All in All

Fawwaz T.
Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, and Umberto Ravaioli, Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics c 2010 Prentice Hall
Problem 2.64 Use CD Module 2.7 to design a quarter-wavelength transformer to match a load with ZL = (100 j200) W
to a 50-W line.
Solution: Figure P2.64(a) displays the first solution of Module 2.7 where a l /4 section of Z02 = 15.5015 W is inserted at
distance d1 = 0.21829l from the load.
Figure P2.64(b) displays a summary of the two possible solutions for matching the load to the feedline with a l /4
transformer.
Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, and Umberto Ravaioli, Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics c 2010 Prentice Hall
Problem 2.75 Generate a bounce diagram for the voltage V (z,t) for a 1-m–long lossless line characterized by Z0 = 50 W
and up = 2c/3 (where c is the velocity of light) if the line is fed by a step voltage applied at t = 0 by a generator circuit with
Vg = 60 V and Rg = 100 W. The line is terminated in a load RL = 25 W. Use the bounce diagram to plot V (t) at a point
midway along the length of the line from t = 0 to t = 25 ns.
Solution:
Rg Z0 100 50 50 1
Gg = = = = ,
Rg + Z0 100 + 50 150 3
ZL Z0 25 50 25 1
GL = = = = .
ZL + Z0 25 + 50 75 3
From Eq. (2.149b),
Vg Z0 60 ⇥ 50
V1+ = = = 20 V.
Rg + Z0 100 + 50
Also,
l l 3
T= = = = 5 ns.
up 2c/3 2 ⇥ 3 ⇥ 108
The bounce diagram is shown in Fig. P2.75(a) and the plot of V (t) in Fig. P2.75(b).
Figure P2.75: (a) Bounce diagram for Problem 2.75.
Figure P2.75: (b) Time response of voltage.
Chapter 3 Solved Problems
Problem 3-9
Problem 3-17
Problem 3-19
Problem 3-20
Problem 3-22
Problem 3-23
Problem 3-25
Problem 3-33
Problem 3-35
Problem 3-36
Problem 3-41
Problem 3-50
Problem 3-55
Problem 3-57
Problem 3.9 Find an expression for the unit vector directed toward the origin from an arbitrary point on the line described
by x = 1 and z = 3.
Solution: An arbitrary point on the given line is (1, y, 3). The vector from this point to (0, 0, 0) is:
A = x̂(0 1) + ŷ(0 y) + ẑ(0 + 3) = x̂ ŷy + 3ẑ,

p p
|A| = 1 + y2 + 9 = 10 + y2 ,
A x̂ ŷy + ẑ 3
â = = p .
|A| 10 + y2
Problem 3.17 Find a vector G whose magnitude is 4 and whose direction is perpendicular to both vectors E and F, where
E = x̂ + ŷ 2 ẑ 2 and F = ŷ 3 ẑ 6.
Solution: The cross product of two vectors produces a third vector which is perpendicular to both of the original vectors.
Two vectors exist that satisfy the stated conditions, one along E⇥
⇥ F and another along the opposite direction. Hence,
E⇥
⇥F (x̂ + ŷ 2 ẑ 2)⇥⇥ (ŷ 3 ẑ 6)
G = ±4 = ±4
|E⇥ F|
⇥ |(x̂ + ŷ 2 ẑ 2)⇥⇥ (ŷ 3 ẑ 6)|
( x̂ 6 + ŷ 6 + ẑ 3)
= ±4 p
36 + 36 + 9
✓ ◆
4 8 8 4
= ± ( x̂ 6 + ŷ 6 + ẑ 3) = ± x̂ + ŷ + ẑ .
9 3 3 3
Problem 3.19 Vector field E is given by
12
E = R̂ 5R cos q q̂q sin q cos f + f̂f 3 sin f .
R
Determine the component of E tangential to the spherical surface R = 2 at point P = (2, 30 , 60 ).
Solution: At P, E is given by
12
E = R̂ 5 ⇥ 2 cos 30 q̂q sin 30 cos 60 + f̂f 3 sin 60
2
= R̂ 8.67 q̂q 1.5 + f̂f 2.6.
The R̂ component is normal to the spherical surface while the other two are tangential. Hence,
Et = q̂q 1.5 + f̂f 2.6.
Problem 3.20 When sketching or demonstrating the spatial variation of a vector field, we often use arrows, as in
Fig. P3.20, wherein the length of the arrow is made to be proportional to the strength of the field and the direction of
the arrow is the same as that of the field’s. The sketch shown in Fig. P3.20, which represents the vector field E = r̂r, consists
of arrows pointing radially away from the origin and their lengths increase linearly in proportion to their distance away from
the origin. Using this arrow representation, sketch each of the following vector fields:
(a) E1 = x̂y,
(b) E2 = ŷx,
(c) E3 = x̂x + ŷy,
(d) E4 = x̂x + ŷ2y,
(e) E5 = f̂f r,
(f) E6 = r̂ sin f .
Figure P3.20: Arrow representation for vector field E = r̂r (Problem 3.20).
Solution:
(b)
Figure P3.20(b): E2 = ŷ x
(e)
Figure P3.20(e): E5 = f̂f r
Problem 3.22 Convert the coordinates of the following points from Cartesian to cylindrical and spherical coordinates:
(a) P1 = (1, 2, 0),
(b) P2 = (0, 0, 2),
(c) P3 = (1, 1, 3),
(d) P4 = ( 2, 2, 2).
Solution: Use the “coordinate variables” column in Table 3-2.
(a) In the cylindrical coordinate system,
p p
P1 = ( 12 + 22 , tan 1 (2/1), 0) = ( 5, 1.107 rad, 0) ⇡ (2.24, 63.4 , 0).
In the spherical coordinate system,

