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7 New Ways to Fail as a

Wireless Expert
Steven Heinsius
Global Solution Specialists |
Cisco DNA Software Specialists

Sofya Strunskaya
Cisco Systems Engineer
BRKEWN-2439

#7NWTF
Cisco Webex Teams

Questions?
Use Cisco Webex Teams to chat
with the speaker after the session

How
1 Find this session in the Cisco Events Mobile App
2 Click “Join the Discussion”
3 Install Webex Teams or go directly to the team space
4 Enter messages/questions in the team space

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Agenda

• Introduction I don’t always fail

• The Short WiFi Dictionary


• New ways? What did I miss?
• An overview of Fails…
• Some real demos
But when 1 do, I make sure that you’re
• Conclusion in the middle of something important

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About Steven….
@Steven_Heinsius
3 Years as an End User
5 Years as a Partner
6 Years as a Distributor
10 Years at Cisco
14 Years Instructor

› Dad › Scuba diving

› Runner › Snow boarding

› Cook › Singer

› Mountain biking › Wi-Fi enthusiast

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About Sofya...
@SofyaStrunskaya
• Cisco Sales Program Participant in
Prague
• Systems Engineer working with
customers in EMEAR
• Systems Engineer working with
customers in Russia

› Yoga › Surfing

› Snow boarding › Wi-Fi girl

› Hiking

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So… why these sessions?

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How it all
began…

© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
There are 14
7 ways to Fail
+ 6 on WiFi 6! – premier on 30.01 room C119

• Learn how NOT to #Fail


• It will be educational
• It will be interactive
• It will be fun

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Some special credits

• Frank Vergeer (CCNA-W)


• Jerome Henry (CCNP-W)
• Ronald van Kleunen (CWNP)
• Eddie Forero (ECSE)
• Peter Mackenzie (CWAP)
• My kids… (Life) Andrew vonNagy
Adrian Granados
Jason Grant
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802dotMe Mike Albano Transmit Failure
Adrian Granados MRNCCIEW Ultimate Wi-Fi
Badger-Fi My80211.com Weapons Grade WiFi
7Signal
DaleWiFiSec Net Gain WiFiBlog.com
Aerohive Boundless Blog
DivDyn.net blog NetworkComputing.c WiFiCert.org
Airtight Networks
dot11Nate om Wi-Fi Experts
The Art of WiFi by CommunicaONE
Independent Blogs

EmperorWiFi.com Nolan's Wireless WiFI for Beginners


Aruba Airheads

Vendor Blogs
Ethereal Mind Blog WiFi Insights
Cisco Full Bars (Wireless Tuesday)
Fierce Wireless No Strings Attached WiFi KiWi
Cisco Mobility Blog
FineSine.com Show WiFi Nigel
CWNP
Frame by Frame Packet6.com WiFi Todd
Ekahau WiFi Design Blog
GCate WiFi RCR Wireless News WiredNot
GBR Networks Blog
GestaltIT RevolutionWiFi Wireless Geek
MetaGeek
Great White Wi-Fi RobRobStation Forums
Oberon Blog ★
In Search Of Tech SC WiFi Wireless Nerd
On the Fly WiFI by Extreme Networks
Jennifer Huber SniffWiFi.com WirelessStew
The Ruckus Room
Just Do WiFi TechFieldDay WFD WLANBook
Krebs On Security Videos WLANPros
Me, Myself, and … The Hacker News

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Steven’s Famous
Twenty
@Steven_Heinsius

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But before we continue…
A short Wi-Fi Dictionary

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802.11
association process
1) Discovery

Send out Probes to Discover Infrastructure


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2) Authenticate

Authenticate on the infrastructure


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3) Associate

Now the client gets associated


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4) Send Data

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802.11 Association

0
1

2
3
4
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Beacons
© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Beacons

SSID
Supported Data rates
Channel used
Channel width
Encryption type
Authentication type
Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
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iBeacons
iBeacons

• Marketing term for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)


• Typically used for Location Based Services
• Requires connection to a database (typically a WiFi
connection)
• Uses an App

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Modulation
Modulation

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Dynamic Rate Shifting (DRS) & Modulation
(given 2 spatial streams, 20 MHz channels & 400 NS GI)

64-QAM 5/6 64-QAM 2/3 16-QAM 1/2 QPSK 1/2

144.4 Mbps 130.3 Mbps 115.6 Mbps 86.7 Mbps 57.8 Mbps 43.3 Mbps 28.9 Mbps
(MCS 15) (MCS 14) (MCS 13) (MCS 12) (MCS 11) (MCS 10) (MCS 9)

64-QAM 3/4 16-QAM 3/4 QPSK 3/4

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Modulation

© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Modulation

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Modulation

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Modulation
#7NWTF
AWESOME!

