natural light is unavailable, the nurse should examine the
infant under a white light.
25. The three phases of a uterine contraction are increment, acme, and decrement.
26. The intensity of a labor contraction can be assessed by the indentability of the
uterine wall at the contraction’s peak. Intensity is graded as mild (uterine muscle is
somewhat tense), moderate (uterine muscle is moderately tense), or strong (uterine
muscle is boardlike).
27. Chloasma, the mask of pregnancy, is pigmentation of a circumscribed area of skin
(usually over the bridge of the nose and cheeks) that occurs in some pregnant
women.
28. The gynecoid pelvis is most ideal for delivery. Other types include platypelloid (flat),
anthropoid (apelike), and android (malelike).
29. Pregnant women should be advised that there is no safe level of alcohol intake.
30. The frequency of uterine contractions, which is measured in minutes, is the time
from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next.
31. Vitamin K is administered to neonates to prevent hemorrhagic disorders because a
neonate’s intestine can’t synthesize vitamin K.
Before internal fetal monitoring can be performed, a pregnant patient’s cervix must
be dilated at least 2 cm, the amniotic membranes must be ruptured, and the fetus’s
presenting part (scalp or buttocks) must be at station –1 or lower, so that a small
electrode can be attached.
32. Fetal alcohol syndrome presents in the first 24 hours after birth and produces
lethargy, seizures, poor sucking reflex, abdominal distention, and respiratory
difficulty.
33. Variability is any change in the fetal heart rate (FHR) from its normal rate of 120 to
160 beats/minute. Acceleration is increased FHR; deceleration is decreased FHR.
34. In a neonate, the symptoms of heroin withdrawal may begin several hours to 4 days
after birth.
35. In a neonate, the symptoms of methadone withdrawal may begin 7 days to several
weeks after birth.
36. In a neonate, the cardinal signs of narcotic withdrawal include coarse, flapping
tremors; sleepiness; restlessness; prolonged, persistent, high-pitched cry; and
irritability.
37. The nurse should count a neonate’s respirations for 1 full minute.
38. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is used to treat neonates who are addicted to narcotics.
39. The nurse should provide a dark, quiet environment for a neonate who is
experiencing narcotic withdrawal.
40. In a premature neonate, signs of respiratory distress include nostril flaring,
substernal retractions, and inspiratory grunting.
41. Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) develops in premature
infants because their pulmonary alveoli lack surfactant.
Whenever an infant is being put down to sleep, the parent or caregiver should
position the infant on the back. (Remember back to sleep.)
42. The male sperm contributes an X or a Y chromosome; the female ovum contributes
an X chromosome.
43. Fertilization produces a total of 46 chromosomes, including an XY combination
(male) or an XX combination (female).
44. The percentage of water in a neonate’s body is about 78% to 80%.
45. To perform nasotracheal suctioning in an infant, the nurse positions the infant with
his neck slightly hyperextended in a “sniffing” position, with his chin up and his
head tilted back slightly.
46. Organogenesis occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, specifically, days 14
to 56 of gestation.
47. After birth, the neonate’s umbilical cord is tied 1″ (2.5 cm) from the abdominal wall
with a cotton cord, plastic clamp, or rubber band.
48. Gravida is the number of pregnancies a woman has had, regardless of outcome.
49. Para is the number of pregnancies that reached viability, regardless of whether the
fetus was delivered alive or stillborn. A fetus is considered viable at 20 weeks’
gestation.
An ectopic pregnancy is one that implants abnormally, outside the uterus.
50. The first stage of labor begins with the onset of labor and ends with full cervical
dilation at 10 cm.
51. The second stage of labor begins with full cervical dilation and ends with the
neonate’s birth.
52. The third stage of labor begins after the neonate’s birth and ends with expulsion of
the placenta.
 In a full-term neonate, skin creases appear over two-thirds of the neonate’s feet.
Preterm neonates have heel creases that cover less than two-thirds of the feet.
53. The fourth stage of labor (postpartum stabilization) lasts up to 4 hours after the
placenta is delivered. This time is needed to stabilize the mother’s physical and
emotional state after the stress of childbirth.
54. At 20 weeks’ gestation, the fundus is at the level of the umbilicus.
55. At 36 weeks’ gestation, the fundus is at the lower border of the rib cage.
56. A premature neonate is one born before the end of the 37th week of gestation.
57. Pregnancy-induced hypertension is a leading cause of maternal death in the United
States.
58. A habitual aborter is a woman who has had three or more consecutive spontaneous
abortions.
59. Threatened abortion occurs when bleeding is present without cervical dilation.
60. A complete abortion occurs when all products of conception are expelled.
61. Hydramnios (polyhydramnios) is excessive amniotic fluid (more than 2,000 ml in the
third trimester).
62. Stress, dehydration, and fatigue may reduce a breast-feeding mother’s milk supply.
63. During the transition phase of the first stage of labor, the cervix is dilated 8 to 10 cm
and contractions usually occur 2 to 3 minutes apart and last for 60 seconds.
64. A nonstress test is considered nonreactive (positive) if fewer than two fetal heart
rate accelerations of at least 15 beats/minute occur in 20 minutes.