p p
P1 = ( 12 + 22 + 02 , tan 1 ( 12 + 22 /0), tan 1 (2/1))
p
= ( 5, p/2 rad, 1.107 rad) ⇡ (2.24, 90.0 , 63.4 ).
Note that in both the cylindrical and spherical coordinates, f is in Quadrant I.
Problem 3.23 Convert the coordinates of the following points from cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates:
(a) P1 = (2, p/4, 3),
(b) P2 = (3, 0, 2),
(c) P3 = (4, p, 5).
Solution: (b) P2 = (x, y, z) = P2 = (3 cos 0, 3 sin 0, 2) = P2 = (3, 0, 2).
Problem 3.25 Use the appropriate expression for the differential surface area ds to determine the area of each of the
following surfaces:
(a) r = 3; 0  f  p/3; 2  z  2,
(b) 2  r  5; p/2  f  p; z = 0,
(c) 2  r  5; f = p/4; 2  z  2,
(d) R = 2; 0  q  p/3; 0  f  p,
(e) 0  R  5; q = p/3; 0  f  2p.
Also sketch the outlines of each of the surfaces.
Solution:
Figure P3.25: Surfaces described by Problem 3.25.
(d) Using Eq. (3.50b),

Z p/3 Z p ⇣ ⌘ p
p/3
A= R2 sin q R=2
df dq = ( 4f cos q )|q =0 = 2p.
q =0 f =0 f =0
Problem 3.33 Transform the vector
A = R̂ sin2 q cos f + q̂q cos2 f f̂f sin f
into cylindrical coordinates and then evaluate it at P = (2, p/2, p/2).

Solution: From Table 3-2,
A = (r̂ sin q + ẑ cos q ) sin2 q cos f + (r̂ cos q ẑ sin q ) cos2 f f̂f sin f
3 2 2
= r̂ (sin q cos f + cos q cos f ) f̂f sin f + ẑ (cos q sin q cos f sin q cos2 f )
At P = (2, p/2, p/2),

A = f̂f .
Problem 3.35 Transform the following vectors into spherical coordinates and then evaluate them at the indicated points:
(a) A = x̂y2 + ŷxz + ẑ4 at P1 = (1, 1, 2),
(b) B = ŷ(x2 + y2 + z2 ) ẑ(x2 + y2 ) at P2 = ( 1, 0, 2),
(c) C = r̂ cos f f̂f sin f + ẑ cos f sin f at P3 = (2, p/4, 2), and
(d) D = x̂y2 /(x2 + y2 ) ŷx2 /(x2 + y2 ) + ẑ4 at P4 = (1, 1, 2).
Solution: From Table 3-2:
(c)
C = (R̂ sin q + q̂q cos q ) cos f f̂f sin f + (R̂ cos q q̂q sin q ) cos f sin f
= R̂ cos f (sin q + cos q sin f ) + q̂q cos f (cos q sin q sin f ) f̂f sin f ,
⇣p ⌘ p
P3 = 22 + 22 , tan 1 (2/2), p/4 = (2 2, 45 , 45 ),
C(P3 ) ⇡ R̂0.854 + q̂q 0.146 f̂f 0.707.
Problem 3.36 Find the gradient of the following scalar functions:
(a) T = 3/(x2 + z2 ),
(b) V = xy2 z4 ,
(c) U = z cos f /(1 + r2 ),
(d) W = e R sin q ,
(e) S = 4x2 e z + y3 ,
(f) N = r2 cos2 f ,
(g) M = R cos q sin f .
Solution: (d) From Eq. (3.83),
R R
—W = R̂e sin q + q̂q (e /R) cos q .
Problem 3.41 Evaluate the line integral of E = x̂ x ŷ y along the segment P1 to P2 of the circular path shown in the figure.
Solution: We need to calculate: Z P2

