Differential or Fly Levelling - Reduce Levels by H.I Method Aim of Experiment

DIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELLING – REDUCE LEVELS BY H.
I
METHOD
Aim of Experiment:
To find the difference in elevation and calculate the reduced levels of various
points by H.I method.
Equipment’s:
Auto level, Tripod stand, Leveling staff, arrows, pegs.
Principle:
In order to find difference of level between two points on the ground, it is
necessary to establish a level surface above the two points and measure the vertical
distance from it to the points. The difference between these measurements will
give the difference in level between the points. It is possible to get a horizontal
surface from the line of sight of a telescope adjusted into the horizontal position.
This is done by any Levelling instrument.
Therefore, by setting up a Levelling instrument at a suitable location on the ground
it is possible to obtain difference between levels of two points. Automatic level is a
very convenient Levelling instrument. When the difference in level between two
points cannot be obtained by one set-up of Levelling instrument, it is necessary to
repeat the process. This process of using a series of several set-ups of Levelling
instrument to find the level difference between two distantly placed points is called
fly Levelling.
Procedure
General procedure for measuring elevations using a level:
1. Place the staff over a bench mark (BM), whose reduced level is known, and set
up the instrument in convenient and safe location where the BM (point A) is
visible. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called back sight (B.S).
2. Place staff over B. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called Intermediate
sight (I.S).
3. Place staff over C. Since the distance between the level and D is long, so it is not
possible to read the staff over D from the current level position (pos 1). So take the
last reading over C for this position, this will be a foresight (F.S).
4. Now, move the instrument to a new position (position 2) and take the reading on
the previous position of the staff (over C). This position of staff is known as
Turning Point (T.P) and this reading will be back sight (BS).
5. Now, shift the staff to the point D and take reading, this reading will be foresight
(F.S).
Tabulation:
Calculations
1. The height of instrument position (1) can be calculated as: HI of position 1 =
Elevation of BM + BS at BM
2. The reduced level of any point (i) taken from position 1, can be calculated as:
R.L of point i = HI of position 1 – staff reading at point i
3. The height of instrument position (2) can be calculated as: HI of position 2 =
Reduced level of TP1 + BS at TP1
4. The reduced level of any point (i) taken from position 2, can be calculated as:
R.L of point i = HI of position 2 – staff reading at point i
5. And so on….
6. Checks: The following checks on the booking and arithmetic calculations are
performed:
A) Number of BS readings = Number of FS readings
B) ∑BS - ∑FS = RL of last point – RL of first point
Arithmetic checks:
1. LRl – FRl = 42.842 – 43.000 = - 0.158 m
2. ΣBS – ΣFS = 7.561 – 7.719 = - 0.158 m
Therefore ok
RESULT: The various reduced levels are calculated by using plane of collimation
method and are shown in observation table.
DIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELLING – REDUCE LEVELS BY RISE
AND FALL METHOD
Aim of Experiment:
To find the difference in elevation and to calculate the reduced level of various
points by Rise and Fall method.
Equipment’s:
Auto level, Leveling staff. arrows, pegs, Tripod stand.
Principle:
Principle:
In order to find difference of level between two points on the ground, it is
necessary to establish a level surface above the two points and measure the vertical
distance from it to the points. The difference between these measurements will
give the difference in level between the points. It is possible to get a horizontal
surface from the line of sight of a telescope adjusted into the horizontal position.
This is done by any Levelling instrument.
Therefore, by setting up a Levelling instrument at a suitable location on the ground
it is possible to obtain difference between levels of two points. Automatic level is a
very convenient Levelling instrument. When the difference in level between two
points cannot be obtained by one set-up of Levelling instrument, it is necessary to
repeat the process. This process of using a series of several set-ups of Levelling
instrument to find the level difference between two distantly placed points is called
fly Levelling.
Procedure:
General procedure for measuring elevations using a level:
1. Place the staff over a bench mark (BM), whose reduced level is known, and set
up the instrument in convenient and safe location where the BM (point A) is
visible. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called back sight (B.S). See Figure
2
2. Place staff over B. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called Intermediate
sight (I.S).
3. Place staff over C. Since the distance between the level and D is long, so it is not
possible to read the staff over D from the current level position (pos 1). So take the
last reading over C for this position, this will be a foresight (F.S).
4. Now, move the instrument to a new position (position 2) and take the reading on
the previous position of the staff (over C). This position of staff is known as
Turning Point (T.P) and this reading will be back sight (BS).
5. Now, shift the staff to the point D and take reading, this reading will be foresight
(F.S).
Calculations:
1. The difference in elevation between any two successive points (say A and B)
can be calculated as:
Elevation difference between A and B = first reading at A – second reading at B
2. NOTE, for any two successive staff readings:
 Second reading smaller than first reading represents a Rise (The sign of
elevation difference is positive).
 Second reading greater than first reading represents a Fall (The sign of
elevation difference is negative).
3. If the elevation of the first point is known, then the elevation of the second
point can be calculated as:
Height of B = height of A + rise (in rise case)
or
Height of B = Height of A – fall (in fall case)

4. Checks: The following checks on the booking and arithmetic calculations are
performed:
A) Number of BS readings = Number of FS readings
B) ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = RL of last point – RL of first point
Arithmetic checks:
1. LRl – FRl = 42.842 – 43.000 = - 0.158 m
2. ΣBS – ΣFS = 7.561 – 7.719 = - 0.158 m
3. ΣR – ΣF = 4.932 – 5.090 = - 0.158 m
THEREFORE OK
RESULT:
The various reduced levels are calculated by rise and fall method
are shown in observation table.

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DIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELLING – REDUCE LEVELS BY H.

Height of B = Height of A – fall (in fall case)

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