1.1 Critically evaluate the different approaches that can be taken to tourism policy.

Tourism Policy refers to a high-level overall plan with objectives and procedures. Policies can
generally be found in formal statements such as legislation and official documents and declarations.
Tourism policy is generally regarded as a field of the overall economic policy of a country. It is a public
policy designed to achieve specific, municipal, state or federal tourism-related goals.

Potential approaches for tourism policy development

Scientific Approach
The goal of the scientific study on tourism policy is to reaffirm, from a rational point of view, the need
to research the various problems beyond any specific political considerations; it stresses the need for
a rational choice of objectives to be accomplished in the light of an unbiased examination of a given
situation; and emphasizes the fact that the study of tourism and the science derived from it goes hand
in hand, inseparable from its unity and from its different degrees of theoretical abstraction (Sessa,
1976, p. 247).

Institutional Approach
An institutional approach focuses on the organizational structures, regulations, opportunities for
investment and constraints that affect policy development and implementation (Dieke, 1993; Sofield,
1993). Institutional research assumes that public policy is predominately performed within government
and public institutions, criticized as underplaying the mechanisms of politics and society (Stevenson,
et al., 2008).

Social Approach
Tourism policy-making is seen as a social activity with an emphasis on how actors (institutions,
communities, organizations, individuals) respond to each other or on factors influencing public
attitudes' (Bramwell & Lane, 1999). Development of collaborative policies can involve conflict
resolution, problem-solving, and capacity building in the society amongst the strake holder
communities, this development is undertaken by the authorities (Lovelock, 2001, 2002).

Relational Approach
The relational approach emphasizes greater engagement by'' interested parties'' in tourism
association planning and organizational activities (Hall 2000). A stakeholder approach highlights the''
plurality and the political nature of organizational objectives and policy implementation'' (Treuren and
Lane 2003:4). Network approaches to policy development are based on'' policy groups'' consisting of
people communicating across networks. Here' policy evolves as a result of informal interaction trends'
taking into account the complexities of "complex relationships "by analyzing them "as they alter and
move "(Borzel, 1998, p. 260; John, 1998, p. 1; Stevenson, et al., 2008).
Ref-
Tourism Policy, Tarafa Shuraiki (pag.274, para.5)
http://instytut.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/r21-1.pdf

Y. Chuck (Ed.), International Tourism: a Global Perspective, p. 390.

Tourism Policy: A Strategic Review, Published by Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Woodeaton, Oxford,
OX3 9TJ, Noel Scott (pag.25, para.2 pag.26, para.1, 2 pag.28, para.1 pag.29, para.1, 2)
https://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/free_files/fileTourismPolicy.pdf

Treuren, G., & Lane, D. (2003). The Tourism Planning Process in the Context of Organised Interests,
Industry Structure, State Capacity, Accumulation and Sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(1),
122.
1.2 Summarise the evolution of tourism policy.

