1.

Accusative (galininkas)
Accusative is quite easy to understand because it indicates the direct object of the
sentence that the action is being performed on. For example if I say „I read a
book“, „I“ am the subject and „a book“ is a direct object which is being read by me.

1. As mentioned before, the main function of accusative is to define a direct object,

for example:

 Dabar aš skaitau įdomią knygą. I am reading an interesting book now.

 Ar pažįsti mano sesę? Do you know my sister?
 Visada norėjau aplankyti draugus I always wanted to visit my friends in
Spain.
 Atsiųsk man žinutę. Send me a message.
 Jie turėjo išmokti visus pavyzdžius. They had to learn all the examples.

2. Some prepositions require accusative case:

 Apie. Aš noriu tau papasakoti apie Lietuvą. I want to tell you about

Lithuania.
 Į. Jis norėjo keliauti į Afriką. He wanted to travel to Africa.
 Pas. Vakar negalėjau pas tave ateiti, nes buvau užsiėmęs. Yesterday I
couldn‘t come by because I was busy.
 Per. Sportuoju tris kartus per savaitę. I do sports three times a week.
 Prieš. Jis man paskambino prieš valandą. He called me an hour ago.
Jis sėdi prieš mane. He is sitting in front of me.
Esi už ar prieš mirties bausmę? Are you for or against death penalty?

3. We also use accusative in a lot of time expressions:

 Pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį, žiemą. In spring, in summer, in autumn, in winter.

 Šią savaitę, šį mėnesį, savaitgalį. This week, this month, on the weekend.
 Naktį, dieną (bet: ryte, vakare), vidurnaktį, vidudienį. At night, in the
afternoon, at midnight, at noon. [Note that „in the morning“ and „in the evening“ is
usually used in locative case – ryte, vakare].
 Buvome Ispanijoje dvi dienas, tris savaites, keturis mėnesius… We stayed
in Spain for two days, three weeks, four months.
 Pirmą, antrą, trečią, ketvirtą … valandą. At one, two three, four … o‘clock.
 Pirmadienį, antradienį, trečiadienį… On Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday…

2. Dative (naudininkas)
The word naudininkas derives from the word nauda, which means benefit or profit
and this case defines an indirect object, the receiver of the action.

When and where do we use dative case in Lithuanian?

1. The question “kam?” means “to / for whom?” and this question is answered by
the dative case, which defines the indirect object. For example:

 Aš noriu atsiųsti tau žinutę. I want to send you a message. [A message is a

direct object and you are the one who is receiving the message, so the word you -
„tau“ – is used in dative]
 Aš tau skolingas 10 eurų. I owe you 10 euros.
 Ar gali man paskambinti rytoj? Can you call me tomorrow?
 Kaip padėsi savo mamai? How will you help your mother?
 Ką norėjai man papasakoti? What did you want to tell me?

2. Dative is also used with verbs patikti (to like) and reikėti (to need). The verb
“like” is used in the same manner as in Spanish – me gusta, te gusta and so on:

 Lietuviams patinka skųstis. Lithuanians like to complain. [And I am pretty

sure you have noticed it if you know any Lithuanians].
 Man patinka susitikti su draugais. I like to meet friends.
 Jai nepatinka tavo megztinis. She doesn‘t like your sweater.
 Man reikia išlaikyti egzaminą. I need to pass the exam.
 Mums reikia tavo pagalbos. We need your help.
3. There are some verbs which require dative case. Let‘s look at them:

 Dėkoti. Norėčiau jums padėkoti už palaikymą! I would like to thank you for

support!
 Mūsų komanda atstovavo Lietuvai. Our team represented Lithuania.
 Netrukdyk man! Aš turiu daug darbo. Don’t disturb me! I have a lot of work
to do.
 Jis nesugebėjo vadovauti įmonei. He failed to manage the company.
 Prieštarauti. Jo gyvenimo būdas prieštarauja jo principams. His lifestyle
contradicts his principles.
 Alkoholis kenkia sveikatai. Alcohol is harmful to health.

4. Also some Lithuanian expressions require dative case too:

 Man yra šalta, karšta, nuobodu… I‘m cold, hot, bored.