65. A nonstress test is considered reactive (negative) if two or more fetal heart rate
accelerations of 15 beats/minute above baseline occur in 20 minutes.
66. A nonstress test is usually performed to assess fetal well-being in a pregnant patient
with a prolonged pregnancy (42 weeks or more), diabetes, a history of poor
pregnancy outcomes, or pregnancy-induced hypertension.
67. A pregnant woman should drink at least eight 8-oz glasses (about 2,000 ml) of water
daily.
68. When both breasts are used for breast-feeding, the infant usually doesn’t empty the
second breast. Therefore, the second breast should be used first at the next feeding.
69. A low-birth-weight neonate weighs 2,500 g (5 lb 8 oz) or less at birth.
70. A very-low-birth-weight neonate weighs 1,500 g (3 lb 5 oz) or less at birth.
71. When teaching parents to provide umbilical cord care, the nurse should teach them
to clean the umbilical area with a cotton ball saturated with alcohol after every
diaper change to prevent infection and promote drying.
72. Teenage mothers are more likely to have low-birth-weight neonates because they
seek prenatal care late in pregnancy (as a result of denial) and are more likely than
older mothers to have nutritional deficiencies.
73. Linea nigra, a dark line that extends from the umbilicus to the mons pubis,
commonly appears during pregnancy and disappears after pregnancy.
74. Implantation in the uterus occurs 6 to 10 days after ovum fertilization.
75. Placenta previa is abnormally low implantation of the placenta so that it encroaches
on or covers the cervical os.
76. In complete (total) placenta previa, the placenta completely covers the cervical os.
77. In partial (incomplete or marginal) placenta previa, the placenta covers only a
portion of the cervical os.
78. Abruptio placentae is premature separation of a normally implanted placenta. It
may be partial or complete, and usually causes abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding,
and a boardlike abdomen.
79. Cutis marmorata is mottling or purple discoloration of the skin. It’s a transient
vasomotor response that occurs primarily in the arms and legs of infants who are
exposed to cold.
80. The classic triad of symptoms of preeclampsia are hypertension, edema, and
proteinuria. Additional symptoms of severe preeclampsia include hyperreflexia,
cerebral and vision disturbances, and epigastric pain.
81. Ortolani’s sign (an audible click or palpable jerk that occurs with thigh abduction)
confirms congenital hip dislocation in a neonate.
82. The first immunization for a neonate is the hepatitis B vaccine, which is
administered in the nursery shortly after birth.
83. If a patient misses a menstrual period while taking an oral contraceptive exactly as
prescribed, she should continue taking the contraceptive.
84. If a patient misses two consecutive menstrual periods while taking an oral
contraceptive, she should discontinue the contraceptive and take a pregnancy test.
85. If a patient who is taking an oral contraceptive misses a dose, she should take the
pill as soon as she remembers or take two at the next scheduled interval and
continue with the normal schedule.
86. If a patient who is taking an oral contraceptive misses two consecutive doses, she
should double the dose for 2 days and then resume her normal schedule. She also
should use an additional birth control method for 1 week.
87. Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures that aren’t caused by a cerebral disorder in
a patient who has pregnancy-induced hypertension.
88. In placenta previa, bleeding is painless and seldom fatal on the first occasion, but it
becomes heavier with each subsequent episode.
89. Treatment for abruptio placentae is usually immediate cesarean delivery.
90. Drugs used to treat withdrawal symptoms in neonates include phenobarbital
(Luminal), camphorated opium tincture (paregoric), and diazepam (Valium).
91. Infants with Down syndrome typically have marked hypotonia, floppiness, slanted
eyes, excess skin on the back of the neck, flattened bridge of the nose, flat facial
features, spadelike hands, short and broad feet, small male genitalia, absence of
Moro’s reflex, and a simian crease on the hands.
92. The failure rate of a contraceptive is determined by the experience of 100 women for
1 year. It’s expressed as pregnancies per 100 woman-years.
93. The narrowest diameter of the pelvic inlet is the anteroposterior (diagonal
conjugate).
94. The chorion is the outermost extraembryonic membrane that gives rise to the
placenta.
95. The corpus luteum secretes large quantities of progesterone.
96. From the 8th week of gestation through delivery, the developing cells are known as
a fetus.
97. In an incomplete abortion, the fetus is expelled, but parts of the placenta and
membrane remain in the uterus.
98. The circumference of a neonate’s head is normally 2 to 3 cm greater than the
circumference of the chest.
99. After administering magnesium sulfate to a pregnant patient for hypertension or
preterm labor, the nurse should monitor the respiratory rate and deep tendon
reflexes.
100. During the first hour after birth (the period of reactivity), the neonate is alert
and awake.
101. When a pregnant patient has undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, vaginal
examination should be avoided until ultrasonography rules out placenta previa.
102. After delivery, the first nursing action is to establish the neonate’s airway.
103. Nursing interventions for a patient with placenta previa include positioning
the patient on her left side for maximum fetal perfusion, monitoring fetal heart
tones, and administering I.V. fluids and oxygen, as ordered.