Tourism in India was only the second five-year plan (1956) as an economic term. Originally going on
a pilgrimage or visiting friends and relatives in India is what was supposed to be tourism. It was only
after the establishment of India tourism development corporation (ITDC) in October 1966 that India
was promoted as a tourist destination not only for pilgrimage or visiting friends and relatives, but as a
destination for holidays. ITDC's main goal was to provide appropriate consulting services and support
Indian tourism for development purposes. The Indian Government in 1982 approved the national
tourist policy, which laid down in Swagat, Suchana, Suvidha, Suraksha, Sahyog and Samrachana, a
six-point plan for tourism growth, which refers to welcome, provide information, encourage, provide
health, cooperate and develop infrastructure. This policy mainly aimed at promoting sustainable
socioeconomic growth, preserving and safeguarding India's rich heritage and culture and at creating
opportunities for employment. Later on, the Indian government has taken a number of measures
including the creation of the Tourism Finance Corporation in 1988, a national tourism commission in
1992, the 1996 National Tourism Promotion Policy, and a new tourism strategy in 1997 to encourage
the rapid growth of India's tourism industry.
Highlights of contemporary tourism policy of India
- Build authority and support and provide the Tourism Board with dynamic and time-efficient
processes and procedures.
- The Indian tourism offices overseas to serve as the centre in their respective regions and outsource
to the extent possible PR and event management activities.
- Aim to increase India's number of World Heritage sites.
- Conservation, restoration, coordinated growth of World Heritage Sites areas and other significant
archaeological sites.
- Commence cleanliness drives at tourist destinations and sites, involving schools and colleges, hotel
management institutes, stakeholders and local / community involvement.
- "Atithi devo bhava" campaigns to be carried out by the central and state governments on a large
scale to raise awareness among stakeholders and the general public about the importance of tourism
and the need for good tourist behaviour.
- Establish a dedicated Tourism and Hospitality Education University with pan-India centres for
excellence.
- Develop clear guidelines for qualification and accreditation or self-certification across different
categories for all service providers.
- Use state-of - the-art technology to redesign the Incredible India website to make it user friendly,
engaging, informative, clutter-free and compatible across all digital platforms.

Ref-
Tourism Policies In India, MA Gadad-2015 (pag.115-116)
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60146/6/07%20chapter3.pdf

Evolution of Tourism Policy in India, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 21, Issue11, Ver. 6 (Nov. 2016) PP 26-32e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845 (pag.27)
http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2021%20Issue11/Version-6/E2111062632.pdf

NATIONAL TOURISM POLICY 2015

http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/policy/Draft_National_Tourism_Policy_2015.pdf
1.3 Explain the multi-scalar nature of contemporary tourism policy and its relationship
with institutions involved in tourism development at the global, national and local scale.

For the policy to function on the different levels it needs to have support structure of many institutions
on different scale.
Global level:
- PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association)
A handful of members formed the PATA India in 1974. It has expanded to 245 members, and is one
of todays most active in the Asia Pacific region. The Chapter includes State Tourism Boards, Carriers,
Hotels, Travel Agents, with major support from the Ministry of Tourism, the Government of India which
is the main and largest member organization of PATA India.

- The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)

In February 2000, the World Travel & Tourism Council, India Initiative (WTTCII) was launched to
raise awareness of the crucial role travel and tourism plays in the development and growth of the
Indian economy.
- The WTTC India Initiative works with travel and tourism industry stakeholders through programs
such as Seminars, Conferences and Trainings that address issues relevant to the industry.

- United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

UNWTO contributes to Indian economic growth, inclusive development and environmental
sustainability by promoting tourism as an economic activity and a means for the development of
tourist destinations around the world.
- UNWTO assists in supporting Indian tourism as a tool for achieving the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). Through the tourism sector, all priorities from no deprivation, zero hunger to climate
action, social justice and strong institutions and alliances for the goals can be easily carried out.

National level:
- India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
ITDC was created in October 1966 and was the prime mover in the country's progressive
development, promotion and expansion of tourism. Broadly speaking, the main objectives of the
Company are:
- To build, acquire and manage existing hotels and market hotels, Beach Resorts, Travelers ' Lodges /
Restaurants;
- To provide transportation, entertainment, shopping and traditional services;
- To provide consultancy-cum-management services in India and abroad; to carry on as Full-Fledged
corporation.
- Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (ITTM)
ITTM with registered office in New Delhi was established in January 1983. It offers various university
courses in tourism, travel and related areas. It has taken a number of alternative training courses for
monitoring personnel and business employees at grassroots level.
- National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology
It serves as an apex for coordinating training and research in the management of hotels and
catering. The headquarters are in New Delhi. It is the primary planning and monitoring body of 15
hotel institutes and 15 food-producing institutions and ensures uniformity in academic standards and
procedures to choose candidates for various courses conducted by these institutions. It provides
information about the activities of 15 institutes.
Local level (STDC's State Tourism Development Corporations):
Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC)
- Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC), a company founded by the Maharashtra
government in 1975.This government body's goal is to increase tourist traffic into the state.
- It runs tourism resorts, hotels, motels, restaurants and manufactures advertising and promotional
material for tourists. It also hosts historical and tourist sites in the state, such as Banganga, Kala
Ghoda and Pune, and other places of interest.
Delhi Travel & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd
- It was founded in December 1975 with the main objective of promoting tourism and related services
in the capital of India, Delhi.
- The tourists are informed about the authentic information about the tourist sites, culture,
accommodation, monuments, food, entertainment, shopping and reservation.
Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (RTDC)
- It is a company registered with headquarters in Jaipur under Companies Act 1956.
- RTDC acts as a catalyst for developing; implementing projects and schemes accelerating state
tourism. Managing several restaurants, cafes, hotels, motels, pubs, boats, shuttle services and
facilities. The organization organizes package trips, exhibits, festivals and events, shopping and
transportation services to improve the tourist experience.