E · d``.
P1
Since the path is along the perimeter of a circle, it is best to use cylindrical coordinates, which requires expressing both E
and d`` in cylindrical coordinates. Using Table 3-2,
E = x̂ x ŷ y = (r̂ cos f f̂f sin f )r cos f (r̂ sin f + f̂f cos f )r sin f
2 2
= r̂ r(cos f sin f ) f̂f 2r sin f cos f
The designated path is along the f -direction at a constant r = 3. From Table 3-1, the applicable component of d`` is:
d`` = f̂f r df .
Hence,
Z P2 Z f =180 h i
E · d`` = r̂ r(cos2 f sin2 f ) f̂f 2r sin f cos f · f̂f r df
P1 f =90 r=3
Z 180
= 2r2 sin f cos f df r=3
90
180
sin2 f
= 2r2 = 9.
2 f =90 r=3
Problem
Z 3.50 For the vector field E = x̂xy ŷ(x2 + 2y2 ), calculate
(a) n
E · dl around the triangular contour shown in Fig. P3.50(a), and
ZC
(b) (—⇥
⇥ E) · ds over the area of the triangle.
S
Solution: In addition to the independent condition that z = 0, the three lines of the triangle are represented by the equations
y = 0, x = 1, and y = x, respectively.
Figure P3.50: Contours for (a) Problem 3.50 and (b) Problem 3.51.
(a)
Z
n
E · dl = L1 + L2 + L3 ,
Z
L1 = (x̂xy ŷ(x2 + 2y2 )) · (x̂ dx + ŷ dy + ẑ dz)
Z 1 Z 0 Z 0
= (xy)|y=0,z=0 dx x2 + 2y2 z=0
dy + (0)|y=0 dz = 0,
x=0 y=0 z=0
Z
Z 1 Z 1 Z 0
= (xy)|z=0 dx x2 + 2y2 x=1,z=0
dy + (0)|x=1 dz
x=1 y=0 z=0
✓ ◆ 1
2y3 5
=0 y+ +0 = ,
3 y=0 3
Z
Z 0 Z 0 Z 0
2 2
= (xy)|y=x, z=0 dx x + 2y x=y, z=0
dy + (0)|y=x dz
x=1 y=1 z=0
✓ ◆ 0
x3 0 2
= y3 y=1
+0 = .
3 x=1 3
Therefore, Z
5 2
n
E · dl = 0 + = 1.
3 3
(b) From Eq. (3.105), —⇥E = ẑ3x, so that
ZZ Z 1 Z x
—⇥E · ds = (( ẑ3x) · (ẑ dy dx))|z=0
x=0 y=0
Z 1 Z x Z 1
1
= 3x dy dx = 3x(x 0) dx = x3 0
= 1.
x=0 y=0 x=0
Problem 3.55 Verify Stokes’s theorem for the vector field B = (r̂ cos f + f̂f sin f ) by evaluating:
Z
(a) n
B · d`` over the path comprising a quarter section of a circle, as shown in Fig. P3.55, and
C
Z
(b) (—⇥
⇥ B) · ds over the surface of the quarter section.
S
Solution:
(a) Z Z Z Z
n
B · d`` = B · d`` + B · d`` + B · d``
C L1 L2 L3
Given the shape of the path, it is best to use cylindrical coordinates. B is already expressed in cylindrical coordinates, and
we need to choose d`` in cylindrical coordinates:
d`` = r̂ dr + f̂f r df + ẑ dz.
Along path L1 , df = 0 and dz = 0. Hence, d`` = r̂ dr and

Z Z r=3
B · d`` = (r̂ cos f + f̂f sin f ) · r̂ dr
L1 r=0 f =90
Z 3
= cos f dr = r cos f |3r=0 = 0.
r=0 f =90 f =90
Along L2 , dr = dz = 0. Hence, d`` = f̂f r df and

Z Z 180
B · d`` = (r̂ cos f + f̂f sin f ) · f̂f r df
L2 f =90 r=3
= 3 cos f |180
90 = 3.
Along L3 , dz = 0 and df = 0. Hence, d`` = r̂ dr and

