Pechay Body

Republic of the Philippines
APAYAO STATE COLLEGE

Conner, Apayao 3807 Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Pechay (Brassica Rapa) is one of the most known vegetables in the Philippines. It
is known as one of the oldest green vegetables in Asia. Pechay is cultivated in temperate
regions worldwide. The pechay has the largest terminal bud known for any plant. Both
terminal buds and the leaves are edible.
The Pechay is a nutritious food and easy to digest. It is rich in vitamin A, B, C, D
and E. Also, sulfur, phosphorus and iron. Aside from nutrients, you can also use the
pechay in many ways. Just like the broth and leaves which can be used as a remedy for
different illness and it can also use in cooking.
The chicken manure is the feces of chicken used as an organic fertilizer,
especially for soil low in nitrogen. Of all animal manures, it has the highest amount of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Chicken manure has a great role in the growth of a
plant with nitrogen and phosphorus present in it. It can give the best nutrients that plant
needs.
In this study the researcher decided to grow pechay on a foliar fertilizer by using a
chicken manure. It is because we all know nowadays most of the farmers make use of the
commercial fertilizer that is very dangerous specially to the consumers. They said that
1
commercial fertilizers are more effective especially if you want to sell more. It is also
because of the fast development of technology which we can’t really avoid. So, this study
aims on producing a natural product using the compost of the chicken dung.
Statement of the Problem
Generally, the study aims to test the growth performance of Pechay (Brasicca
Rapa) using the chicken manure as a foliar fertilizer. Specifically, the study aims:
1. To determine which among the treatment will give the highest growth
performance in terms of the following parameters:
1.1 Height at maturity (cm)
1.2 Leaves length (cm)
1.3 Plants weight (kg)
2. Is there a significance difference in growth of Pechay with a treatment (foliar
fertilizer) and without treatment (control)?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in using chicken manure as a foliar fertilizer
when comparing in using only water on the growth performance of Pechay
2
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this study consists of comparing two subjects
namely, chicken manure foliar fertilizer and water.
The only difference between chicken manure foliar fertilizer and water is that
chicken manure is usually made from natural materials namely chicken dung, while water
is an only a pure substance that can’t provide the other nutrients that plant needs.
Plants need the same basic elements for growth whether they are provided by the
two treatment. Every farmer or gardener must decide for themselves which method they
wish to use, but it is usually best to make one’s decision based on sound science, which
exists for both types of fertilizer. Chicken manure or organic fertilizer is one of the
sources of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other microelements. These fertilizers
are stable and can be easily transported at long distance.
Independent variables Dependent variables
Application of chicken manure  Height at maturity