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@RevolutionWifi BRKEWN-2439 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
@RevolutionWifi BRKEWN-2439 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35
Awesome!
Get It?
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Utilization vs Airtime
Utilization vs Airtime

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Multiple In,
Multiple Out
MIMO
Multiple In, Multiple Out - MIMO
• Part of 802.11n
• Dramatically improved
performance

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MIMO Radio Design
Transmit Receive Spatial
(TX) (RX) Streams

1X1 : 1
2X2 : 2
3X3 : 2
3X3 : 3
3X4 : 3
4X4 : 3
4X4 : 4
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Spatial Streams 802.11n (40 MHz 802.11ac (40 MHz 802.11ax (40 MHz
wide) wide) wide)

1 150 Mbps 200 Mbps 286 Mbps ~70%


2 300 Mbps 400 Mbps 573 Mbps

3 450 Mbps 600 Mbps 860 Mbps Growing

4 600 Mbps 800 Mbps 1.1 Gbps

What about 8 spatial


streams?
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* Single User MIMO
* Multi User MIMO
* OFDMA (802.11ax)

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Wireless
Access
Point

Single User MIMO


© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Client
Client

Client Client Client


Client Wireless
Client Access
Point

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Multi User MIMO
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Wireless
Access
Point

OFDMA
© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Wireless Access
Point Architecture
For better understanding…

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Standard AP

2.4 GHz Radio

5 GHz Radio
Our friend
the waiter
DRAM
CPU
(512Mb)

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Cisco HDX AP

2.4 GHz Radio


CPU 128 Mb DRAM
5 GHz Radio
CPU 128 Mb DRAM

DRAM
CPU
(512Mb)

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Same restaurant

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Intent based infrastructure
Wireless access points

High density redefined


Dual 5 GHz Flexible Radios increasing capacity by 200% to
onboard more users and things automatically

Zero-impact Intelligent Capture to resolve


network issues instantly
Probes the network and provides Cisco DNA Center with
deep analysis and resolves issues in minutes, and not days

Purpose-built hardware for analytics & performance


Drive location, telemetry, CleanAir, ClientLink, HDX and AVC
with no impact on performance to serving clients; and future
proof expandability with USB & module port

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* Three Letter Acronyms

Some more
Wireless TLA’s*
WEP

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WAP

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WPA

• Wi-Fi Protected Access


• Prior to 802.11i (2004)
• Uses TKIP…

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WPA2

• Use CCMP
• Use AES encryption
• PSK (Personal) mode
• Enterprise mode 802.1X

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WPA3

• Simultaneous authentication of
Equals (SAE)
• PMK per client, used in the 4-Way
Handshake
• New handshake (dragonfly)
• WPA3 Personal
• WPA3 Enterprise
• Better support for IoT devices
• Mass adoption expected in 2020
• 802.11ax

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OK, before we close this part…

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802.11

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Bandwidth & Data rate
802.11 Frequency Data rate Channels Channels ‘usable’

a 5 GHz 54 Mbps 24 24
b 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps 13 3
g 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps 13 3

(min) 65, 2.4 GHz & 5 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz


n 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz 150, 300, 450, GHz Rules apply.
(max) 600 Mbps Rules apply.

867 Mbps 24* 24*


ac 5 GHz
1.3 Gbps 37** 37**

2.4 GHz & 5 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz


1.2 Gbps GHz 3 & 24/37(US)
ax 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz
9.6 Gbps &
13 & 24/37(US) subcarriers

* = 802.11ac Wave 2** = 802.11ac Wave 2 (US) BRKEWN-2439 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 63
abcd…xyz
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802.11i

• Enhanced Security
• Introduced 802.1X (WPA2 Enterprise)
• Commonly known as WPA2
• TKIP & CCKM 802.11i

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802.11k

• RRM Measurements
• Neighboring AP’s
• Neighboring clients

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No worries
802.11r Bro, I’ve
already
got your
Fast Secure Roaming credentials.

