Answer of The Assignment 2 PDF

Solution: Assignment no-2.
Part A: (1*12= 12 Marks)
1- (b) Primary decomposition of carbonaceous material by the heat in the limited presence
of oxygen.
2- (a) To generate process heat
3- (b) Moisture content of the feedstock increases
4- (a) An index to rate solid waste for fouling
5- (b) An measure of energy efficiency of incinerator
6- (a) Easier to control than other technologies
7- (a) Grate firing
8- (b) Around 35-75%
9- (b) When MSW has high heating value
10- (b) Fluidised bed gasifier
11- (a) Updraft produces large quantity of tar while downdraft none
12- (c) Plasma gasifier
Part B: (2*9= 18 Marks)
13- The molar composition of a MSW is, C: 40.5 (%), H: 5.9 %, O: 20.1 %, N:1 %, S:0.10%,
Cl:0.40 %, Moisture: 25% and Ash:7%. Assume average molecular weight of ash is 56. What is the
molecular formula and heating value of the MSW? Higher heating value can be calculated from;
(HHV in MJ/Kg = 0.3516*C + 1.16225*H - 0.1109*O + 0.0628*N + 0.10465*S).
Solution:
Basis = 100 g MSW
Amount of elements and their corresponding moles in MSW
C: 40.5 g = 40.5/12 = 3.375 moles
H: 5.9 g = 5.9/1 = 5.9 moles
O: 20.10 g = 20.1/16 = 1.2562 moles
N: 1 g = 1/14 = 0.07142 moles
S: 0.10 g = 0.10/32 =0.003125 moles
Cl: 0.40 g = 0.40/35.5=0.0112676 moles
Moisture: 25.0 g = 25/18 = 1.3888 moles
Ash: 7 g = 7/56 =0.125 moles
O from moisture (H2 O) = 1.3888 mole
H from moisture (H2 O) = 2*1.3888 = 2.7777 moles
The molecular formula of MSW

C3.375 H5.9 O1.2562 N0.07142 S0.003125 Cl0.0112676 Ash0.125 (H2 O)1.3888
Or C3.375 H8.6776 O2.645 N0.07142 S0.003125 Cl0.0112676 Ash0.125
Higher heating value (HHV) of MSW can be calculated using the following relation:
HHV in MJ/Kg = 0.3516*C + 1.16225*H - 0.1109*O + 0.0628*N + 0.10465*S
HHV = 0.3516*40.5 +1.16225*5.9 -0.1109*20.10 + 0.0628*1 + 0.10465*0.10 = 18.94 MJ/Kg
(b) C3.375 H8.6776 O 2.645 N0.07142 S0.003125 Cl0.0112676 Ash & 18.94 MJ/Kg
14- A carbonaceous waste has the molecular formula of C 65.5 H102.3 O40.8 N1.1 . Using the following
empirical formula (HHV= 0.3516*C + 1.16225*H - 0.1109*O + 0.0628*N + 0.10465*S) for
determining heating value, calculate the gross heating value of this MSW.
Sol: Molecular formula = C65.5 H102.3 O40.8 N1.1
C in one mole of MSW = 65.5 mole = 12*65.5 g = 786 g

H in one mole of the MSW = 102.3 mole = 102.3 g
O in one mole of MSW = 40.8 mole = 16*40.8 = 652.8 g
N in one mole of the MSW = 1.1 mole = 14*1.1 = 15.4 g
Thus, molecular weight of the MSW = 786+102.3+652.8 + 15.4 = 1565.5 g
% of C = 786*100/1565.5= 50.21 % = 50
% of H = 102.3*100/1565.5 = 6.52 %= 7
% of O = 652.8*100/1565.5 = 41.69 % = 42
% of N = 15.4*100/1565.5 = 0.98 %= 1
The higher heating value of a carbonaceous waste
HHV= 0.3516*C + 1.16225*H - 0.1109*O + 0.0628*N + 0.10465*S
HHV = 0.3516*50.21 +1.16225*6.52 - 0.1109*41.69 + 0.0628*0.98 + 0.10465*0 = 20.66982 MJ/Kg
(c) 20 MJ/Kg
15- 5 ml of wastewater is diluted to 300 ml distilled water in standard BOD bottle. Initial DO
in the bottle is determined to be 7.2 mg/l. DO after 5 days at 20 O C is found to be 5 mg/l.
What is BOD of the waste water?
We know that,
BOD5 (in mg/L) =

Where, D = dilution factor ( ⁄ )
Here, D =300/5 = 60
BOD5 = 60*(7.2 - 5) = 132 mg/l