104. The specific gravity of a neonate’s urine is 1.003 to 1.030. A lower specific
gravity suggests overhydration; a higher one suggests dehydration.
105. The neonatal period extends from birth to day 28. It’s also called the first 4
weeks or first month of life.
106. A woman who is breast-feeding should rub a mild emollient cream or a few
drops of breast milk (or colostrum) on the nipples after each feeding. She should let
the breasts air-dry to prevent them from cracking.
107. Breast-feeding mothers should increase their fluid intake to 2½ to 3 qt (2,500
to 3,000 ml) daily.
108. After feeding an infant with a cleft lip or palate, the nurse should rinse the
infant’s mouth with sterile water.
109. The nurse instills erythromycin in a neonate’s eyes primarily to prevent
blindness caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia.
110. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been cultured in breast milk and
can be transmitted by an HIV-positive mother who breast-feeds her infant.
111. A fever in the first 24 hours postpartum is most likely caused by dehydration
rather than infection.
112. Preterm neonates or neonates who can’t maintain a skin temperature of at
least 97.6° F (36.4° C) should receive care in an incubator (Isolette) or a radiant
warmer. In a radiant warmer, a heat-sensitive probe taped to the neonate’s skin
activates the heater unit automatically to maintain the desired temperature.
113. During labor, the resting phase between contractions is at least 30 seconds.
114. Lochia rubra is the vaginal discharge of almost pure blood that occurs
during the first few days after childbirth.
115. Lochia serosa is the serous vaginal discharge that occurs 4 to 7 days after
childbirth.
116. Lochia alba is the vaginal discharge of decreased blood and increased
leukocytes that’s the final stage of lochia. It occurs 7 to 10 days after childbirth.
117. Colostrum, the precursor of milk, is the first secretion from the breasts after
delivery.
118. The length of the uterus increases from 2½” (6.3 cm) before pregnancy to
12½” (32 cm) at term.
119. To estimate the true conjugate (the smallest inlet measurement of the pelvis),
deduct 1.5 cm from the diagonal conjugate (usually 12 cm). A true conjugate of 10.5
cm enables the fetal head (usually 10 cm) to pass.
120. The smallest outlet measurement of the pelvis is the intertuberous diameter,
which is the transverse diameter between the ischial tuberosities.
121. Electronic fetal monitoring is used to assess fetal well-being during labor. If
compromised fetal status is suspected, fetal blood pH may be evaluated by obtaining
a scalp sample.
122. In an emergency delivery, enough pressure should be applied to the emerging
fetus’s head to guide the descent and prevent a rapid change in pressure within the
molded fetal skull.
123. After delivery, a multiparous woman is more susceptible to bleeding than a
primiparous woman because her uterine muscles may be overstretched and may not
contract efficiently.
124. Neonates who are delivered by cesarean birth have a higher incidence of
respiratory distress syndrome.
125. The nurse should suggest ambulation to a postpartum patient who has gas
pain and flatulence.
126. Massaging the uterus helps to stimulate contractions after the placenta is
delivered.
127. When providing phototherapy to a neonate, the nurse should cover the
neonate’s eyes and genital area.
128. The narcotic antagonist naloxone (Narcan) may be given to a neonate to
correct respiratory depression caused by narcotic administration to the mother
during labor.
129. In a neonate, symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome include expiratory
grunting or whining, sandpaper breath sounds, and seesaw retractions.
130. Cerebral palsy presents as asymmetrical movement, irritability, and
excessive, feeble crying in a long, thin infant.
131. The nurse should assess a breech-birth neonate for hydrocephalus,
hematomas, fractures, and other anomalies caused by birth trauma.
132. When a patient is admitted to the unit in active labor, the nurse’s first action
is to listen for fetal heart tones.
133. In a neonate, long, brittle fingernails are a sign of postmaturity.
134. Desquamation (skin peeling) is common in postmature neonates.
135. A mother should allow her infant to breast-feed until the infant is satisfied.
The time may vary from 5 to 20 minutes.
136. Nitrazine paper is used to test the pH of vaginal discharge to determine the
presence of amniotic fluid.
137. A pregnant patient normally gains 2 to 5 lb (1 to 2.5 kg) during the first
trimester and slightly less than 1 lb (0.5 kg) per week during the last two trimesters.
138. Neonatal jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth is known as pathological
jaundice and is a sign of erythroblastosis fetalis.
139. A classic difference between abruptio placentae and placenta previa is the
degree of pain. Abruptio placentae causes pain, whereas placenta previa causes
painless bleeding.
140. Because a major role of the placenta is to function as a fetal lung, any
condition that interrupts normal blood flow to or from the placenta increases fetal
partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and decreases fetal pH.
141. Precipitate labor lasts for approximately 3 hours and ends with delivery of
the neonate.
142. Methylergonovine (Methergine) is an oxytocic agent used to prevent and
treat postpartum hemorrhage caused by uterine atony or subinvolution.
143. As emergency treatment for excessive uterine bleeding, 0.2 mg of
methylergonovine (Methergine) is injected I.V. over 1 minute while the patient’s
blood pressure and uterine contractions are monitored.