Z Z 0
B · d`` = (r̂ cos f + f̂f sin f ) · r̂ dr
L3 r=3 f =180
Z 0
= cos f dr|f =180 = r|03 = 3.
r=3
Problem 4.57 Use the result of Problem 4.56 to determine the capacitance for each of the following configurations:
(a) Conducting plates are on top and bottom faces of the rectangular structure in Fig. P4.57(a).
(b) Conducting plates are on front and back faces of the structure in Fig. P4.57(a).
(c) Conducting plates are on top and bottom faces of the cylindrical structure in Fig. P4.57(b).
Solution:
(a) The two capacitors share the same voltage; hence they are in parallel.
A1 (5 ⇥ 1) ⇥ 10 4
C1 = e1 = 2e0 = 5e0 ⇥ 10 2 ,
d 2 ⇥ 10 2
A2 (5 ⇥ 3) ⇥ 10 4
C2 = e2 = 4e0 = 30e0 ⇥ 10 2 ,
d 2 ⇥ 10 2
C = C1 +C2 = (5e0 + 30e0 ) ⇥ 10 2 = 0.35e0 = 3.1 ⇥ 10 12
F.
Problem 4.60 A coaxial capacitor consists of two concentric, conducting, cylindrical surfaces, one of radius a and another
of radius b, as shown in Fig. P4.60. The insulating layer separating the two conducting surfaces is divided equally into two
semi-cylindrical sections, one filled with dielectric e1 and the other filled with dielectric e2 .
(a) Develop an expression for C in terms of the length l and the given quantities.
(b) Evaluate the value of C for a = 2 mm, b = 6 mm, er1 = 2, er2 = 4, and l = 4 cm.
Figure P4.60: Problem 4.60.
Solution:
(a) For the indicated voltage polarity, the E field inside the capacitor exists in only the dielectric materials and points
radially inward. Let E1 be the field in dielectric e1 and E2 be the field in dielectric e2 . At the interface between the two
dielectric sections, E1 is parallel to E2 and both are tangential to the interface. Since boundary conditions require that the
tangential components of E1 and E2 be the same, it follows that:
E1 = E2 = r̂ E.
At r = a (surface of inner conductor), in medium 1, the boundary condition on D, as stated by (4.101), leads to
D1 = e1 E1 = n̂ rs1
r̂ e1 E = r̂ rs1
or
rs1 = e1 E.
Similarly, in medium 2
rs2 = e2 E.
Problem 5.5 In a cylindrical coordinate system, a 2-m-long straight wire carrying a current of 5 A in the positive z-
direction is located at r = 4 cm, f = p/2, and 1 m  z  1 m.
(a) If B = r̂ 0.2 cos f (T), what is the magnetic force acting on the wire?
(b) How much work is required to rotate the wire once about the z-axis in the negative f -direction (while maintaining
r = 4 cm)?
(c) At what angle f is the force a maximum?
Solution:
(a)
F = I`` ⇥ B
⇥ [r̂ 0.2 cos f ]
= 5ẑ 2⇥
= f̂f 2 cos f .
At f = p/2, f̂f = x̂. Hence,

F = x̂ 2 cos(p/2) = 0.
(b)
Z 2p Z 2p
W= F · dl = f̂f [2 cos f ] ·( f̂f )r df
f =0 0 r=4 cm
Z 2p
= 2r cos f df = 8 ⇥ 10 2
[sin f ]2p
0 = 0.
0 r=4 cm
The force is in the +f̂f -direction, which means that rotating it in the f̂f -direction would require work. However, the force
varies as cos f , which means it is positive when p/2  f  p/2 and negative over the second half of the circle. Thus, work
is provided by the force between f = p/2 and f = p/2 (when rotated in the f̂f -direction), and work is supplied for the
second half of the rotation, resulting in a net work of zero.
(c) The force F is maximum when cos f = 1, or f = 0.
Problem 6-8
Problem 7-7
Problem 7-23
Problem 7-28
Problem 7-33
Problem 7-36
Problem 7.23 At 2 GHz, the conductivity of meat is on the order of 1 (S/m). When a material is placed inside a microwave
oven and the field is activated, the presence of the electromagnetic fields in the conducting material causes energy dissipation
in the material in the form of heat.
(a) Develop an expression for the time-average power per mm3 dissipated in a material of conductivity s if the peak
electric field in the material is E0 .
(b) Evaluate the result for an electric field E0 = 4 ⇥ 104 (V/m).
Solution:
(a) Let us consider a small volume of the material in the shape of a box of length d and cross sectional area A. Let us
assume the microwave oven creates a wave traveling along the z direction with E along y, as shown.
Along y, the E field will create a voltage difference across the length of the box V , where
V = Ed.
Conduction current through the cross sectional area A is
I = JA = s EA.
Hence, the instantaneous power is
P = IV = s E 2 (Ad)
= s E 2V .
where V = Ad is the small volume under consideration. The power per mm3 is obtained by setting V = (10 3 )3 ,
P
P0 = = s E 2 ⇥ 10 9
(W/mm3 ).
10 9
Problem 7.28 A wave traveling in a nonmagnetic medium with er = 9 is characterized by an electric field given by
E = [ŷ 3 cos(p ⇥ 107t + kx)