 Man skauda galvą, pilvą, nugarą… I have a headache, stomach ache, back
pain.
 Kiek tau metų? How old are you?
 Kaip sekasi? Gerai, ačiū, o tau? How are you? Fine, thanks, and you?
 Man atrodo, kad greitai lis. It seems to me that it is going to rain soon.

3. Instrumental (įnagininkas)
In this episode we’ll be throwing a lot of new stuff at you but don’t worry, we’ll give
you plenty of examples so you can understand what’s being presented.  First off,
we’ll go over some concepts.  Today’s program is only the first in a series covering
the instrumental case.
We use the instrumental case in many different ways.  One way is to describe how
one is transported, for example; to the restaurant we go by car or Rimantas goes to
work by motorcycle.  The car is the instrument by which we go to the restaurant
and the motorcycle is the instrument by which Rimantas goes to work.
When a noun is declined with įnagininkas or the instrumental case, the noun is the
instrument of the sentence.  The instrumental case can be viewed as describing
“by means of,” “by way of” or “using.”
Let’s go over the different instrumental endings or suffixes using singular nouns. 
We’ll go over plural nouns in another episode.

1. First, here are the singular masculine noun endings or suffixes…

*singular nouns that end in –as change to –u

*singular nouns that end in –is change to –iu
*singular nouns that end in –ys change to –iu
*singular nouns that end in –us change to –umi
*singular nouns that end in –uo can change to – eniu or –enimi

2. Now the feminine singular noun endings or suffixes…

*singular nouns that end in –a change to –a

*singular nouns that end in –ė change to –e
*singular nouns that end in –is change to –imi
*singular nouns that end in –uo, and there’s only one – sesuo, change to –eria
*singular nouns that end in –ė, as in duktė, change to –eria or –erimi

Before each group of examples we’ll go over some vocabulary:

*to travel                                                       
keliauti

*to go or ride by means of transportation         

važiuoti

*an automobile                                              
automobilis

*a bus                                                          
autobusas

Examples:

*Valdemaras travels “by means of” a car  Valdemaras keliauja automobiliu

Simonas travels “by way of” a car Simonas keliauja automobiliu Diana travels
“using” a car Diana keliauja automobiliu

*Violeta goes “by means of” a bus Violeta važiuoja autobusu Valentina goes “by
way of” a bus Valentina važiuoja autobusu Veronika goes “using” a bus Veronika
važiuoja autobusu 

3. The instrumental can also be used to describe movement “by way

of,” “by means of,” or “using” a street, a path, a sidewalk, etcetera, or
going through a park, a field, a valley, a tunnel, an alley, a river, a
sea, a mountain pass, etcetera. 

vocabulary žodynas:

*to go for a walk                                      

pasivaikščioti

*to go (on foot)                                        

eiti

*a path                                                    
takas

*a sidewalk                                              
šaligatvis

*to swim                                                  
plaukti

*a river                                                    
upė

Examples:

*Algis walks “by means of” the path          

Algis eina taku

*Giedrius walks “by way of” the path        

Giedrius eina taku

*Evaldas walks “using” the path                

Evaldas eina taku

*Justinas goes for a walk “by means of” the sidewalk  

Justinas eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu

*Justas goes for a walk “by way of” the sidewalk        

Justas eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu

*Neringa goes for a walk “using” the sidewalk             

Neringa eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu

*a boat sails via the river                           

valtis plaukia upe
*a ship sails using the river                        
laivas plaukia upe

*a barge sails by means of the river            

barža plaukia upe

4. Now let’s talk about professions.  You can say, I am a doctor, or, aš
esu gydytojas.  I’m a policeman, aš esu policininkas.  In these
examples we are not using the instrumental case. 