144. Braxton Hicks contractions are usually felt in the abdomen and don’t cause
cervical change. True labor contractions are felt in the front of the abdomen and
back and lead to progressive cervical dilation and effacement.
145. The average birth weight of neonates born to mothers who smoke is 6 oz (170
g) less than that of neonates born to nonsmoking mothers.
146. Culdoscopy is visualization of the pelvic organs through the posterior vaginal
fornix.
147. The nurse should teach a pregnant vegetarian to obtain protein from
alternative sources, such as nuts, soybeans, and legumes.
148. The nurse should instruct a pregnant patient to take only prescribed
prenatal vitamins because over-the-counter high-potency vitamins may harm the
fetus.
149. High-sodium foods can cause fluid retention, especially in pregnant patients.
150. A pregnant patient can avoid constipation and hemorrhoids by adding fiber
to her diet.
151. If a fetus has late decelerations (a sign of fetal hypoxia), the nurse should
instruct the mother to lie on her left side and then administer 8 to 10 L of oxygen
per minute by mask or cannula. The nurse should notify the physician. The side-
lying position removes pressure on the inferior vena cava.
152. Oxytocin (Pitocin) promotes lactation and uterine contractions.
153. Lanugo covers the fetus’s body until about 20 weeks’ gestation. Then it
begins to disappear from the face, trunk, arms, and legs, in that order.
154. In a neonate, hypoglycemia causes temperature instability, hypotonia,
jitteriness, and seizures. Premature, postmature, small-for-gestational-age, and
large-for-gestational-age neonates are susceptible to this disorder.
155. Neonates typically need to consume 50 to 55 cal per pound of body weight
daily.
156. Because oxytocin (Pitocin) stimulates powerful uterine contractions during
labor, it must be administered under close observation to help prevent maternal and
fetal distress.
157. During fetal heart rate monitoring, variable decelerations indicate
compression or prolapse of the umbilical cord.
158. Cytomegalovirus is the leading cause of congenital viral infection.
159. Tocolytic therapy is indicated in premature labor, but contraindicated in
fetal death, fetal distress, or severe hemorrhage.
160. Through ultrasonography, the biophysical profile assesses fetal well-being by
measuring fetal breathing movements, gross body movements, fetal tone, reactive
fetal heart rate (nonstress test), and qualitative amniotic fluid volume.
161. A neonate whose mother has diabetes should be assessed for hyperinsulinism.
162. In a patient with preeclampsia, epigastric pain is a late symptom and
requires immediate medical intervention.
163. After a stillbirth, the mother should be allowed to hold the neonate to help
her come to terms with the death.
164. Molding is the process by which the fetal head changes shape to facilitate
movement through the birth canal.
165. If a woman receives a spinal block before delivery, the nurse should monitor
the patient’s blood pressure closely.
166. If a woman suddenly becomes hypotensive during labor, the nurse should
increase the infusion rate of I.V. fluids as prescribed.
167. The best technique for assessing jaundice in a neonate is to blanch the tip of
the nose or the area just above the umbilicus.
168. During fetal heart monitoring, early deceleration is caused by compression of
the head during labor.
169. After the placenta is delivered, the nurse may add oxytocin (Pitocin) to the
patient’s I.V. solution, as prescribed, to promote postpartum involution of the
uterus and stimulate lactation.
170. Pica is a craving to eat nonfood items, such as dirt, crayons, chalk, glue,
starch, or hair. It may occur during pregnancy and can endanger the fetus.
171. A pregnant patient should take folic acid because this nutrient is required for
rapid cell division.
172. A woman who is taking clomiphene (Clomid) to induce ovulation should be
informed of the possibility of multiple births with this drug.
173. If needed, cervical suturing is usually done between 14 and 18 weeks’
gestation to reinforce an incompetent cervix and maintain pregnancy. The suturing
is typically removed by 35 weeks’ gestation.
During the first trimester, a pregnant woman should avoid all drugs unless doing so
would adversely affect her health.
174. Most drugs that a breast-feeding mother takes appear in breast milk.
175. The Food and Drug Administration has established the following five
categories of drugs based on their potential for causing birth defects: A, no evidence
of risk; B, no risk found in animals, but no studies have been done in women; C,
animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but the drug may be beneficial to
women despite the potential risk; D, evidence of risk, but its benefits may outweigh
its risks; and X, fetal anomalies noted, and the risks clearly outweigh the potential
benefits.
176. A patient with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy commonly has sharp pain in the
lower abdomen, with spotting and cramping. She may have abdominal rigidity;
rapid, shallow respirations; tachycardia; and shock.
177. A patient with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy commonly has sharp pain in the
lower abdomen, with spotting and cramping. She may have abdominal rigidity;
rapid, shallow respirations; tachycardia; and shock.
178. The mechanics of delivery are engagement, descent and flexion, internal
rotation, extension, external rotation, restitution, and expulsion.
179. A probable sign of pregnancy, McDonald’s sign is characterized by an ease
in flexing the body of the uterus against the cervix.
180. Amenorrhea is a probable sign of pregnancy.
181. A pregnant woman’s partner should avoid introducing air into the vagina
during oral sex because of the possibility of air embolism.