(b) 132 mg/l
16- A 2.5 g sample of naphthalene (C 10 H8 ) is burned in a bomb calorimeter containing 1500 grams
of water at an initial temperature of 20 ºC. After the reaction, the final temperature of the
water is 20.4ºC. The mass of bomb calorimeter material is 800 g and its specific heat is 0.420
J/g/ºC. Using these data, calculate the heat of combustion of naphthalene in kJ/mol. (specific
heat of water C water = 4.184 J/g/ o C). Ignore the errors associated with measurement of heating
value.
Sol: Given: mass of water in calorimeter (m) = 1500 g,

ΔT = (Tfinal -Tinitial ) = 0.4 OC,
Heat absorbed by water = qwater = mwater*cwater* ΔT = 1500 *4.184*0.4 = 2510.4 J
Heat absorbed by calorimeter = qcalorimeter = mcal *Ccal * ΔT = 800*0.420 *0.4 = 134.4 J
Total heat absorbed = 2510.4 + 134.4 = 2644.8 J= heat released
Heat released by 2.5 g naphthalene = -2.65 kJ
Heat released by 1 g naphthalene = -2.65/2.5= - 1.06 kJ
MW of naphthalene = 128
Heat released by 128 g naphthalene = - 1.06 KJ * 128 = - 135.68 kJ/mole
- 135.68 kJ/mole
(a) ∆Hcombustion= – 135 kJ/mol
17- (a) Temperature, pressure and type of gasifying agent
18- What is the theoretical COD of sample containing 300 mg/l of ethanol?
Sol: The theoretical oxidation reaction is as follow:
46g 96g
MW of C2 H5OH = 46
MW of 3O2 = 96
Theoretically 46 mg of ethanol requires 96 mg of oxygen to completely oxidize.

Therefore 300 mg of ethanol will require = 96/46*300 = 626.08mg/l
(a) 626.08 mg/l
19- Determine the stoichiometric air required to combust methane, CH4
Sol: Theoretical oxidation reduction reaction as fallow:

1mole 2mole
16g 64g
MW of CH4 = 16
MW of 2O2 = 64
Fraction of the O2 present in air is 0.21
Theoretically 16 g of methane requires 64 g of O2 to completely oxidize.

Therefore 1 g of methane requires 4 g of O2 to completely oxidize.
Therefore, 1 g of methane requires 19.04 g of air to completely oxidize
(a) 19 g air/g CH4
20- (a) Drying → pyrolysis → reduction→ combustion of volatiles and char

21- (b) Time, temperature and turbulence

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Solution: Assignment no-2.

Part A: (1*12= 12 Marks)

Part B: (2*9= 18 Marks)

The molecular formula of MSW

HHV in MJ/Kg = 0.3516*C + 1.16225*H - 0.1109*O + 0.0628*N + 0.10465*S

HHV = 0.3516*40.5 +1.16225*5.9 -0.1109*20.10 + 0.0628*1 + 0.10465*0.10 = 18.94 MJ/Kg

C in one mole of MSW = 65.5 mole = 12*65.5 g = 786 g

Thus, molecular weight of the MSW = 786+102.3+652.8 + 15.4 = 1565.5 g

The higher heating value of a carbonaceous waste

HHV= 0.3516*C + 1.16225*H - 0.1109*O + 0.0628*N + 0.10465*S

HHV = 0.3516*50.21 +1.16225*6.52 - 0.1109*41.69 + 0.0628*0.98 + 0.10465*0 = 20.66982 MJ/Kg

BOD5 (in mg/L) =

BOD5 = 60*(7.2 - 5) = 132 mg/l

Sol: Given: mass of water in calorimeter (m) = 1500 g,

(a) ∆Hcombustion= – 135 kJ/mol

17- (a) Temperature, pressure and type of gasifying agent

Sol: The theoretical oxidation reaction is as follow:

Theoretically 46 mg of ethanol requires 96 mg of oxygen to completely oxidize.

(a) 626.08 mg/l

19- Determine the stoichiometric air required to combust methane, CH4

Sol: Theoretical oxidation reduction reaction as fallow:

Fraction of the O2 present in air is 0.21

Theoretically 16 g of methane requires 64 g of O2 to completely oxidize.

(a) 19 g air/g CH4

20- (a) Drying → pyrolysis → reduction→ combustion of volatiles and char

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HHV in MJ/Kg = 0.3516C + 1.16225H - 0.1109O + 0.0628N + 0.10465*S

HHV = 0.351640.5 +1.162255.9 -0.110920.10 + 0.06281 + 0.10465*0.10 = 18.94 MJ/Kg

HHV= 0.3516C + 1.16225H - 0.1109O + 0.0628N + 0.10465*S

HHV = 0.351650.21 +1.162256.52 - 0.110941.69 + 0.06280.98 + 0.10465*0 = 20.66982 MJ/Kg