Ref-
ROLE OF TOURISM POLICIES AND COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TOURISM, DR. ARCHANA
BHATIA (pag.41-43)
http://indianresearchjournals.com/pdf/APJMMR/2013/June/5.pdf

http://pataindia.org/about-pata/

https://www.jatinverma.org/tourism-in-india-opportunities-and-challenges-air/

http://www.wttcii.org/aboutWTTCII.html

http://tourism.gov.in/india-tourism-development-corporation-itdc

THE INFORMATION OF MAHARASHTRA TOURISMDEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

LIMITED, MUMBAI 400 021
https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/RTI/Marathi/TOURISM605.pdf

http://rtdc.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/Client/AboutUs.aspx

https://www.delhitourism.com/tourist-office.html
3.1 Critically evaluate the impact of tourism in destinations.
The Asian destinations chosen for a broad perspective on analysis of tourism impacts fall in one
geographical region, they are India, China and Bhutan
TOURISM IMPACTS IN INDIA- OVERVIEW

Positive impacts of tourism affecting tourism in India

- Income generation and Employment:
India's tourism has become an instrument for generating incomes and employment, alleviating
poverty and sustainable human development. This contributes 6.77% to domestic GDP and 8.78% of
India's total employment. In India's tourism industry now nearly 20 million people are employed.
- Foreign exchange revenue source:
In India, tourism is a significant source of foreign exchange revenue. This has a positive effect on the
country's balance of payments. The tourism industry in India produced approximately US$ 100 billion
in 2008 and is expected to increase by 9.4 per cent per annum to US$ 275.5 billion by 2018.
- National Heritage and Environmental Preservation:
Tourism helps preserve many historically significant locations by naming them as heritage sites.
- Infrastructure Development:
Tourism tends to encourage the creation of multiple-use infrastructure that supports the local
community, including different modes of transportation, health care facilities, and sports centres.
Negative impacts of tourism affecting tourism in India
- Increase stress and conflict:
Tourism can increase tension, animosity and mistrust between tourists and local communities when
the culture and way of life of each other is not valued and understood.
- Adverse environmental and ecological effects:
One of the key adverse environmental effects of tourism is increased pressure on the ecosystem's
capacity in each tourist destination.
- Prices increase:
Increasing demand from visitors for basic services and goods will often cause price hikes that have a
negative impact on local residents whose income is not rising proportionately.

TOURISM IMPACTS IN CHINA- OVERVIEW

Positive impacts of tourism affecting tourism in china

- Improves the development of infrastructures:
The tourism destination have achieved greater economic gains through the growth of tourism and has
sufficient money to improve its infrastructure. Road development and greening, installation of gas
pipeline instead of coal cinder, for the organized processing of garbage and wastewater in many rural
areas. These are significantly improving the quality of life of local residents and reducing carbon
emissions, which have positive environmental impacts.
-The growth of the local tourism infrastructure is conducive to tourism activities while at the same time
the tourism development provides financial assistance to improve tourist facilities and thus forms a
virtuous cycle.
- Boost environmental awareness:
The residents are growing their disposable income due to the development of tourism and the
improvement of infrastructure. Residents benefit from tourism, and they start actively protecting the
environment and raising environmental awareness.
- Revenue and employment creation:
Tourism creates jobs which increase employment in the tourism industry. The tourism sector also
offers small businesses, which are especially important in rural communities, additional tax revenues,
such as airport and hotel taxes that can be used for schools, homes and hospitals that provide funds
for the government and the locals. They are also relevant in rural communities.