182. The presence of human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood or urine is a
probable sign of pregnancy.
Radiography isn’t usually used in a pregnant woman because it may harm the
developing fetus. If radiography is essential, it should be performed only after 36
weeks’ gestation.
183. A pregnant patient who has had rupture of the membranes or who is
experiencing vaginal bleeding shouldn’t engage in sexual intercourse.
184. Milia may occur as pinpoint spots over a neonate’s nose.
185. The duration of a contraction is timed from the moment that the uterine
muscle begins to tense to the moment that it reaches full relaxation. It’s measured in
seconds.
186. The union of a male and a female gamete produces a zygote, which divides
into the fertilized ovum.
187. The first menstrual flow is called menarche and may be anovulatory
(infertile).
188. Spermatozoa (or their fragments) remain in the vagina for 72 hours after
sexual intercourse.
189. Prolactin stimulates and sustains milk production.
190. Strabismus is a normal finding in a neonate.
191. A postpartum patient may resume sexual intercourse after the perineal or
uterine wounds heal (usually within 4 weeks after delivery).
192. A pregnant staff member shouldn’t be assigned to work with a patient who
has cytomegalovirus infection because the virus can be transmitted to the fetus.
193. Fetal demise is death of the fetus after viability.
194. Respiratory distress syndrome develops in premature neonates because their
alveoli lack surfactant.
195. The most common method of inducing labor after artificial rupture of the
membranes is oxytocin (Pitocin) infusion.
196. After the amniotic membranes rupture, the initial nursing action is to assess
the fetal heart rate.
197. The most common reasons for cesarean birth are malpresentation, fetal
distress, cephalopelvic disproportion, pregnancy-induced hypertension, previous
cesarean birth, and inadequate progress in labor.
198. Amniocentesis increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, trauma to the fetus
or placenta, premature labor, infection, and Rh sensitization of the fetus.
199. After amniocentesis, abdominal cramping or spontaneous vaginal bleeding
may indicate complications.
200. To prevent her from developing Rh antibodies, an Rh-negative primigravida
should receive Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) after delivering an Rh-positive
neonate.
201. If a pregnant patient’s test results are negative for glucose but positive for
acetone, the nurse should assess the patient’s diet for inadequate caloric intake.
202. If a pregnant patient’s test results are negative for glucose but positive for
acetone, the nurse should assess the patient’s diet for inadequate caloric intake.
203. Rubella infection in a pregnant patient, especially during the first trimester,
can lead to spontaneous abortion or stillbirth as well as fetal cardiac and other birth
defects.
204. A pregnant patient should take an iron supplement to help prevent anemia.
205. Direct antiglobulin (direct Coombs’) test is used to detect maternal
antibodies attached to red blood cells in the neonate.
206. Nausea and vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy are caused by
rising levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin.
207. Before discharging a patient who has had an abortion, the nurse should
instruct her to report bright red clots, bleeding that lasts longer than 7 days, or
signs of infection, such as a temperature of greater than 100° F (37.8° C), foul-
smelling vaginal discharge, severe uterine cramping, nausea, or vomiting.
208. When informed that a patient’s amniotic membrane has broken, the nurse
should check fetal heart tones and then maternal vital signs.
209. The duration of pregnancy averages 280 days, 40 weeks, 9 calendar months,
or 10 lunar months.
210. The initial weight loss for a healthy neonate is 5% to 10% of birth weight.
211. The normal hemoglobin value in neonates is 17 to 20 g/dl.
212. Crowning is the appearance of the fetus’s head when its largest diameter is
encircled by the vulvovaginal ring.
213. A multipara is a woman who has had two or more pregnancies that
progressed to viability, regardless of whether the offspring were alive at birth.
214. In a pregnant patient, preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia, which is
characterized by seizures and may lead to coma.
215. The Apgar score is used to assess the neonate’s vital functions. It’s obtained
at 1 minute and 5 minutes after delivery. The score is based on respiratory effort,
heart rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color.
216. Because of the anti-insulin effects of placental hormones, insulin
requirements increase during the third trimester.
217. Gestational age can be estimated by ultrasound measurement of maternal
abdominal circumference, fetal femur length, and fetal head size. These
measurements are most accurate between 12 and 18 weeks’ gestation.
218. Skeletal system abnormalities and ventricular septal defects are the most
common disorders of infants who are born to diabetic women. The incidence of
congenital malformation is three times higher in these infants than in those born to
nondiabetic women.
219. Skeletal system abnormalities and ventricular septal defects are the most
common disorders of infants who are born to diabetic women. The incidence of
 congenital malformation is three times higher in these infants than in those born to
nondiabetic women.
220. The patient with preeclampsia usually has puffiness around the eyes or
edema in the hands (for example, “I can’t put my wedding ring on.”).
221. Kegel exercises require contraction and relaxation of the perineal muscles.
These exercises help strengthen pelvic muscles and improve urine control in
postpartum patients.
222. Symptoms of postpartum depression range from mild postpartum blues to
intense, suicidal, depressive psychosis.
223. The preterm neonate may require gavage feedings because of a weak sucking
reflex, uncoordinated sucking, or respiratory distress.
