CHAPTER 15: INNATE IMMUNITY  Epidermal dendritic

cells phagocytize
An Overview of the Body’s Defenses
pathogens.
 Resistance to most plant and animal  Dermis
pathogens. o Collagen fibers help skin resist
 Species resistance abrasions that could introduce
o Due to physiological processes of microorganisms.
humans that are incompatible with  Skin has chemicals that defend against
those of the pathogen. pathogens.
 Correct chemical receptors o Antimicrobial peptides
are not present on human (defensins) secreted by dermal
cells. cells.
 Conditions may be o Perspiration secreted by sweat
incompatible with those glands.
needed for pathogen’s  Salt inhibits growth of
survival. pathogens
 Humans do not have innate resistance  Antimicrobial peptides
to a number of pathogens. called dermcidins act
against many bacteria
THREE MAIN LINES OF DEFENSE
and fungi.
 Innate immunity – First two lines of  Lysozyme destroys cell
defense wall of bacteria.
o External physical barriers to o Sebum secreted by sebaceous
pathogens. (oil) glands
o Protective cells, bloodborne  Helps keep skin pliable
chemicals, and processes. and less likely to break
 Adaptive immunity or tear.
 Lowers skin pH to a
Tell me why level inhibitory to many
 Why aren’t the body’s skin and mucous bacteria.
membrane barriers significant factors in The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate
your resistance to infection by Immunity
hyperthermophiles?
 Mucous membranes line all body
The Body’s First Line of Defense cavities open to environment.
 Structures, chemicals, and processes  Two distinct layers:
that work to prevent pathogens o Epithelium
entering the body.  Thin, outer covering of
 Skin and mucous membranes of the the mucous
respiratory, digestive, urinary, and membranes
reproductive systems.  Epithelial cells are living
 Tightly packed to
The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity prevent entry of many
pathogens
 Skin is composed of two major layers
 Continual shedding of
o Epidermis
cells carries away
 Multiple layers of
microorganisms
tightly packed cells.
 Dendritic cells below
 Few pathogens can
epithelium phagocytize
penetrate these layers
pathogens
 Shedding of dead skin
 Goblet and ciliated
cells removes
columnar cells help
microorganisms.
remove invaders
  Deeper connective The Body’s Second Line of Defense
layer that supports the
 Operated when pathogens penetrate
epithelium
the skin or mucous membranes
 Produce chemicals that
 Composed of cells, antimicrobial
defend against
chemicals, and processes
pathogens
o Many of these components are
The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate contained or originate in the
Immunity blood
 Lacrimal apparatus Defense Components of Blood
o Produces and drains tears
 Plasma
o Blinking spread tears and
o Mostly water containing
washes surface of the eye
electrolytes, dissolved gases,
o Lysozyme in tears destroys
nutrients, and proteins
bacteria
o Serum is the fluid remaining
The Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate when clotting factors are
Immunity removed
o Contains iron-binding
 Microbial antagonism
compounds
o Normal microbiota compete
 Iron is needed for
with potential pathogens
metabolism
 Activity of normal microbiota make it
 Some microbes
hard for pathogens to compete
produce iron-binding
o Consume nutrients
proteins (siderophores)
o Create an environment
o Complement proteins and
unfavorable to other
antibodies are also found in
microorganisms
plasma
o Help stimulate the body’s
 Leukocytes (Defensive blood cells)
second line of defense
o Cells and cell fragments in
o Promote overall health by
plasma are called formed
providing vitamins to host
elements
Other First-Line Defenses o Three types of formed
elements:
 Antimicrobial peptides  Erythrocytes
o Present in skin, mucous - Carry oxygen and
membranes, neutrophils carbon dioxide in
o Act against a variety of the blood
microbes  Platelets
o Work in several ways - Involved in blood
 Other processes and chemicals clotting
o Many organs secret chemicals  Leukocytes
with antimicrobial properties - Involved in
defending the body
Tell Me Why
against invaders
 Some Strains of Staphylococcus aureus - Classified as
produce exfoliative toxin, a chemical granulocytes and
that causes portions of the entire outer agranulocytes
layer of the skin to be sloughed off in a o Granulocytes
disease called scalded skin syndrome.  Contain large granules
Given that cells of the outer layer are that stain different
going to fall off anyway, why is this colors
disease dangerous?
 Three types: Nonphagocytic Killing