tea as a foliar fertilizer and  Leaves length
water as a control  Plants weight
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
3
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focusses on the growth of pechay as affected by chicken manure
applied as a foliar fertilizer. The experimental will be conducted at Brgy. Malama,
Conner, Apayao from March to April 2020.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study will benefit the following:
Local farmers. This study gives information to the farmers that using chicken
manure as a foliar fertilizer is less cost and improves their crop production.
Government Agencies. Will know the needs of farmers by providing some
programs such as trainings and seminars.
Manufacturers. Manufacturers will gain insides and knowledge about the crop
production using chicken manure as a foliar organic fertilizer in Pechay.
Future researcher. This study will be one of the basis or references of the future
researchers whose focus is on the same field of the study.
4
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Pechay (Brassica Rapa)
Pechay (Brassica Rapa) belongs to the Brassiceae family and one of the most widely
known vegetables in the Philippines. It plays an important in the Philippines economy
and as well as the nutrition of the Filipino people.
According to Renee (2018), this vegetable is high in folic acid and rich in vitamin K.
It also has a good calcium source that keeps the bone strong. Whether it will be served in
salad or to be added in a smoothie.
Chicken Manure
Chicken manure is very high in nitrogen and contains a good amount of potassium
and phosphorus. The high nitrogen and balance nutrients are the reason that chicken
manure compost is the best kind of manure to use.
But the high nitrogen and the chicken manure is dangerous to plants if the manure
has not been properly composted. Raw chicken manure fertilizer can burn and even kill
plants if use. Composting chicken manure mellows the nitrogen and makes the manure
suitable for the garden.
5
Delpha (2008), plant applied with chicken dung produce the tallest plant 30 days
after planting with a mean of 58.50 cm. the shortest are plant in treatment A (no
application of organic fertilizer) with a mean of 51.01 cm at 40 days after planting, the
tallest plant are obtained from plants in treatment A with 119.67 cm.
Maypa (2004), reported that application of natural farming system (NFS) concoction
resulted to better growth and higher yield of vegetable crops were 52.35% for Cauli
flower, 60.45% Cabbage, 50.60% for Ampalaya, 73% for Eggplant and 40% for Snap
beans.
Purpose of using a chicken manure as a fertilizer
According to Rhoades (2018), fertilizing is one of the most important part in
gardening. Chicken manure is an organic fertilizer that is rich in nitrogen, and with no
doubt consist of a good amount of the element’s potassium and phosphorus.
Potassium present in chicken manure help regulates the opening and closing of the
stomata and regulates carbon dioxide uptake. It also activates enzymes and essential to
produce ATP, which is an important energy source (potassium in plants and soil, n.d).
Phosphorus which is also present in chicken manure has a great role in the growth of
a plant. It helps a plant convert other nutrients into usable building blocks to grow
(Rhoades 2018).
6
Having nitrogen which is also a primary component of chicken manure have a
specific development in plants. It supports plants rapid growth and health development.
With nitrogen present, the growth and development of vital plant tissues and cells like the
cell membrane and chlorophyll is formed.
Chicken manure has all the right nutrients to keep your plants and crops in high
yielding. It contains some micronutrients like calcium, copper and iron that which is also
necessary to the plant health and can aid any diseases that may will occur to the plants.
The amount of manure as a source of nutrients to plants has recognize since then.
The poultry manure concentrated the plants food consist of 1-2 times as much nitrogen 3-
4 times as much as phosphorus and equal amount of potassium. In addition of being
reliable source of plants nutrients, chicken manure is vital to soil conditioner and it
enriched the soil nutrients holding and moisture-holding capacity.
Fertilizer
Fertilizer are materials used to supplement the deficiency of nutrients in the soil and
are needed by the plants for their growth and development. In addition, this are either
natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements taken from the soil by
previous crops. Fertilizers maybe divided into two broad groups, the organic and
inorganic or chemical. In organic or chemical fertilizers are either mixed or manufactured
and are costly. High analysis, rapid solubility and availability necessity some caution
when applying these fertilizers. An organic fertilizer is derived from a living plant or
7
animal source. Nitrogen in organic fertilizers is slow to become available for plant use
because the organic nitrogen must first be reduced by microorganism to ammonia or
nitrate that are usable by plants.
The use of manure and composts as fertilizers is probably almost as old as
agriculture. Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more of the 3 elements that are
most important in plant nutrition: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium, of secondary
importance are the elements: Sulfur, magnesium and calcium.
Most nitrogen fertilizer are obtained from synthetic ammonia. This chemical
compound (NH3) is used either as a gas or in water solution, or it is converted into salt
such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate, but
packinghouse waste, treated garbage, sewage and manure are also common source of it.
Phosphorus fertilizers includes calcium phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acid,
respectively. Potassium fertilizer, namely potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, are
mined from potash deposits. Mixed fertilizer contains more than 1 of the 3 major
nutrients-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Mixed fertilizers can be formulated in
hundreds of ways (Britanica Encyclopedia, 2004).
Organic Farming
Organic farming is also called organic gardening system of crop cultivation
employing biological methods of fertilization and pest control as substitute from
chemical fertilizer and pesticide. The latter products are regarded by proponents of
8
organic methods as injurious to health and the environment unnecessary for successful
cultivation.
Biological pest control is achieved through preventive methods, including diversified
crop farming, crop rotation and the planting of pest-deterrent species, and by pest
management techniques, including the released of sterile male insects, and predators of
pests. Organic farming uses less petroleum then do conventional farming and is the most
compatible with diversified, small scale, labor-intensive cultivation (Britanica
Encyclopedia, 2004).
Mapusua (2008), organic fertilizer is also being investigated by universities and
other competent agencies in the region. Organic aquaculture, sustainable forestry,
sustainable fisheries, and sustainable tourism are generating interest by government
throughout the region, and there is full support from local stakeholders involved to
collaborate in supporting regional development. However, there has been very little
research done in the pacific island on organic, and even less on vegetables.
According to Zia et al. (2000), continuous use of chemical fertilizers even in
balanced proportion will not be able to sustain crop productivity due to the deterioration
in soil health. Application of organic manures or some organic waste was found useful,
but integrated use of organic wastes and chemical fertilizer has proved more rewarding.
Horan et al., 2004, Organic fertilizer inputs in agricultural fields in the present
scenario has significant environmental benefits over the use of chemical fertilizers and