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802.11v

Wireless Network Management


‘Holistic view’ of the network

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So we ran out of letters…

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802.11ad

• Low Power
• Short Distance (+/- 10m)
• ‘in room’ use
• ~4.6 Gbps
• 60 GHz

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802.11ay

• Next gen 60 GHz,


• >20 Gbps
• Successor of 802.11ad

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802.11af

• Low Power
• Long Distance
• Low Data rate
• ~30 Mbps
• Sub 1 GHz
• Typically used for IoT

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802.11ah

• Sub 1 GHz
• Primarily 700 & 900 MHz
• Long Range
• Up to ~350 Mbps
• Typically used for IoT

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802.11ax
2.4 & 5 GHz
MU-MIMO,
Upstream & Downstream
Simultaneous Data.
High Density environments use
~10Gig, OFDMA.

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802.11ax

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Cisco’s Next Gen Wireless Stack is Ready for Scale Deployments
Enabling next-generation mobility powered for Wi-Fi 6

Cisco Catalyst 9800 Cisco Catalyst 9100


Wireless Controllers Access Points

Managed by Digitized by
Cisco DNA Center Cisco DNA Spaces
Translate business intent into network policy Digitize people, spaces and things
and capture actionable insights

Resilient Secure Intelligent

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Catalyst Wireless Stack Innovations
Catalyst 9800 Cisco DNA-C Innovations on
Launched Assurance Wireless Stack
WLC SMU AI/ML Base Analytics ISSU
AP SP and AP DP App Visibility and Experience IoT Gateway
Programmability Intelligent Capture Open Roaming
Encrypted Traffic Analytics Network Sensor BLE Management
Software Define Access Apple, Samsung Analytics 11ax Analytics
iPSK, Rogue, wIPS

Catalyst 9100 Cisco DNA


Launched Spaces
11ax features like Partner App integration
OFDMA, MUMIMO, Room Finder
BSS Coloring, TWT, Location Analytics
Spectrum Intelligence Guest portal management
Device Eco System

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Cool, you’ve got this all.
Let’s have a look at some fails.

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New ways to fail…
So what did I miss?

#7WTF
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Fail
Incorrect usage of channels

#7WTF
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Parking master

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Simple Rule

Lead with a Channel Plan

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Fail
Putting your AP’s on
Maximum power

#7WTF
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I use Maximum Power because…

✓ I only have 1 Access Point


✓ I need less Access Points
✓ I’m designing for Coverage
✓ My Site survey tool says ‘all green’
✓ It’s the default…

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It’s not the best idea because…

• Your access point are the main


source of interference
• Clients are not on Max power
• Roaming issues

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Simple Rule

Power is only good when it’s


enough…

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Fail
2.4 GHz is still the most important…

#7WTF
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2.4 GHz is still the most important

Plain and simple…

“NO"
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Simple Rule

Start with 5 GHz on the Test,


and let RRM and FRA
do the rest

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Fail
Placements…

#7WTF
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Placements… Really? Does it matter?

Source: www.bad-fi.com & Twitter & Personal observations

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Other options…

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Simple Rule

Like in Real Estate…


Location matters!

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Fail
Underestimating Security…

#7WTF
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Username: Admin
Password: Admin

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Simple Rule

Security is a Process,
not a Product

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Fail
Hype versus reality

#7WTF
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Expectations versus Reality…

What sales and marketing promise What get’s delivered

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Simple Rule

Wave62isisnice,
WiFi nice,but
butthe
theMagic
Magic
is in the AP architecture

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Fail
No (proper) Site Survey

#7WTF
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© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Simple Rule

No Survey – No Wi-Fi

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I want to relive this… where do I go?

