Experiment 4 LEVELLING

1
Experiment LEVELLING
Date: STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS
AIM
To study the instruments used in levelling.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy level with tripod, levelling staff
1. Dumpy Level
The dumpy level consists of the levelling head, telescope and level or bubble tube. The
telescope is firmly secured in 2 collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage carried by the
vertical spindle. The bubble tube is attached to the top of the telescope. A clamping screw is
provided to control the measurements of the spindle about the vertical axis. For small or
precise movement of slow motion, a tangent screw is provided.
2
Temporary Adjustments
They are the following.

i. Setting up the Level
It includes (a) fixing instrument on the stand (b) levelling the instrument.
ii. Fixing up
To fix the level to tripod, the clamp screw is released, the instrument is held in the right hand
and is fixed on the tripod by turning round only the lower part with left hand. The tripod legs
are adjusted to make the bubble centre.
iii. Levelling up
Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screws. Bring the bubble to the centre of its run
by turning these screws equally either both inwards or both outwards. Turn the telescope 90°
so that it lies over the third foot screw and centre the bubble by turning this screw. Bring the
telescope back to its original position without reversing the eyepiece and object glass ends.
Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat the operation until the bubble
remains in the centre of its run in both positions, which are at right angles to each other.
iv. Focussing the eyepiece
To focus the eyepiece for the distant vision of the cross hairs hold a sheet of white paper in
front of the objective and move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs are seen sharp and
distinct.
v. Focussing the object glass
The telescope is now directed towards the staff and the focusing screw is turned till the image
appears sharp and clear. The image so formed is in the plane of cross hairs.
2. Leveling Staff
A leveling staff is a straight rectangular rod having graduations, the foot of the staff
representing zero reading. It is used to determine the amount by which the station is above or
below the line of sight. Thickness of each graduation is 5mm spaces indicating the meter
reading, which are marked in black against a white background. The whole numbers of feet is
generally marked in red to the left side of the staff in always seen through the telescope; the
reading appears to be inverted. The readings are therefore taken downwards.
Holding the staff

Almost care should be taken in holding the staff truly vertical while reading is being taken. If
the staff is not vertical the reading will be more. Sometimes the staff is held inverted when
the point is above the plane of the object. It should be seen that each length is drawn to its fall
extent when required.
Reading the staff
After the levelling of the instrument, the telescope is turned towards the staff and then
focused. Bring the staff between two vertical hairs and always use the horizontal cross hair in
reading at which the cross hair appears to cut the staff.
3
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN LEVELLING

Level Surface
A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spheriodal surface of the earth.
Horizontal Plane
A horizontal plane through any point is a plane tangential to the level surface at that point.
Vertical Line
A vertical line at any point is a line normal to the level surface through that point.
Vertical Plane
A vertical plane is a plane containing a vertical line.
Vertical Angle
A vertical angle is an angle between the two intersecting lines in a vertical plane.
Datum Surface
A datum surface or line is any arbitrary assumed level surface or line from which the vertical
distances are taken.
Elevation
The elevation of a point is its vertical above or below the datum.
Line of Collimation
The line of collimation is the line joining the intersection of the cross hairs to the optical
centre of the object glass and its continuation.
Bench Marks
A bench mark is a fixed reference point whose elevation with respect to a fixed datum is
known. They are of 4 different types :-
(a) G.T.S. Bench Marks

They are the bench marks established with high precision over the country by the survey
of Indian department and their position and elevation above the standard datum are given in a
catalogue by that department.
(b) Permanent Bench Marks
They are the fixed points of reference established between the G.T.S. bench marks of the
government agencies such as the PWD or clearly defined permanent points.
(c) Arbitrary Bench Marks
They are the reference points whose elevations are arbitrarily assumed. They are used in
small leveling operations.
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(d) Temporary Bench Marks

They are the reference points established at the end of the days work or when there is a
break in the work, assumed to be continued with reference to these.
Back Sight (B.S)

Back sight is a sight taken on the rod held at a point of known elevation, to ascertain the
amount by which the line of sight is above that point and thus obtain the height of the
instrument.
Fore Sight (F.S)
It is a sight taken on the rod held at a point of unknown elevation to ascertain the amount by
which the point is below the line of sight and thus to obtain the elevation of the station.
Change Point
Change point is a point on which both foresight and back sight are taken. The foresight is
taken on the point in one set of set of instrument to ascertain the elevation of the point, while
the back sight is taken on the same point in other set of instrument to establish the new height
of the instrument.
Intermediate Station
It is a point intermediate between two turning points.
Height Of Collimation Method

In this method, the height of the instrument is calculated by adding back sight to the
reduced level of the bench mark. The reduced levels of the intermediate points and the first
change points are then obtained by subtracting the staff readings taken on these points (I.S &
F.S ) from the elevation of the plane of collimation (H.I) When the instrument is shifted to
the second position, a new plane of collimation is set up. The levels of the two plane of
collimation (first and second) are co-related by means of B.S and F.S taken on the change
point. The elevation of this plane is obtained by adding other new back sight taken on the
change point from the second position of the level to the reduced level of the first change
point. The reduced levels of the successive points and the second change point are found by
subtracting this staff readings from the elevation of this plane of collimation.
Arithmetic Check
Σ Back sight – Σ Fore sight = Last reduced level – First reduced level.
Rise and Fall Method

In this method, the difference of the level between consecutive points is determined by
comparing each point after the first with that immediately preceding it. The difference
between their staff readings indicates a rise or a fall according as the staff reading at the point
is smaller or greater than that at the preceding point. The reduced level of each point is then
found by adding the rise or subtracting the fall from the R.L of the preceding point.
Arithmetic Check
Σ Rise – Σ Fall = Last reduced level – First reduced level.
RESULT : The various instruments used in levelling was studied.

5
Experiment DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING
Date HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION AND RISE AND FALL METHOD
AIM
To find the level difference between the points A and B. Given the RL of bench mark is
100.00m.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy level with tripod, leveling staff.
PROCEDURE
1) Stations A and B were given.

2) The tripod was fixed on the ground and its dumpy level was fixed and adjustments
were done. The telescope was placed parallel to any two foot screws . The bubble
was brought to centre. The telescope was turned 90° and again the bubble was
centered.
3) The eyepiece was focused such that the cross hairs were clearly visible and made free
from parallax.
4) The leveling staff at B.M was sighted and reading was taken as B.S. Then point A is
sighted.
5) The point ‘B’ was not visible from this station. So a change point was chosen and the
reading of this C.P was taken.
6) The instrument was shifted to another station such that the point ‘B’ was visible.
7) From this station the B.S of the C.P and the reading of the point ‘B’ was taken.
8) Calculations were done using height of collimation method and rise and fall method.
Arithmetic check was done
RESULT
The level difference between the points A and B was found to be _________
6
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION
HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION
Height of
BS IS FS Collimation R.L Distance Remarks
RISE & FALL METHOD
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall R.L Distance Remarks

Experiment 4 LEVELLING

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1

They are the following.

Holding the staff

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN LEVELLING

(a) G.T.S. Bench Marks

(d) Temporary Bench Marks

Back Sight (B.S)

Height Of Collimation Method

Rise and Fall Method

RESULT : The various instruments used in levelling was studied.

Experiment DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING

Date HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION AND RISE AND FALL METHOD

Dumpy level with tripod, leveling staff.

1) Stations A and B were given.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

RISE & FALL METHOD

Station BS IS FS Rise Fall R.L Distance Remarks

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