9
the practice has gained much importance. Organic matters such as animal manure,
sewage sludge, and food wastes are decomposed using the anaerobic digestion process
which has been reported to be an effective measure in controlling enteric pathogens.
Buchanan, 2000, Organic fertilizer can offer opportunities for more efficient
nitrogen use when they are applied through a drip irrigation system-such an application is
called fertigation. Any nutrient in a water-soluble form is readily available for plant
uptake just after application, leading to a more efficient use of fertilizer.
Shamshuddin et al., (2011) used peat, chicken dung, and basalt mainly to reduce Al
toxicity, and these sources also contain additional nutrients. For instance, basalt contains
large amounts of Ca, Mg, and K and also some P and S. Basalt can be seen as a slow –
release fertilizers as it may take more than 9 months for basalt to react effectively in soils.
After 27 months, still not all basalt had dissolved in the field.
Ruf et al., 2015, Composition of manure may vary widely depending on the diet,
health, and type of animal. The nutrients transferred to the soil further depend strongly on
the handling, storage, and application of the manure.
Abubaker et al., 2012, Relative to commercial or conventional organic fertilizer, the
waste products of biogas- like slurry is a newly introduced material in agriculture. Like
the developed countries, the digestion is also a widely accepted technique in developing
countries. Worldwide interest in production of biogas exists because anaerobic digestion
10
reduces the volume of the waste, yields biogas for energy, and produces mineral- rich
fertilizer amendments for soil.
Foliar fertilization
He et al., 2013, Another agronomic approach widely used to correct micronutrient
deficiencies is foliar fertilization. This technique is considered an efficient short- term
approach to increase mineral contents in plant.
11
CHAPTER III
Methodology
Research Design
The researcher will be using experimental or investigatory method of research.
Locale of the Study
The study will be conducted at Malama, Conner, Apayao from March to April
2020.
Materials
The following materials will be using in the study:
 RAMGO Pechay seeds
 Seedling tray for seed sowing
 Chicken manure/dung and water
 Spray bottle for spraying the leaves of Pechay
 Meter stick for measuring the length (cm) of Pechay and will be used for
land preparation.
 Bolo for digging plot
 Weighing scale for getting the exact weight (cm) of Pechay.
 Bucket as a mixing material and sugar for mixing ingredient.
12
 Water Spinach and Potato tops as an FPJ
 Manila paper – for covering the pot
 Rubber bands or strings- used to tie up the manila paper to the pot.
Treatments
The rate of application that will be used is 1L per plot. For treatments:
 T0- control (no concoction will be applied)
 T1- foliar application (chicken manure)
 T3- foliar application (fermented plant juice)
Experimental Design and Field Lay-out
The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) will be used in the study with
the different treatments. There were 9 plots using strip single treatment/replication with 3
rows per treatment representing as blocks. These was used by spraying process was
adopted in treatment formulation.
Field Lay-out
Plot size: 1m x 2m
Planting distance: 12.5cm x 12.5cm
B1
T2 T0 T1
13
B2
T0 T2 T1
B3
T1 T2 T0
Preparations
Land Preparation
Land preparation begins on March 2020. The land will be cleared from working
materials and plowed once. Harrowing will follow to break the clods for a better soil tilt.
The prepared area will be laid out using a meter stick.
Seed Sowing
The seed will be sown in seedling tray filled with 100% garden soil.
Transplanting
The seedlings will be transplanted in the area 14 days after sowing.
Watering
Watering newly transplanted seedlings will be done regularly in the afternoon
with equal amount of water.
14
Procedure and Application
Procedure for making chicken manure tea as a Foliar Fertilizer
1. The fresh chicken dung will be dry in seven (7) days.
2. Dip the dried chicken dung in 1L of water as a resulting a chicken manure tea,
then remove the undissolved chicken dung after 5 minutes in a mixing bucket
3. Mix in a bucket the 1L of chicken manure tea and 1kg of sugar to 3L of water.
4. The final product will be used as a foliar fertilizer.
Procedure in Making FPJ as a Foliar Fertilizer
1. Collect the water spinach and potato tops early in the morning while they are
fresh, and the microorganisms are still present. Do not wash the plant materials.
2. Cut the plant materials into small pieces so that the juice can be easily extracted.
3. Put 1kg. of a chopped water spinach and 1kg. of chopped potato tops in a pot, add
1 kg. brown sugar, then mix thoroughly with your hands.
4. Cover the pot with manila paper and secure with a string or rubber band. Paper is
used as cover to allow some air to get inside the pot and for the gas that is being
produced during the fermentation process to escape.
5. Store the container with the mixture in a cool dry shady place.
6. After 7 days, lift the mixture and squeeze hard to get the remaining extract.
7. Mix 2 tablespoon of Fermented plants juice to a 1L of water.
15
Application of Foliar Fertilizer
1. Put the final product in a bottle spray.
2. Spray the Petchay in its leaves every morning.
Data Gathering Procedure
Data to be Gathered
1. Weekly Height of plants (cm) – this will be done by measuring the distance
from the base to tip of the highest leaf of the represented plants.
2. Length of leaves (cm) – this will be done by measuring the length of pechay
that has a largest leaf in each treatment.
3. Weight of Pechay (kg) – this will be done by weighing the biggest pechay in
the two field of treatment in each replication.
Statistical Tool
The researchers will be using the One-way ANOVA to gather and examine the
difference between the 3 treatments.
16
Bibliography
Abubakar, S. M., (2012). Performance of greenhouse tomato (lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) under compost mulch type. Acta Horticulturae no. 1164 pp. 203-208.
Britanica Encyclopedia Deluxe Edition. 2004 CD-D ROM. Organic Farming.
Buchunan, (2000). Biohythane production of post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater:
A comparison of two-stage fermentation and catalytic hydrothermal gasification.
Bioresource technology v.274 pp. 335-342.
Delpha, (2006). Plant applied with Chicken Dung. Int. J. Agri. Biol., Vol. 3, No. 4.
He, Ruirui; Wan, Pan, (2013). Soil microbial community characteristics under different
vegetation types at the national nature reserve of Xiaolongshan Mountains, Noethwest
China. Ecological Informatics v.55 pp. 101020.
Horan, Heidi: Hochman, Zvi, (2004). Cause of wheat yield gaps and opportunities to
advance the water-limited yield frontier in Australia. Field crops research 2 004 v.228
pp. 20-30.
Mapusua, K. (2008). Organic agriculture in the Pacific. In: IFOAM/FiBL (2008): The
world of Organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging Trends 2008.IFOAM,
Bonn&FiBL., Frick
Maypa, (2004). Growth and Yield performance of Plant as affected by the different
Organic fertilizer.
Renee, J., (2018). The nutrients of Pechay.
Rhoades, H., (2018). Using chicken manure fertilizer in your garden.
Ruf, Th.; Emmerling, C. (2015). Site-adapted production of bioenergy feedstocks on
poorly drained cropland through the cultivation of perennial crops. A feasibility on
Biomass yield and biochemical methane potential.
Shamshuddin, J. et. al. (2011). Impact of Mg rich synthetic gympsum application on the
environment and palm oil quality. The science of the total environment v.652 pp. 573-
582.
Zia, M.S., R.A. Mann, M. Aslam, M.A. Khan and F. Hussain. 2000. The role of green
manuring in sustaining rice-wheat production. In: Proc. Symp. “integrated Plant
Nutrition Management”, NDFC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Pp. 130-149.
17
APPENDIX A
(Request Letter)
18
MRS. ZENAIDA A. CRUZ