ẑ 2 cos(p ⇥ 107t + kx)] (V/m)
Determine the direction of wave travel and average power density carried by the wave.
Solution:
h0 120p
h ' p = p = 40p (W).
er 9
The wave is traveling in the negative x-direction.
[32 + 22 ] 13
Sav = x̂ = x̂ = x̂0.05 (W/m2 ).
2h 2 ⇥ 40p
Problem 7.36 A team of scientists is designing a radar as a probe for measuring the depth of the ice layer over the antarctic
land mass. In order to measure a detectable echo due to the reflection by the ice-rock boundary, the thickness of the ice sheet
should not exceed three skin depths. If er0 = 3 and er00 = 10 2 for ice and if the maximum anticipated ice thickness in the area
under exploration is 1.2 km, what frequency range is useable with the radar?
Solution:
3ds = 1.2 km = 1200 m

ds = 400 m.
Hence,
1 1 3
a= = = 2.5 ⇥ 10 (Np/m).
ds 400
Since e 00 /e 0 ⌧ 1, we can use (7.75a) for a:
r
we 00 µ 2p f er00 e0 p p f er00 p f ⇥ 10 2 11
a= = p p µ 0 = p = p = 6 f ⇥ 10 Np/m.
2 e 0 2 er0 e0 c er 3 ⇥ 108 3
For a = 2.5 ⇥ 10 3 = 6 f ⇥ 10 11 ,
f = 41.6 MHz.
Since a increases with increasing frequency, the useable frequency range is
f  41.6 MHz.
Problem 8.3 A plane wave traveling in a medium with er1 = 9 is normally incident upon a second medium with er2 = 4.
Both media are made of nonmagnetic, non-conducting materials. If the magnetic field of the incident plane wave is given by
Hi = ẑ 2 cos(2p ⇥ 109t ky) (A/m).
(a) Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic fields in each of the two media.
(b) Determine the average power densities of the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves.
Solution:
(a) In medium 1,
c 3 ⇥ 108
up = p = p = 1 ⇥ 108 (m/s),
er1 9
w 2p ⇥ 109
k1 = = = 20p (rad/m),
up 1 ⇥ 108
Hi = ẑ 2 cos(2p ⇥ 109t 20py) (A/m),
h0 377
h1 = p = = 125.67 W,
er1 3
h0 377
h2 = p = = 188.5 W,
er2 2
Ei = x̂ 2h1 cos(2p ⇥ 109t 20py)
= x̂ 251.34 cos(2p ⇥ 109t 20py) (V/m),
h2 h1 188.5 125.67
G= = = 0.2,
h2 + h1 188.5 + 125.67
t = 1 + G = 1.2,
Er = x̂ 251.34 ⇥ 0.2 cos(2p ⇥ 109t + 20py)
= x̂ 50.27 cos(2p ⇥ 109t + 20py) (V/m),
50.27
Hr = ẑ cos(2p ⇥ 109t + 20py)
h1
= ẑ 0.4 cos(2p ⇥ 109t + 20py) (A/m),
E1 = Ei + Er
= x̂ [25.134 cos(2p ⇥ 109t 20py) + 50.27 cos(2p ⇥ 109t + 20py)] (V/m),
H1 = Hi + Hr = ẑ [2 cos(2p ⇥ 109t 20py) 0.4 cos(2p ⇥ 109t + 20py)] (A/m).
In medium 2,
r r
e2 4 40p
k2 = k1 = ⇥ 20p = (rad/m),
e1 9 3
✓ ◆
t 9 40py
E2 = E = x̂ 251.34 t cos 2p ⇥ 10 t
3
✓ ◆
9 40py
= x̂ 301.61 cos 2p ⇥ 10 t (V/m),
3
✓ ◆
t 301.61 9 40py
H2 = H = ẑ cos 2p ⇥ 10 t
h2 3
✓ ◆
40py
= ẑ 1.6 cos 2p ⇥ 109t (A/m).
3
(b)
|E0 |2 (251.34)2
Siav = ŷ = ŷ = ŷ 251.34 (W/m2 ),
2h1 2 ⇥ 125.67
Srav = ŷ |G|2 (251.34) = ŷ 10.05 (W/m2 ),
Stav = ŷ (251.34 10.05) = ŷ 241.29 (W/m2 ).
Problem 8.14 Consider a thin film of soap in air under illumination by yellow light with l = 0.6 µm in vacuum. If the
film is treated as a planar dielectric slab with er = 1.72, surrounded on both sides by air, what film thickness would produce
strong reflection of the yellow light at normal incidence?
Solution: The transmission line analogue of the soap-bubble wave problem is shown in Fig. P8.14(b) where the load ZL is
equal to h0 , the impedance of the air medium on the other side of the bubble. That is,
377
h0 = 377 W, h1 = p = 287.5 W.
1.72
The normalized load impedance is
Figure P8.14: Diagrams for Problem 8.14.
h0
zL = = 1.31.
h1
For the reflection by the soap bubble to be the largest, Zin needs to be the most different from h0 . This happens when zL is
transformed through a length l /4. Hence,
l l0 0.6 µm
L= = p = p = 0.115 µm,
4 4 er 4 1.72
where l is the wavelength of the soap bubble material. Strong reflections will also occur if the thickness is greater than L by
integer multiples of nl /2 = (0.23 n) µm.
Hence, in general
L = (0.115 + 0.23 n) µm, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
According to Section 2-7.5, transforming a load ZL = 377 W through a l /4 section of Z0 = 287.5 W ends up presenting an
input impedance of
Z2 (287.5)2
Zin = 0 = = 219.25 W.
ZL 377
This Zin is at the input side of the soap bubble. The reflection coefficient at that interface is
Zin h0 219.25 377
G= = = 0.27.
Zin + h0 219.25 + 377
Any other thickness would produce a reflection coeffficient with a smaller magnitude.
Problem 8.32 A perpendicularly polarized wave in air is obliquely incident upon a planar glass–air interface at an
incidence angle of 30 . The wave frequency is 600 THz (1 THz = 1012 Hz), which corresponds to green light, and the index
of refraction of the glass is 1.6. If the electric field amplitude of the incident wave is 50 V/m, determine the following:
(a) The reflection and transmission coefficients.
(b) The instantaneous expressions for E and H in the glass medium.
Solution:
(a) For nonmagnetic materials, (e2 /e1 ) = (n2 /n1 )2 . Using this relation in Eq. (8.60) gives
q q
cos qi (n2 /n1 )2 sin2 qi cos 30 (1.6)2 sin2 30
G? = q = q = 0.27,
cos qi + (n2 /n1 )2 sin2 qi cos 30 + (1.6)2 sin2 30
t? = 1 + G? = 1 0.27 = 0.73.
(b) In the glass medium,