7 ways to fail as a Wireless


Expert Session Materials

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Alright…
show me the new stuff!
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Fail
Rip ‘n Replace…
Like 4 Like

#7WTF
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You decide to upgrade…

Well that’s not a fail…

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© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
So you had your installer
upgrade your existing Infra
for the latest and greatest AP’s…

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Like 4 Like upgrades

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1142’s are not the same as 2802’s

And a 2802e is something


different than a 2802i

9120 is a lot different from a 2602…

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Simple Rule

Survey for the Access


Points you will install

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Fail
BYOA

#7WTF
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You already know…

BYOD

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More and more companies support now

BYOD

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Really? We’re going to talk about BYOD?

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Well some people take that quite far…

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Bring your own AP…
You’ll be surprised…

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“Shadow IT”

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This definitely works…

However…

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Security…

• Not secured with your credentials


• 802.1x anyone?
• Transmission power?
• Interference?
• Unmanaged Infrastructure…
• Unnecessary Data Costs

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Identify rogue devices
Cisco DNA Center
Rogue Management

Visualize

Cisco DNA Center Appliance


Classify

Detect

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Secure architecture - Software Defined Access
Identity
DNA Center
Services
ISE

CAPWAP Fabric Wireless


Wireless Cntrl plane Controller

VXLAN B B
Data plane

C
Fabric Enabled
Access Points

SD-Access
Fabric

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SDA Wireless Value Proposition

Security - Policy Simplification

Data Plane Optimization and Scale

Operation Simplification

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Simple Rule

A Rogue AP should
never have IP

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Fail
Supporting
legacy devices…

#7WTF
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We have to keep on supporting…

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Wireless clients requirements

Type of clients? Applications? Capacity?

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Best Practices

• a 5 GHz only network and coverage design for all devices. All
legacy devices – to a separate SSID.
• managing data rates.
• configuring 802.11k and 802.11v on the WLAN.
• check DNAC Assurance Issues, Prime Infrastructure or WLC for
channel utilization and APs changing channels frequently.

Source: Cisco & Apple best practices. Available here:

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Simple Rule

Legacy Devices on a
Separate SSID

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Fail
Design for Coverage

#7WTF
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Do yourself a favour

Start disabling the lower data rates

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1 Mbps

Do yourself a favour Start disabling the lower data rates


6 Mbps 6 Mbps
9 Mbps 9 Mbps
12 Mbps 12 Mbps
18 Mbps 18 Mbps
24 Mbps 24 Mbps

© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
18 Mbps 18 Mbps
1 Mbps

Do yourself a favour 24 Mbps 24 Mbps

6 Mbps
9 Mbps
12 Mbps 18 Mbps
18 Mbps
24 Mbps 18 Mbps
24 Mbps
18 Mbps
24 Mbps
24 Mbps

18 Mbps
24 Mbps 18 Mbps
24 Mbps

Start disabling the lower data rates © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Bad roaming be like…

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Roaming Lowest mandatory rate = Broadcast
Highest mandatory rate = Multicast

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I can’t say it enough…

A Smaller cell = better performance

This is not because I want to sell you more AP’s

It is because you deserve good Wi-Fi.

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Simple Rule

a Smaller Cell =
Better Performance

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Fail
Dirty air

#7WTF
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Let’s have a look at some ‘Dirty Air’

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So here I am…
With my…

With my…
A

With my…

Anssi the Analyzer


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Ekahau Sidekick®
Time for a Demo
www.ekahau.com

Visit them at 5A on the World of Solutions


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Demo

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© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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So we need
Spectrum and
actionable insights
Real Time Spectrum Analyzers with DNAC

• Persistent FFT
• Swept Spectrogram
• Interferers with
impacted BW

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Wireless Sensors proactively assess
performance
Test your network with existing APs at any time

• On-boarding tests
• 802.11 Association
• 802.11 Authentication and key exchange
• IP Addressing DHCP Access point
• Network tests
Sensors act as
• DNS
clients
• RADIUS
• First hop router/default gateway
• Application tests
• Email: POP3, IMAP, Outlook Web Access
• File transfer: FTP Dedicated Sensor AP1800
• Web: HTTP and HTTPS

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Simple Rule

Dirty air is like dirty underwear


Get rid of it as soon as
possible…

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Fail
Listen to the Architect

#7WTF
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One of the most common mistakes…

We have to listen to the Architect…


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So I was told…

Access Points are Ugly….

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And what do you do with things that are Ugly?