Negative impacts of tourism effecting tourism in China

- The negative aspects of Chinese tourism are majorly environmental impacts. China, being a country
of mass tourism, suffers from the depletion of basic resources in a person's life, besides having to
divide these natural resources to meet the needs of all as foreigners join more and more.
- Successful tourism is dependent on the establishment of a basic infrastructure, such as highways,
visitor centres and hotels. Normally the burden of this is on the government, so it has to come from
tax revenue. Tourist jobs are often seasonal and underpaid. Tourism based destinations can be
adversely affected by incidents like terrorism, natural disasters and economic recession.
- The occupying Chinese regime is illegally packaging and distributing ancient Chinese rituals. The
Chinese people no longer have influence over their own borders and are not consulted, at least not in
any meaningful way, about the' growth' of their towns and cities or the transformation of their sacred
pilgrimage sites into tourist attractions. The reason for this is the steady increase of foreign tourists
who do not value traditional culture and want to travel. For example, the pilgrims find themselves
squeezed out, often literally, as hundreds and thousands of tourists converge on remote and peaceful
places that once were.

TOURISM IMPACTS IN BHUTAN- OVERVIEW

Positive impacts of tourism affecting tourism in Bhutan

- Tourism revenue is a major source of income for Bhutan as it contributes 56% of national tax
income. Tourism has generated self-employment and provided additional income to rural communities
by selling to tourist’s local produce and crafts (Rinzin, Vermeulen & Glasbergen 2007).
- Increasing numbers of rural tourists have been helping rural communities to work as local guides,
employ porter-pony services and provide visitors with cultural activities (Gurung & Seeland, 2008).
- To protect biodiversity, ecotourism has developed several national parks and animal sanctuaries.

Negative impacts of tourism affecting tourism in Bhutan

- The depletion of vegetation by chopping firewood from slow growing trees. In the high alpine regions
of Bhutan, through which most trekking routes are located, this is more pronounced. In these areas
the local population depends on wood for fuel and tourism is putting additional pressure on the
forests.
- Another significant issue affecting tourism in Bhutan is the degradation of fragile plants. Even though
tourism activities in the high mountain areas are not solely responsible for erosion, the use of horses
and yaks during treks has a significant impact. Local residents also tend to increase the size of their
home herds for transportation contracts with the tourism industry, which in turn contributes to the
limited capacity of vulnerable mountain habitats to bring.
Ref-
Mrs.Mahalakshmi Venkatesh, Dr.P. Stanley Joseph Michal Raj, IMPACT OF TOURISM IN INDIA
(pag.173-174).
https://www.academia.edu/35451270/IMPACT_OF_TOURISM_IN_INDIA
Jing Zhao, Shu-Min Li (2018). The Impact of Tourism Development on the Environment in China.
http://actascientificamalaysia.com/archives/ASM/1asm2018/1asm2018-01-04.pdf

https://sites.google.com/site/impactsofhistoricaltourism/impact-of-tourism

https://dan0711.wixsite.com/china2/negative-impact-of-tourism

https://ecotourisminbhutankk.weebly.com/negative-effects.html

http://www.tourism-master.com/2011/11/25/impacts-of-bhutans-controlled-tourism-policy/
3.2 Critically analyse the key relationships that impact on sustainable international
tourism development.