sin qi sin 30
sin qt = = = 0.31,
n2 1.6
or qt = 18.21 .
r
µ2 h0 120p
h2 = = = = 75p = 235.62 (W),
e2 n2 1.6
w 2p f 2p f n 2p ⇥ 600 ⇥ 1012 ⇥ 1.6
k2 = = = = = 6.4p ⇥ 106 rad/m,
up c/n c 3 ⇥ 108
E0t = t? E0i = 0.73 ⇥ 50 = 36.5 V/m.
From Eqs. (8.49c) and (8.49d),
e t? = ŷE0t e jk2 (x sin qt +z cos qt )

E ,
t
e t? = ( x̂ cos qt + ẑ sin qt ) E0 e
H jk2 (x sin qt +z cos qt )
,
h2
and the corresponding instantaneous expressions are:
Et? (x, z,t) = ŷ36.5 cos(wt k2 x sin qt k2 z cos qt ) (V/m),

Ht? (x, z,t) = ( x̂ cos qt ẑ cos qt )0.16 cos(wt k2 x sin qt k2 z cos qt ) (A/m),
with w = 2p ⇥ 1015 rad/s and k2 = 6.4p ⇥ 106 rad/m.
Problem 8.36 A 50-MHz right-hand circularly polarized plane wave with an electric field modulus of 30 V/m is normally
incident in air upon a dielectric medium with er = 9 and occupying the region defined by z 0.
(a) Write an expression for the electric field phasor of the incident wave, given that the field is a positive maximum at
z = 0 and t = 0.
(b) Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients.
(c) Write expressions for the electric field phasors of the reflected wave, the transmitted wave, and the total field in the
region z  0.
(d) Determine the percentages of the incident average power reflected by the boundary and transmitted into the second
medium.
Solution:
(a)
w 2p ⇥ 50 ⇥ 106 p
k1 = = = rad/m,
c 3 ⇥ 108 3
wp p p
k2 = er2 = 9 = p rad/m.
c 3
From (7.57), RHC wave traveling in +z direction:
Ee i = a0 (x̂ + ŷ e jp/2 )e jk1 z = a0 (x̂ jŷ)e jk1 z