224. Acrocyanosis (blueness and coolness of the arms and legs) is normal in
neonates because of their immature peripheral circulatory system.
225. To prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (a severe eye infection caused by
maternal gonorrhea), the nurse may administer one of three drugs, as prescribed, in
the neonate’s eyes: tetracycline, silver nitrate, or erythromycin.
Neonatal testing for phenylketonuria is mandatory in most states.
226. The nurse should place the neonate in a 30-degree Trendelenburg position to
facilitate mucus drainage.
227. The nurse may suction the neonate’s nose and mouth as needed with a bulb
syringe or suction trap.
228. To prevent heat loss, the nurse should place the neonate under a radiant
warmer during suctioning and initial delivery-room care, and then wrap the
neonate in a warmed blanket for transport to the nursery.
229. The umbilical cord normally has two arteries and one vein.
230. When providing care, the nurse should expose only one part of an infant’s
body at a time.
231. Lightening is settling of the fetal head into the brim of the pelvis.
232. If the neonate is stable, the mother should be allowed to breast-feed within
the neonate’s first hour of life.
233. The nurse should check the neonate’s temperature every 1 to 2 hours until
it’s maintained within normal limits.
At birth, a neonate normally weighs 5 to 9 lb (2 to 4 kg), measures 18″ to 22″ (45.5
to 56 cm) in length, has a head circumference of 13½” to 14″ (34 to 35.5 cm), and
has a chest circumference that’s 1″ (2.5 cm) less than the head circumference.
234. In the neonate, temperature normally ranges from 98° to 99° F (36.7° to 37.2°
C), apical pulse rate averages 120 to 160 beats/minute, and respirations are 40 to 60
breaths/minute.
235. The diamond-shaped anterior fontanel usually closes between ages 12 and 18
months. The triangular posterior fontanel usually closes by age 2 months.
236. In the neonate, a straight spine is normal. A tuft of hair over the spine is an
abnormal finding.
237. Prostaglandin gel may be applied to the vagina or cervix to ripen an
unfavorable cervix before labor induction with oxytocin (Pitocin).
238. Supernumerary nipples are occasionally seen on neonates. They usually
appear along a line that runs from each axilla, through the normal nipple area, and
to the groin.
239. Meconium is a material that collects in the fetus’s intestines and forms the
neonate’s first feces, which are black and tarry.
240. The presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid during labor indicates
possible fetal distress and the need to evaluate the neonate for meconium aspiration.
241. To assess a neonate’s rooting reflex, the nurse touches a finger to the cheek
or the corner of the mouth. Normally, the neonate turns his head toward the
stimulus, opens his mouth, and searches for the stimulus.
242. Harlequin sign is present when a neonate who is lying on his side appears red
on the dependent side and pale on the upper side.
243. Mongolian spots can range from brown to blue. Their color depends on how
close melanocytes are to the surface of the skin. They most commonly appear as
patches across the sacrum, buttocks, and legs.
244. Mongolian spots are common in non-white infants and usually disappear by
age 2 to 3 years.
245. Vernix caseosa is a cheeselike substance that covers and protects the fetus’s
skin in utero. It may be rubbed into the neonate’s skin or washed away in one or
two baths.
246. Caput succedaneum is edema that develops in and under the fetal scalp
during labor and delivery. It resolves spontaneously and presents no danger to the
neonate. The edema doesn’t cross the suture line.
247. Nevus flammeus, or port-wine stain, is a diffuse pink to dark bluish red
lesion on a neonate’s face or neck.
248. The Guthrie test (a screening test for phenylketonuria) is most reliable if it’s
done between the second and sixth days after birth and is performed after the
neonate has ingested protein.
249. To assess coordination of sucking and swallowing, the nurse should observe
the neonate’s first breast-feeding or sterile water bottle-feeding.
250. To establish a milk supply pattern, the mother should breast-feed her infant
at least every 4 hours. During the first month, she should breast-feed 8 to 12 times
daily (demand feeding).
251. To avoid contact with blood and other body fluids, the nurse should wear
gloves when handling the neonate until after the first bath is given.
252. If a breast-fed infant is content, has good skin turgor, an adequate number of
wet diapers, and normal weight gain, the mother’s milk supply is assumed to be
adequate.
253. In the supine position, a pregnant patient’s enlarged uterus impairs venous
return from the lower half of the body to the heart, resulting in supine hypotensive
syndrome, or inferior vena cava syndrome.
254. Tocolytic agents used to treat preterm labor include terbutaline (Brethine),
ritodrine (Yutopar), and magnesium sulfate.
255. A pregnant woman who has hyperemesis gravidarum may require
hospitalization to treat dehydration and starvation.
256. Diaphragmatic hernia is one of the most urgent neonatal surgical
emergencies. By compressing and displacing the lungs and heart, this disorder can
cause respiratory distress shortly after birth.
257. Common complications of early pregnancy (up to 20 weeks’ gestation)
include fetal loss and serious threats to maternal health.
258. Fetal embodiment is a maternal developmental task that occurs in the second
trimester. During this stage, the mother may complain that she never gets to sleep
because the fetus always gives her a thump when she tries.