Sustainable development in India

The United Nations distinguishes sustainable development as "growth that meets present-day needs
without undermining future generations ' ability to meet their own needs."
Its objectives:
- Reducing the depletion of natural resources when new developments are created.
- Development which can be sustained and maintained without causing massive environmental
damage.
- Develop strong infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and incubate
innovation.
Sustainable tourism development in India
- Major drive of social awareness under initiative ' Atithi Devo Bhavah '
- Involving schools, NGOs, organisations from industry, etc. in carrying out sustainable cleanliness
drives at important tourist destinations. All organizations and individuals involved in this program will
be given the appropriate rewards and awards.
- Sanctions of central financial assistance for building public facilities, biodegradable toilets and other
infrastructure are the top most priorities.
- In collaboration with Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI), a non-profit organization established in
2008 with an exclusive goal of promoting and ensuring environmentally responsible and sustainable
practices in tourism industry, the Tourism Ministry has launched the Sustainable Tourism Criteria for
India (STCI). The requirements for three major segments of the tourism industry were implemented,
viz. Tour Operators, Hospitality & Beaches, Backwaters, Lakes and Rivers.

Sustainable development in China

- Specific attention is given to environmentally sound innovations and demonstration projects for the
development of agriculture, industry and energy.
- Significant programs on reducing and conserving environmental pollution and sustainable use of
natural resources are given priority.
- The focus is on developing public transport and reducing and controlling emissions of exhaust from
motor vehicles as well as improving air quality in urban areas.
Sustainable tourism development in China
- Better ecosystem for national tourism and recreation:
This initiative is intended to increase the availability and accessibility of key destinations and
attractions for visitors. Public libraries, memorial halls and patriotic education places are slowly being
opened for free to the public.' Local government is asked to improve the quality of tourism
transportation and companies are encouraged to provide visitors with favourable treatment.
-Development of infrastructure and services:
The Chinese government plans to increase the provision of tourism facilities, including new parks,
hotels, marinas and recreational areas. The goal further highlights the need for those with special
needs to enhance their access to tourism.
- Public services are developed for national tourism and leisure activities:
It sets out the aim to build new infrastructure for tourist information, including TICs, road signs and
websites. In addition, the policy gives importance to tourism management training for personnel and
higher education and vocational education.
Sustainable development in Bhutan
- Bhutan is an environmentally sustainable country with a small mountainous area, nestled in the
Himalayas. The social, cultural, political, and spiritual roots are embedded in the Gross National
Happiness theory. That means it aims for sustainable socio-economic development, cultural
preservation, environmental conservation, and good governance.
- Bhutan's commitment to carbon neutrality is enshrined in its Constitution and environmental
concerns include the requirement that 60 percent of its land be preserved as forests.
Sustainable tourism development in Bhutan
- High Quality, Low Volume:
The idea of' High Quality, Low Volume' was introduced when tourism began in Bhutan in 1974. The
key concept is high quality, low volume. With eco-friendly tourism, high income at low volumes is
produced by nation. These initiatives allow the government to reduce tourism by imposing high value
which results in minimal negative impact on the country's natural and socio-economic environment.
Tourists are made to pay USD 200 per day which reduces the number of tourist visits and generates
high income on the other hand.
- Preservation of handicrafts:
Bhutan's Tourism Council encourages local people to showcase their handmade crafts through
numerous festivals such as the Royal Highland Festival, which began on October 16, 2016 in the
district of Gasa, where local people show their handmade products from yaks and sheep's wool and
fur. The festival also includes various programs of local communities performing culture. Such
festivals encourage local people to maintain their craftsmanship and generate revenue through tourist
trade. As there have been many festivals launched by Bhutan's tourism council to preserve the
country's distinct handcraft.
- Flora and Fauna Conservation:
Bhutan's constitution states that the country should have at least 60 percent forest coverage. The land
is covered by 71 percent of the forest, making it the only carbon-negative country in the world. The
Government of Bhutan has also taken the initiative to help the world reduce carbon emissions.