SHS-Coordinator
Apayao State college
Malama, Conner, Apayao
Dear Ma’am,
Greetings! We, the undersigned Grade 12 students of Apayao State College
presently conducting a research entitled “APPLICATION OF CHICKEN MANURE
TEA AS A FOLIAR FERTILIZER IN GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF
PECHAY” as part of the requirements of the program.
In this regard, the undersigned request the approval of your good office to conduct
the data gathering outside the school campus at Barangay Malama, Conner, Apayao.
Thank you very much for your favorable approval and endorsement of this
request.
Respectfully yours,
ANGULUAN, ANGELICO A.
CRUZ, JOHN VINCENT A.
AGGURAN, JAYVAN S.
LADERA, RALPH A.
DANAO, DODDZ R.
Noted by:
ESTEBAN I. PATTING III

Research Instructor
19
APPENDIX B
(Curriculum Vitae)
20
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Jayvan S. Agguran
Age : 18
Place of Birth : Tuguegarao City
Date of Birth : September 06, 2002
Address : Caglayan, Rizal, Cagayan
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Religion : CAMACOP
Parent’s Name
Father’s Name : Querovin B. Agguran
Mother’s Name : Jacinta S. Agguran
Educational Background
Elementary : Caglayan Elementary School
Junior High School : Conner Central National High School – Main Campus
Senior High School : Apayao State College
21
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Angelico A. Anguluan
Age : 17
Place of Birth : Malama, Conner, Apayao
Date of Birth : December 17, 2002
Address : Malama, Conner, Apayao
Gender : Male
Religion : Roman Catholic
Parent’s Name
Father’s Name : Richard C. Anguluan
Mother’s Name : Jenelyn A. Anguluan
Elementary : Conner Central School
Junior High School : Ili National High School
22
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : John Vincent A. Cruz
Age : 18
Place of Birth : Tuguegarao City
Date of Birth : February 02, 2002
Address : Malama, Conner, Apayao
Gender : Male
Parent’s Name
Father’s Name : Fernando A. Cruz
Mother’s Name : Zenaida A. Cruz
Elementary School : Conner Central School
Junior High School : Ili National High School
23
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Doddz R. Danao
Age : 18
Place of Birth : Battut, Rizal, Cagayan
Date of Birth : July 17, 2001
Address : Battut, Rizal, Cagayan
Gender : Male
Parent’s Name
Father’s Name : Alfonso B. Danao
Mother’s Name : Florida R. Danao
Elementary : Rizal Central School
Junior High School : Saint Francis Academy
24
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name : Ralph A. Ladera
Age : 17
Place of Birth : Duyun, Rizal, Cagayan
Date of Birth : February 28, 2002
Address : Duyun, Rizal, Cagayan
Gender : Male
Parent’s Name
Father’s Name : Benito T. Ladera
Mother’s Name : Marissa A. Ladera
Elementary : Duyun Elementary School
Junior High School : Saint Francis Academy
25