259. Visualization in pregnancy is a process in which the mother imagines what
the child she’s carrying is like and becomes acquainted with it.
260. Hemodilution of pregnancy is the increase in blood volume that occurs
during pregnancy. The increased volume consists of plasma and causes an
imbalance between the ratio of red blood cells to plasma and a resultant decrease in
hematocrit.
261. Mean arterial pressure of greater than 100 mm Hg after 20 weeks of
pregnancy is considered hypertension.
262. The treatment for supine hypotension syndrome (a condition that sometimes
occurs in pregnancy) is to have the patient lie on her left side.
263. A contributing factor in dependent edema in the pregnant patient is the
increase of femoral venous pressure from 10 mm Hg (normal) to 18 mm Hg (high).
264. Hyperpigmentation of the pregnant patient’s face, formerly called chloasma
and now referred to as melasma, fades after delivery.
265. The hormone relaxin, which is secreted first by the corpus luteum and later
by the placenta, relaxes the connective tissue and cartilage of the symphysis pubis
and the sacroiliac joint to facilitate passage of the fetus during delivery.
266. Progesterone maintains the integrity of the pregnancy by inhibiting uterine
motility.
267. Ladin’s sign, an early indication of pregnancy, causes softening of a spot on
the anterior portion of the uterus, just above the uterocervical juncture.
268. During pregnancy, the abdominal line from the symphysis pubis to the
umbilicus changes from linea alba to linea nigra.
269. In neonates, cold stress affects the circulatory, regulatory, and respiratory
systems.
270. Obstetric data can be described by using the F/TPAL system:
F/T: Full-term delivery at 38 weeks or longer
P: Preterm delivery between 20 and 37 weeks
A: Abortion or loss of fetus before 20 weeks
L: Number of children living (if a child has died, further explanation is needed to
clarify the discrepancy in numbers).
271. Parity doesn’t refer to the number of infants delivered, only the number of
deliveries.
272. Women who are carrying more than one fetus should be encouraged to gain
35 to 45 lb (15.5 to 20.5 kg) during pregnancy.
273. The recommended amount of iron supplement for the pregnant patient is 30
to 60 mg daily.
274. Drinking six alcoholic beverages a day or a single episode of binge drinking
in the first trimester can cause fetal alcohol syndrome.
Chorionic villus sampling is performed at 8 to 12 weeks of pregnancy for early
identification of genetic defects.
275. In percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, a blood sample is obtained from
the umbilical cord to detect anemia, genetic defects, and blood incompatibility as
well as to assess the need for blood transfusions.
276. The period between contractions is referred to as the interval, or resting
phase. During this phase, the uterus and placenta fill with blood and allow for the
exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.
277. In a patient who has hypertonic contractions, the uterus doesn’t have an
opportunity to relax and there is no interval between contractions. As a result, the
fetus may experience hypoxia or rapid delivery may occur.
278. Two qualities of the myometrium are elasticity, which allows it to stretch yet
maintain its tone, and contractility, which allows it to shorten and lengthen in a
synchronized pattern.
279. During crowning, the presenting part of the fetus remains visible during the
interval between contractions.
280. Uterine atony is failure of the uterus to remain firmly contracted.
281. The major cause of uterine atony is a full bladder.
282. If the mother wishes to breast-feed, the neonate should be nursed as soon as
possible after delivery.
283. A smacking sound, milk dripping from the side of the mouth, and sucking
noises all indicate improper placement of the infant’s mouth over the nipple.
284. Before feeding is initiated, an infant should be burped to expel air from the
stomach.
285. Most authorities strongly encourage the continuation of breast-feeding on
both the affected and the unaffected breast of patients with mastitis.
286. Neonates are nearsighted and focus on items that are held 10″ to 12″ (25 to
30.5 cm) away.
287. In a neonate, low-set ears are associated with chromosomal abnormalities
such as Down syndrome.
288. Meconium is usually passed in the first 24 hours; however, passage may take
up to 72 hours.
289. Boys who are born with hypospadias shouldn’t be circumcised at birth
because the foreskin may be needed for constructive surgery.
290. In the neonate, the normal blood glucose level is 45 to 90 mg/dl.
291. Hepatitis B vaccine is usually given within 48 hours of birth.
292. Hepatitis B immune globulin is usually given within 12 hours of birth.
293. HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome is an
unusual variation of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
294. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is detectable at 7 weeks of gestation and
peaks in the third trimester. High levels detected between the 16th and 18th weeks
are associated with neural tube defects. Low levels are associated with Down
syndrome.
295. An arrest of descent occurs when the fetus doesn’t descend through the
pelvic cavity during labor. It’s commonly associated with cephalopelvic
disproportion, and cesarean delivery may be required.
296. A late sign of preeclampsia is epigastric pain as a result of severe liver
edema.
297. In the patient with preeclampsia, blood pressure returns to normal during
the puerperal period.
298. To obtain an estriol level, urine is collected for 24 hours.
299. An estriol level is used to assess fetal well-being and maternal renal
functioning as well as to monitor a pregnancy that’s complicated by diabetes.
300. A pregnant patient with vaginal bleeding shouldn’t have a pelvic
examination.