Ref-
Strategic Government Advisory, YES BANK and CII. (2017, December). Sustainable Tourism in India -
Initiatives & Opportunities. Retrieved from
https://www.yesbank.in/pdf/sustainable_tourism_in_india_initiatives_and_opportunities.pdf
Sustainable Development in India. (2018, August 24). Retrieved from
https://www.indibrain.com/article/545/sustainable-development-in-india
China’s new tourism policy 2013-2020. (2013, April 5). Retrieved from
https://jameskennell.com/2013/04/02/chinas-new-tourism-policy-2013-2020/
Prof.Yang Qiquan. (n.d.). Sustainable Development S&T Projects and Policy in China. Retrieved from
https://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/31pre.pdf
Bhutan, in pursuit of sustainable development. (2012, September 12). Retrieved from
https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2012/09/12/bhutan-s-gross-national-
happiness.html
Namgay Phuntsho. (2019, April 24). A STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN
BHUTAN: QUANTIFYING THE AWARENESS OF MILLENNIAL PEOPLE OF BHUTAN
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/39330948/A_STUDY_ON_SUSTAINABLE_TOURISM_DEVELOPMENT_I
N_BHUTAN_QUANTIFYING_THE_AWARENESS_OF_MILLENNIAL_PEOPLE_OF_BHUTAN_TO
WARDS_SUSTAINABLE_DEVELOPMENT
3.3 Critically evaluate how tourism can be used to meet international development
goals.
The analysis and comparison of the above mentioned assessment criterion is based on the
international development goals of three Asian countries India, Bhutan and China. the research
considers two micro goals of global partnership for development.

International development goals of India

Global Partnership for Development:
- Varanasi Kyoto initiative (vakyo)
It was created to connect Varanasi and Kyoto's cultural heritage cities with India, Japan, and to draw
inspiration from Kyoto to establish Varanasi as a city of intelligent patrimony. This plan was created
and initiated by India's and Japanese governments, which were concluded on 30 August 2014 during
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's visit to Japan.

Environmental Sustainability:
- Awareness summits with GreenOtels in the 10 cities of Bangalore, Jaipur, Chennai, Kochi, Pune,
Goa, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. The HRA (Hotel & Restaurants Association),
Green Lodging News (US), Green Hotelier Media & ITP (UK), Tomorrow Hotel Owners (Singapore),
and the Indian Ecotourism Society (ESOI) support the initiative and provide active support for the
initiative.
- The Summit in each city brings together hospitality experts and developers, analysts, policy makers
and notable thinkers who take all plausible scenarios into account and offer solutions, strategies and
ideas to help us develop sustainable practice and experience the advancements of hotel operations.

International development goals of china

Global Partnership for Development:
- Accor and Alibaba Group, the worldwide leading retail trade group, have announced a strategic
partnership to develop a variety of digital applications and loyalty programs aimed at increasing the
experience of customers and travellers in the next five years. During the China International Import
Expo 2019, the announcement took place at a special ceremony in Beijing. In a state visit to China,
Accor was part of the team of French firms accompanying President Emmanuel Macron.
- The strategic partnership will leverage nearly 700 million customers across China's retail
marketplaces to allow more Chinese travellers to experience the world-class luxury offerings of Accor.
In Alibaba's extensive ecosystem, it will enable seamless integration of Accor's customer journey.
Alibaba's Fliggy travel branch will allow consumers to book hotels, access catering, book
entertainment and enjoy other lifestyle services. Payments may be made using Alipay, an Alibaba
affiliate Ant Financial digital payment provider.

Environmental Sustainability:
- Chinese leading OTA, Ctrip has engaged in a range of collaborations, waste reduction and
environmental tourism promotion initiatives. They also collaborated with the WWF and the UNDP, as
well as with the travel agencies, airlines and hotels. Ctrip and Tourism Toronto and China Southern
Airlines partnered together to offer reusable, foldable plastic cups to passengers in 2018. Ctrip also
started in 2018 a plogging event, which attracted participants from over 200 towns across China,
Japan and Thailand.
International development goals of Bhutan
Global Partnership for Development:
- In 2017, China hit the top of the list of tourists visiting Bhutan, according to the Bhutan Tourism
Board. Tourism can create not only the ties of the two countries, but also the shared destiny
community through the global link of people.