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With Wi-Fi…

Put your AP’s where your clients are

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-3 dB

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-3 dB -3 dB

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RF Mathematics

Rules of 10 and 3

• 3 dB gain = mW * 2
• 3 dB loss = mW / 2

• 10 dB gain = mW * 10
• 10 dB loss = mW / 10

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70% of the clients in
your network are?

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Maximum transmission on Wi-Fi?
25 mW = 14 dBm

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So…
(RF Mathematics continued…)

Max ETSI transmission is 100 mW.


that is 20 dBm

20 dBm 100 mW
17 dBm 50 mW
14 dBm 25 mW
11 dBm 12.5 mW
8 dBm 6.25 mW
5 dBm 3.12 mW
2 dBm 1.6 mW
0 dBm 1 mW

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-3 dB

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So…

AP’s are ugly…

What about these?


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Why don’t you hide them?

“Then they don’t work…”

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Introducing…

The “Peep Hole AP”


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Embed WiFi into your solutions
Cisco ESW6300
Purpose- built for reliably integrating
Embedded Services
Wi- Fi into challenging use cases
Access Point

Deliver more value with more options for


enhanced connectivity

Wireless without the worries with Cisco DNA


Assurance to proactively and predictively
resolve issues

C97- 742281 - 00 © 2019 Cisco and/ or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

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So …

Visit Oberon at 36B on the World of Solutions


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Oberon Model 3032 NetPoint™ Wi-Fi Bollard

Visit Oberon at 36B on the World of Solutions


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Simple Rule

Can you read the Logo?


Then you’re probably good
to go!

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Fail
The Installer is always right

#7WTF
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You made a perfect design

• You designed for Capacity


• Not for coverage…

• You designed primarily for 5 GHz


• You have proper channel overlap (20%, with -67 dBm at the edge)
• You designed to have dual radio’s in High Density environments
• You suggested to work with 40 MHz and 20 MHz in some area’s
• You have Clean Air AP’s in the ‘sensitive area’s

And then the installer comes and takes your plan…

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And they do ‘their interpretation’

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Simple Rule

Stick to the plan

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Before we finish
There’s been a lot of changes since the beginning of
networking.

Think Impact
Our devices Our infrastructure
Our applications Our priorities
Our use cases Our budgets
Our locations Our security
Our way of working… Our way of thinking…

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Today

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There’s a lot you can do wrong
by going Wireless

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But it’s not always the Wi-Fi to blame…

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There’s a lot you can do right.

With a little bit of understanding


and reading about the technology.

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Build your house…

Data Rates

Transmission (Tx)
Channelization
Power

AP Placement and Density

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In closure…
Steven’s Famous
Twenty
Reach me out on Twitter
@Steven_Heinsius

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30% discount
WiFi Explorer and
WiFi Explorer Pro

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Remember…

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But if you search…

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802dotMe Mike Albano Transmit Failure
Adrian Granados MRNCCIEW Ultimate Wi-Fi
Badger-Fi My80211.com Weapons Grade WiFi
7Signal
DaleWiFiSec Net Gain WiFiBlog.com
Aerohive Boundless Blog
DivDyn.net blog NetworkComputing.c WiFiCert.org
Airtight Networks
dot11Nate om Wi-Fi Experts
The Art of WiFi by CommunicaONE
Independent Blogs

EmperorWiFi.com Nolan's Wireless WiFI for Beginners


Aruba Airheads

Vendor Blogs
Ethereal Mind Blog WiFi Insights
Cisco Full Bars (Wireless Tuesday)
Fierce Wireless No Strings Attached WiFi KiWi
Cisco Mobility Blog
FineSine.com Show WiFi Nigel
CWNP
Frame by Frame Packet6.com WiFi Todd
Ekahau WiFi Design Blog
GCate WiFi RCR Wireless News WiredNot
GBR Networks Blog
GestaltIT RevolutionWiFi Wireless Geek
MetaGeek
Great White Wi-Fi RobRobStation Forums
Oberon Blog ★
In Search Of Tech SC WiFi Wireless Nerd
On the Fly WiFI by Extreme Networks
Jennifer Huber SniffWiFi.com WirelessStew
The Ruckus Room
Just Do WiFi TechFieldDay WFD WLANBook
Krebs On Security Videos WLANPros
Me, Myself, and … The Hacker News

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