301. In the early stages of pregnancy, the finding of glucose in the urine may be
related to the increased shunting of glucose to the developing placenta, without a
corresponding increase in the reabsorption capability of the kidneys.
302. A patient who has premature rupture of the membranes is at significant risk
for infection if labor doesn’t begin within 24 hours.
303. Infants of diabetic mothers are susceptible to macrosomia as a result of
increased insulin production in the fetus.
304. To prevent heat loss in the neonate, the nurse should bathe one part of his
body at a time and keep the rest of the body covered.
305. A patient who has a cesarean delivery is at greater risk for infection than the
patient who gives birth vaginally.
306. The occurrence of thrush in the neonate is probably caused by contact with
the organism during delivery through the birth canal.
307. The nurse should keep the sac of meningomyelocele moist with normal saline
solution.
308. If fundal height is at least 2 cm less than expected, the cause may be growth
retardation, missed abortion, transverse lie, or false pregnancy.
309. Fundal height that exceeds expectations by more than 2 cm may be caused by
multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, uterine myomata, or a large baby.
310. A major developmental task for a woman during the first trimester of
pregnancy is accepting the pregnancy.
311. Unlike formula, breast milk offers the benefit of maternal antibodies.
312. Spontaneous rupture of the membranes increases the risk of a prolapsed
umbilical cord.
313. A clinical manifestation of a prolapsed umbilical cord is variable
decelerations.
314. During labor, to relieve supine hypotension manifested by nausea and
vomiting and paleness, turn the patient on her left side.
315. If the ovum is fertilized by a spermatozoon carrying a Y chromosome, a male
zygote is formed.
316. Implantation occurs when the cellular walls of the blastocyte implants itself
in the endometrium, usually 7 to 9 days after fertilization.
317. Implantation occurs when the cellular walls of the blastocyte implants itself
in the endometrium, usually 7 to 9 days after fertilization.
318. Heart development in the embryo begins at 2 to 4 weeks and is complete by
the end of the embryonic stage.
319. Methergine stimulates uterine contractions.
320. The administration of folic acid during the early stages of gestation may
prevent neural tube defects.
321. With advanced maternal age, a common genetic problem is Down syndrome.
322. With early maternal age, cephalopelvic disproportion commonly occurs.
323. In the early postpartum period, the fundus should be midline at the
umbilicus.
324. A rubella vaccine shouldn’t be given to a pregnant woman. The vaccine can
be administered after delivery, but the patient should be instructed to avoid
becoming pregnant for 3 months.
325. A 16-year-old girl who is pregnant is at risk for having a low-birth-weight
neonate.
326. The mother’s Rh factor should be determined before an amniocentesis is
performed.
327. Maternal hypotension is a complication of spinal block.
328. After delivery, if the fundus is boggy and deviated to the right side, the
patient should empty her bladder.
329. Before providing a specimen for a sperm count, the patient should avoid
ejaculation for 48 to 72 hours.
330. The hormone human chorionic gonadotropin is a marker for pregnancy.
331. Painless vaginal bleeding during the last trimester of pregnancy may indicate
placenta previa.
332. During the transition phase of labor, the woman usually is irritable and
restless.
333. Because women with diabetes have a higher incidence of birth anomalies
than women without diabetes, an alpha-fetoprotein level may be ordered at 15 to 17
weeks’ gestation.
334. To avoid puncturing the placenta, a vaginal examination shouldn’t be
performed on a pregnant patient who is bleeding.
335. A patient who has postpartum hemorrhage caused by uterine atony should
be given oxytocin as prescribed.
336. Laceration of the vagina, cervix, or perineum produces bright red bleeding
that often comes in spurts. The bleeding is continuous, even when the fundus is firm.
337. Hot compresses can help to relieve breast tenderness after breast-feeding.
338. The fundus of a postpartum patient is massaged to stimulate contraction of
the uterus and prevent hemorrhage.
339. A mother who has a positive human immunodeficiency virus test result
shouldn’t breast-feed her infant.
340. Dinoprostone (Cervidil) is used to ripen the cervix.
341. Breast-feeding of a premature neonate born at 32 weeks’ gestation can be
accomplished if the mother expresses milk and feeds the neonate by gavage.
342. If a pregnant patient’s rubella titer is less than 1:8, she should be immunized
after delivery.
343. The administration of oxytocin (Pitocin) is stopped if the contractions are 90
seconds or longer.
344. For an extramural delivery (one that takes place outside of a normal delivery
center), the priorities for care of the neonate include maintaining a patent airway,
supporting efforts to breathe, monitoring vital signs, and maintaining adequate
body temperature.
345. Subinvolution may occur if the bladder is distended after delivery.
346. The nurse must place identification bands on both the mother and the
neonate before they leave the delivery room.
347. Erythromycin is given at birth to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum.
348. Pelvic-tilt exercises can help to prevent or relieve backache during
pregnancy.
349. Before performing a Leopold maneuver, the nurse should ask the patient to
empty her bladder.
350. According to the Unang Yakap program (Essential Newborn Care), the cord
should not be clamped until pulsations have stopped (that’s about 1-3 minutes).