h i i
Ei (z,t) = Re E e e jwt
h i
= Re a0 (x̂ e j(wt k1 z) + ŷ e j(wt k1 z p/2) )
= x̂ a0 cos(wt k1 z) + ŷ a0 cos(wt k1 z p/2)
= x̂ a0 cos(wt k1 z) + ŷ a0 sin(wt k1 z)
⇥ ⇤1/2
|Ei | = a20 cos2 (wt k1 z) + a20 sin2 (wt k1 z) = a0 = 30 V/m.
Hence,
e i = 30(x0
E jy0 )e jpz/3
(V/m).
(b)
h0 120p
h1 = h0 = 120p (W), h2 = p = p = 40p (W).
er2 9
h2 h1 40p 120p
G= = = 0.5
h2 + h1 40p + 120p
t = 1 + G = 1 0.5 = 0.5.
(c)
e r = Ga0 (x̂
E jŷ)e jk1 z
= 0.5 ⇥ 30(x̂ jŷ)e jk1 z
= 15(x̂ jŷ)e jpz/3 (V/m).
t jk2 z
e = ta0 (x̂
E jŷ)e
jpz
= 15(x̂ jŷ)e (V/m).
ei + E
e1 = E
E er
jpz/3
= 30(x̂ jŷ)e 15(x̂ jŷ)e jpz/3
jpz/3
= 15(x̂ jŷ)[2e e jpz/3 ] (V/m).
(d)
% of reflected power = 100 ⇥ |G|2 = 100 ⇥ (0.5)2 = 25%

h1 120p
% of transmitted power = 100|t|2 = 100 ⇥ (0.5)2 ⇥ = 75%.
h2 40p
Problem 9-17
Problem 9-24
Problem 9-37
Problem 9.17 Repeat parts (a)–(c) of Problem 9.15 for a dipole of length l = l .
Solution: For l = l , Eq. (9.56) becomes
 2  2
15I02 cos (p cos q ) cos (p) 15I02 cos (p cos q ) + 1
S(q ) = = .
pR2 sin q pR2 sin q
Figure P9.17: Figure P9.17: Radiation pattern of dipole of length l = l .
Solving for the directions of maximum radiation numerically yields

qmax1 = 90 , qmax2 = 270 .
(b) From the numerical results, it was found that S(q ) = 15I02 /(pR2 )(4) at qmax . Thus,
60I02
Smax = .
pR2
(c) The normalized radiation pattern is given by Eq. (9.13), as
S(q )
F(q ) = .
Smax
Using the expression for S(q ) from part (a) with the value of Smax found in part (b),

1 cos (p cos q ) + 1 2
F(q ) = .
4 sin q
The normalized radiation pattern is shown in Fig. P9.17.
Figure P9.24: Problem 9.24.
Problem 9.24 The configuration shown in Fig. P9.24 depicts two vertically oriented half-wave dipole antennas pointed
towards each other, with both positioned on 100-m–tall towers separated by a distance of 5 km. If the transit antenna is
driven by a 50-MHz current with amplitude I0 = 2 A, determine:
(a) The power received by the receive antenna in the absence of the surface. (Assume both antennas to be lossless.)
(b) The power received by the receive antenna after incorporating reflection by the ground surface, assuming the surface
to be flat and to have er = 9 and conductivity s = 10 3 (S/m).
Solution:
(a) Since both antennas are lossless,
Prec = Pint = Si Aer
where Si is the incident power density and Aer is the effective area of the receive dipole. From Section 9-3,
15I02
Si = S0 = ,
pR2
and from (9.64) and (9.47),
l 2D l 2 1.64l 2
Aer = = ⇥ 1.64 = .
4p 4p 4p
Hence,
15I02 1.64l 2
Prec = ⇥ = 3.6 ⇥ 10 6 W.
pR2 4p
(b) The electric field of the signal intercepted by the receive antenna now consists of a direct component, Ed , due to the
directly transmitted signal, and a reflected component, Er , due to the ground reflection. Since the power density S and the
electric field E are related by
|E|2
S= ,
2h0
it follows that
p jkR
Ed = 2h0 Si e
s
15I02 jkR
= 2h0 ⇥ e
pR2
r
30h0 I0 jkR
= e
p R
where the phase of the signal is measured with respect to the location of the transmit antenna, and k = 2p/l . Hence,
j120
Ed = 0.024e (V/m).
The electric field of the reflected signal is similar in form except for the fact that R should be replaced with R0 , where R0 is
the path length traveled by the reflected signal, and the electric field is modified by the reflection coefficient G. Thus,
r !
30h0 I0 0
Er = e jkR G.
p R0
From the problem geometry q

R0 = 2 (2.5 ⇥ 103 )2 + (100)2 = 5004.0 m.
Since the dipole is vertically oriented, the electric field is parallel polarized. To calculate G, we first determine
e 00 s 10 3
= = = 0.04.
e0 we0 er 2p ⇥ 50 ⇥ 106 ⇥ 8.85 ⇥ 10 12 ⇥ 9
From Table 7-1, r