Environmental Sustainability:
- Bhutan's sustainable trekking program aims to conserve our country's rich and beautiful natural
environment, one of the foundations of our Gross National Happiness. they have an outstanding
environmental code of conduct for trekking, such as:
- Prevent of campfires in trekking camps.
- Provision of toilets at the camp sites.
- Maintain cleanliness around camp sites.

Ref-
http://india-center.org/our_initiative

Bhutan Sustainable Tourism. (2018, July 9). Retrieved from

https://authenticbhutantours.com/bhutan-sustainable-tourism/#1480143036517-05f0e15a-0adc

GSTC activities in India in partnership with GreenOtels. (2017, December 13). Retrieved from
https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-activities-india-partnership-greenotels/

Sienna Parulis-Cook and Mengfan Wang. (2019, October 2). Responsible Tourism from China: Three
Focus Areas. Retrieved from
https://dragontrail.com/resources/blog/responsible-sustainable-chinese-tourism-focus-areas

T3 News Network. (2019, November 8). Accor partners with Alibaba Group. Retrieved from
https://www.traveltrendstoday.in/news/hotel-and-resorts/item/7833-accor-partners-with-alibaba-group

Tourism key to building Sino-Bhutan ties - Projects. (2018, August 23). Retrieved from
http://bt.en.srpoia.com/projects/cultural/news_688.html
4.1 Research development issues in an international context.

Major issues to Sustainable tourism development in India

- Lack of adequate infrastructure:
Travel and tourism infrastructure needs vary from the physical infrastructure, including transmission,
to urban infrastructure modes such as electricity access roads, water supply, telecommunications etc.
The travel and tourism business involves airlines surface transportation lodging and facilities and
facilitation program. Poor infrastructure has been a major reason why the country has been missed by
the international tourist.
- Connectivity and access:
A number of efforts are being made to open up new destinations and to explore niche segments to
explore India's tourism potential. Infrastructure facilities such as air transport, path connectivity and
hospitality services are not adequate for this destination and for linking cities.
- Inadequate Human resource:
The availability of skilled workers is a major challenge affecting the travel and tourism industry, which
needs staining development in the travel and tourism sectors, educated workers or workforce.
- Lack of publicity:
Most tourist destinations have no advertising, as well as a lack of good education of the locals to
welcome and host the tourists. There is also a lack of promotion in cuisines and cultures.

Major issues to sustainable tourism development in Bhutan

- Imbalances in the region:
The fact that it is mostly a Himalayan region for mountain ranges and high elevation trekking and a
central zone for cultural excursions is also another issue that can impact tourism sustainability. The
western valleys of Paro, Thimphu, Punakha, Wangdiphodrang and the central valleys of Trongsa and
Bumthang are the main destinations for such tourism.
- Inadequate diversification of products:
Tourism in Bhutan is mostly restricted to cultural visitors, sightseers and trekkers. There are 6,328
cultural tourists and 830 climber tourists out of a total of 7,158 tourists. Even though Bhutan has
enormous potential for other types of tourism and for special interests such as agriculture, adventure
and nature tourism, the diversification of the goods cycle has just begun.
- Lack of substantial research base for tourism:
To make good policy decisions in the future, proper research, surveys, reviews, estimates, data
collection and analysis and research relating to tourism growth are needed.
- Weak Institutional Base:
The Department of Tourism lacks staff and fund for effective management and monitoring of the
tourism industry. There is a lack of skilled labour, especially at the level of managers and businesses.
There are no formal institutes in the country for hotel and tourism preparation. Many companies have
challenges in recruiting and retaining well-trained staff at all levels.