 Basophils – stain blue with basic dye  Killing by eosinophils

methylene blue o Attack parasitic helminths by
 Eosinophils – stain red/orange with attaching to their surface
acidic dye eosin - Secrete toxins that
 Neutrophils – stain lilac with mix of weaken or kill the
acidic and basic dyes helminth
o Neutrophils and eosinophils - Eosinophilia is often
 Phagocytize pathogens indicative of a
 Capable of diapedesis helminth
o Agranulocytes infestation or
 Cytoplasm appears uniform under a allergies
light microscope o Eosinophil mitochondrial DNA and
proteins form structure that kills
Two Types: some bacteria
 Lymphocytes  Killing by natural killer lymphocytes
 Mostly involved in adaptive o Secretes toxins onto surface of
immunity virally infected cells and tumors
 Natural killer lymphocytes o Differentiate normal body cells
 Monocyte because they have membrane
 Leave the blood and mature proteins similar to the NK cells
into macrophages  Killing by neutrophils
 Phagocytic cells that devour o Can destroy microbes without
foreign objects phagocytosis
o Lab Analysis of leukocytes o Produce chemicals that kill nearby
 Differential white blood cell count invaders
can signal disease o Generate extracellular fibers called
- Increased neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
eosinophils indicate that bind to and kill bacteria
allergies or parasitic
Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against
worm infection
Pathogens
- Bacterial disease
often show increase Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
in leukocytes and o Integral membrane proteins
neutrophils produced by phagocytic cells
- Viral infections o Bind pathogen-associated
show increase in molecular patterns (PAMPs)
lymphocytes o Initiate defensive responses
Phagocytosis  Apoptosis
 Secretion of inflammatory
 Cells capable of phagocytosis are mediators
called phagocytes  Stimulate adaptive immune
 Phagocytosis is not completely response
understood NOD proteins
 Can be divided into SIX STAGES: o Cytosolic proteins that bind PAMPs
1. Chemotaxis o Trigger inflammation, apoptosis,
2. Adherence and other innate responses
3. Ingestion o Mechanism of action still being
4. Maturation researched
5. Killing o Mutations in NOD genes associated
6. Elimination with some inflammatory bowel
diseases
 - Migration of
phagocytes
Interferons
- Tissue repair
o Protein molecules released by
 Chronic
host cells to nonspecifically
- Long-lasting
inhibit the spread of viral
- Damage to tissues
infections
can cause disease
o Cause many symptoms
associated with viral infections
o Two types:
Dilation and increased permeability of blood
 Type I (Alpha and Beta
vessels
 Type II (Gamma)
Complement  Initial response to injury or invasion of
o Set of serum proteins pathogens
designated numerically  Release of inflammatory mediators
according to their order of triggers dilation of blood vessels
discovery o Bradykinin
o Complement activation results o Prostaglandins
in the lysis of the foreign cell o Leukotrienes
o Indirectly trigger inflammation o Histamine
and fever  Signs and symptoms of inflammation
o Complement can be activated can be blocked with antihistamines or
in THREE WAYS: antiprostaglandins
 Classical pathway
 Alternative pathway Migration of phagocytes
 Lectin pathway  Increased blood flow delivers
o Inactivation of complement leukocytes to site of infection
 Body’s own cells o Attach to receptors lining vessels via
withstand complement margination
cascade o Squeeze between vessel’s walls
- Proteins on many o Attracted to site of infection by
cells bind and break chemostatic factors
down activated  Neutrophils arrive first, followed by
complement monocytes
proteins
Inflammation Tissue repair
o Nonspecific response to tissue
 Final stage of inflammation
damage from various causes
 Delivers extra nutrients to oxygen to
o Characterized by redness, heat,
site
swelling, and pain
 Some sites cannot be fully repaired and
o Two types:
form scar tissue
 Acute
- Develops quickly Fever
and is short lived
 Body temperature over 37oC
- Is typically
 Results when pyrogens trigger the
beneficial
hypothalamus to increase the body’s
- Is important in the
core temperature
second line of
 Various types of pyrogens
defense
o Bacterial toxins
- Dilation and
o Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria
increased
permeability of the released by lysis
blood vessels o Antibody-antigen complexes
o Pyrogens released by phagocytes
that have phagocytized bacteria
  Exact mechanism of fever is not known
 Continues as long as pyrogens are
present
 Outcomes of fever
o Enhances effects of interferons
o Inhibits growth of some microbes
o May enhance the activities of
phagocytes, cells of specific
immunity, and the process of tissue
repair

Tell Me Why

Why are pathogen-associated molecular

patterns (PAMPs) necessary for Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) to fully function?