µ h0 h0 h0
hc ⇡ h = =p =p = .
e er 9 3
From (8.66a),
h2 cos qt h1 cos qi
Gk =
h2 cos qt + h1 cos qi
From the geometry,
h 100
cos qi = = = 0.04
(R0 /2) 2502
qi = 87.71
✓ ◆
1 sin qi
qt = sin p = 19.46
er
h1 = h0 (air)
h0
h2 = h = .
3
Hence,
(h0 /3) ⇥ 0.94 h0 ⇥ 0.04
Gk = = 0.77.
(h0 /3) ⇥ 0.94 + h0 ⇥ 0.04
The reflected electric field is
r !
30h0 I0 jkR0
Er = e G
p R0
= 0.018e j0.6 (V/m).
The total electric field is
E = Ed + Er
j120
= 0.024e + 0.018e j0.6
j73.3
= 0.02e (V/m).
The received power is
Prec = Si Aer
|E|2 1.64l 2
= ⇥
2h0 4p
= 2.5 ⇥ 10 6 W.
Problem 9.37 A five-element equally spaced linear array with d = l /2 is excited with uniform phase and an amplitude
distribution given by the binomial distribution
(N 1)!
ai = , i = 0, 1, . . . , (N 1),
i!(N i 1)!
where N is the number of elements. Develop an expression for the array factor.
Solution: Using the given formula,
(5 1)!
a0 = =1 (note that 0! = 1)
0!4!
4!
a1 = =4
1!3!
4!
a2 = =6
2!2!
4!
a3 = =4
3!1!
4!
a4 = =1
0!4!
Application of (9.113) leads to:
2
N 1
2pd
Fa (g) = Â ai e jig
, g=
l
cos q
i=0
2
= 1 + 4e jg + 6e j2g + 4e j3g + e j4g
2
= e j2g (e j2g
+ 4e jg
+ 6 + 4e jg + e j2g )
= (6 + 8 cos g + 2 cos 2g)2 .
With d = l /2, g = 2p
l · l2 cos q = p cos q ,
Fa (q ) = [6 + 8 cos(p cos q ) + 2 cos(2p cos q )]2 .
There are no solved problems for Chapter 10

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Fawwaz T.

Figure P2.75: (a) Bounce diagram for Problem 2.75.

A = x̂(0 1) + ŷ(0 y) + ẑ(0 + 3) = x̂ ŷy + 3ẑ,

Et = q̂q 1.5 + f̂f 2.6.

Figure P3.20(e): E5 = f̂f r

In the spherical coordinate system,

Note that in both the cylindrical and spherical coordinates, f is in Quadrant I.

Figure P3.25: Surfaces described by Problem 3.25.

(d) Using Eq. (3.50b),

A = R̂ sin2 q cos f + q̂q cos2 f f̂f sin f

into cylindrical coordinates and then evaluate it at P = (2, p/2, p/2).

At P = (2, p/2, p/2),

Solution: We need to calculate: Z P2

d`` = r̂ dr + f̂f r df + ẑ dz.

Along path L1 , df = 0 and dz = 0. Hence, d`` = r̂ dr and

Along L2 , dr = dz = 0. Hence, d`` = f̂f r df and

Along L3 , dz = 0 and df = 0. Hence, d`` = r̂ dr and

Figure P4.60: Problem 4.60.

At f = p/2, f̂f = x̂. Hence,

Conduction current through the cross sectional area A is

Hence, the instantaneous power is

E = [ŷ 3 cos(p ⇥ 107t + kx)

3ds = 1.2 km = 1200 m

Hi = ẑ 2 cos(2p ⇥ 109t ky) (A/m).

Figure P8.14: Diagrams for Problem 8.14.

(b) In the glass medium,

From Eqs. (8.49c) and (8.49d),

e t? = ŷE0t e jk2 (x sin qt +z cos qt )

Et? (x, z,t) = ŷ36.5 cos(wt k2 x sin qt k2 z cos qt ) (V/m),

with w = 2p ⇥ 1015 rad/s and k2 = 6.4p ⇥ 106 rad/m.

Ee i = a0 (x̂ + ŷ e jp/2 )e jk1 z = a0 (x̂ jŷ)e jk1 z

% of reflected power = 100 ⇥ |G|2 = 100 ⇥ (0.5)2 = 25%

Figure P9.17: Figure P9.17: Radiation pattern of dipole of length l = l .

Solving for the directions of maximum radiation numerically yields

From the problem geometry q

From Table 7-1, r

The total electric field is

The received power is

Fa (q ) = [6 + 8 cos(p cos q ) + 2 cos(2p cos q )]2 .

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