Major issues to sustainable tourism development in china

- The Chinese tourism sector has contributed to ecosystem disruption. Tourism, by boosting the
transport sector, has indirectly led to the deterioration of climate. During transport by road to their
destinations the tourism and travel sectors rely heavily on the consumption of highly toxic products
like petrol and diesel: shipping cars emit gasses like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide which
have to do with global warming, photochemical pollution and acid rain (E, 2012).
- Tourism significantly influenced the Chinese people's culture. It has contributed, for example, to
cultural heritage restoration. Cultural identity is uplifted and rejuvenated through restoration of history.
In fact, it provides a platform for cultural exchange and education (Williams, 2015).
- It may affect the geological landscape and soil of the tourist destination during the construction of
tourist destination, and ruin the original landscape, such as the blasting stones, road repair, bridge
building, and cableway. While visitors are travelling in scenic places, the weather, animals and plants
are affected. Because of the huge number of tourists, the effect on animals and plants is even
greater.

Ref-
Sujith T S ¹ & Jisha M K ², Tourism in India: Opportunities and Challenges, Imperial Journal of
Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-10, 2017ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
https://www.academia.edu/37954460/Tourism_in_India_Opportunities_and_Challenges

Tandi Dorji, SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM IN BHUTAN (pag.88-90)

http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_03_01_03.pdf

IMPACT OFTOURISM ON ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE ASPECT (pag.2-4)

https://www.academia.edu/36435189/IMPACTS_OF_TOURISM_IN_CHINA
4.2 Develop a project plan to address development issues in an international context.

Strategies to overcome tourism development issues in India are:

- To grow not only traditional products, but also non-traditional tourism products, India must use its
topography, natural resources and labour.
- Rural tourism must be highlighted as a by-product of Indian tourism. At the same time, it is important
to encourage eco-tourism for sustainable livelihoods.
- Increasing investment and stimulating (world-class) infrastructure development and strengthening
security should be a top priority on the agenda. Quality service needs to be upgraded in hotels,
airports, railway stations, etc.
- Proper segmentation of the market should be done based on certain parameters as demographic,
socioeconomic and geographic variables.
Strategies to overcome tourism development issues in Bhutan are:
- The sustainable development of tourism in the future depends primarily on how the Department of
Tourism and the association of industry (Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators) work effectively.
In order to do this, the efficiency of the Department needs rapidly to be improved and effective private
sector collaboration and organization needs to be established.
- The addition of services and facilities to enhance and improve the tourist product, contribute to
increased visitor satisfaction, positive environmental, economic and socio-cultural effects, contribute
to the reduction in tourism's seasonal character and also expand tourism to the other regions.
- Another fundamental requirement for designing future policies and plans is gathering and analyzing
completed market information and enhancing analysis of market activity characteristics. Developing
new goods and attractions also involves ambitious collaborative marketing campaigns incorporating
public and private capital.
- For the success of future projects, the development of human resources is important, not only within
the Department of Tourism but also among individual private operators and other agencies.
Strategies to overcome tourism development issues in China are:
- The tourist focus has emerged in response to harmful side effects of traditional tourism, promoting
local employment and learning about the place they visit. In China, private companies and local
governments alike push for the concept.
- In recent years the Government of China has strengthened its protection measures: tightened boat
regulations, swimming ban and a buffer zone between the lake and factories and households and the
plan "to make sure the balance is reached between tourism and eco-protection," to convert lake-round
land to China's largest wet subs.

Ref-
Dr. Thyaga raju N. (2016, April). Prospects and emerging challenges of tourism industry in India.
Retrieved from
http://www.allsubjectjournal.com/archives/2016/vol3/issue4/3-4-53

Tandi Dorji. (n.d.). SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM IN BHUTAN. Retrieved from

http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_03_01_03.pdf

Local Guides, Less Plastic: How China's Tourism Industry Is Trying to Improve Its Sustainability. (2019,
September 7). Retrieved from
https://fortune.com/2019/09/07/china-sustainable-tourism/