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Republic of the Philippines

APAYAO STATE COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The Problem and Its Background

terminal buds and the leaves are edible.

The Pechay is a nutritious food and easy to digest. It is rich in vitamin A, B, C, D

different illness and it can also use in cooking.

The chicken manure is the feces of chicken used as an organic fertilizer,

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Statement of the Problem

performance in terms of the following parameters:

1.1 Height at maturity (cm)

1.2 Leaves length (cm)

1.3 Plants weight (kg)

2. Is there a significance difference in growth of Pechay with a treatment (foliar

fertilizer) and without treatment (control)?

There is no significant difference in using chicken manure as a foliar fertilizer

when comparing in using only water on the growth performance of Pechay

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The theoretical framework of this study consists of comparing two subjects

namely, chicken manure foliar fertilizer and water.

sources of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other microelements. These fertilizers

are stable and can be easily transported at long distance.

Independent variables Dependent variables

Application of chicken manure  Height at maturity

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focusses on the growth of pechay as affected by chicken manure

applied as a foliar fertilizer. The experimental will be conducted at Brgy. Malama,

Conner, Apayao from March to April 2020.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will benefit the following:

Government Agencies. Will know the needs of farmers by providing some

programs such as trainings and seminars.

production using chicken manure as a foliar organic fertilizer in Pechay.

researchers whose focus is on the same field of the study.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Review of Related Literature

Pechay (Brassica Rapa)

known vegetables in the Philippines. It plays an important in the Philippines economy

and as well as the nutrition of the Filipino people.

salad or to be added in a smoothie.

manure compost is the best kind of manure to use.

suitable for the garden.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Purpose of using a chicken manure as a fertilizer

According to Rhoades (2018), fertilizing is one of the most important part in

doubt consist of a good amount of the element’s potassium and phosphorus.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Having nitrogen which is also a primary component of chicken manure have a

cell membrane and chlorophyll is formed.

4 times as much as phosphorus and equal amount of potassium. In addition of being

enriched the soil nutrients holding and moisture-holding capacity.

inorganic or chemical. In organic or chemical fertilizers are either mixed or manufactured

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

because the organic nitrogen must first be reduced by microorganism to ammonia or

nitrate that are usable by plants.