Using the instrumental case we would say, I work as a doctor – aš dirbu gydytoju. 
I work as a policeman – aš dirbu policininku.  A profession is the instrument “by
way of” or “by means of” a person makes a living.  The key word in English here is
the word, “as.”  I work as a pilot.  I work as a teacher.

vocabulary žodynas:

*a policeman, policewoman                                       
policininkas, policininkė

*a pilot                                                     
lakūnas, lakūnė

*a doctor                                                  
gydytojas, gydytoja

*a lawyer                                                  
teisininkas, teisininkė

*a teacher                                                 
mokytojas, mokytoja
*a commentator                                        
komentatorius, komentatorė 

here we’ll compare phrases using vardininkas with phrases using įnagininkas:

*vardininkas
I am a policeman                                                    
aš esu policininkas

įnagininkas
I work “as” a policeman                                             
aš dirbu policininku

*vardininkas
I am a pilot                                                              
aš esu lakūnas

įnagininkas
I work as a pilot                                                       
aš dirbu lakūnu

*vardininkas
I am a doctor                                                             
aš esu gydytojas

įnagininkas
I work as a doctor                                                     
aš dirbu gydytoju

*vardininkas
I am a lawyer                                                           
aš esu teisininkas
įnagininkas
I want to work “as” a lawyer                                      
aš noriu dirbti teisininku

*vardininkas
I am a teacher                                                         
aš esu mokytojas

įnagininkas
I want to work “as” a teacher                                    
aš noriu dirbti mokytoju

*vardininkas
Justas is a television comentator                                
Justas yra televizijos komentatorius

įnagininkas
Justas works as a television comentator                    
Justas dirba televizijos komentatoriumi

*vardininkas
Evaldas is a controller                                              
Evaldas yra kontrolierius

įnagininkas
Evaldas works as a controller                                     
Evaldas dirba kontrolieriumi

5. Some prepositions require the instrumental case such as the word

“with” or in Lithuanian – su. 

first, here’s some vocabulary:

*with                                       
su
*bacon                                     
šoninė

*to travel                                  
keliauti

*to eat                                      
valgyti

*ice cream                                
ledai

*beef                                        
jautiena

*knife                                       
peilis

*fork                                        
šakutė

*chocolate                                 
šokoladas

*ammonia                                 
amoniakas

*a shovel                                   
kastuvas

*pleasure                                 
malonumas

Examples:

*to eat with a knife and fork       

valgyti su peiliu ir šakute

*beef with bacon                        

jautiena su šonine

*ice cream with chocolate            

ledai su šokoladu

*a liquid mixed with ammonia      

skystis, sumaišytas su amoniaku 

*Antanas works with a shovel      

Antanas dirba su kastuvu

*I can live with Rimantas             

galiu gyventi su Rimantu

*Diana can travel with Justinas     

Diana gali keliauti su Justinu

*he works with pleasure               

jis dirba su malonumu

4. Locative (Vietininkas)

Today we’ll begin working on how to say where something is located.  Here’s just a
quick review of the word kur, prašom pakartoti…

Where is the restroom?                 kur yra tualetas?

Of course, in Lithuanian we can often drop the verb būti, to be.

*where is the restroom?                 kur tualetas?

*where is the restaurant?                kur restoranas?
*where is Raminta?                       kur Raminta?
*where is the glass?                       kur taurė?
*where is the coffee shop?             kur kavinė?
Here are some words we’ll use in this episode…

*A tree                                         medis
*a train                                        traukinys
*the basement                              rūsys
*a young woman                          mergina

Kaip Raminta, ne? (like Raminta, no?)

Oh, I’m getting older. 

No, to me forever you will be the girl I met at my sister’s house.

Oh, so sweet of you.

Forever.

I was really young then.  Huh?

You are really young now!

Oh, thank you, you know I’m starting to feel old, what is that?
Forget that.

Yeah, oh well.  Forget that.

*a bicycle  dviratis

Today we’ll go over the locative case or vietininkas.  This is a relatively easy
declension.  Every declension here ends in the letter –e.  A prefix is something
that is added to the beginning of a word.  A suffix is something added to the end of
a word.  Here are the suffixes in vietininkas,
prašom pakartoti, please repeat…

a word that ends in

-as changes to –e
-is changes to –yje
-ys changes to –yje
-us changes to –uje
-a changes to –oje
-ė changes to –ėje

again, we’re only talking about where something is located.  We’re not talking
about going to someplace.  The restaurant is in the city, is the locative.  I’m going
to the restaurant, is not the locative.  I’m in the restaurant, is the locative.  The
locative declension or vietininkas is only used when talking about where something
is located.

let’s go over each suffix from the above list so you can see how it works…

the park                                      parkas

in the park                                  parke

the bookstore                              knygynas

in the bookstore                          knygyne

the hotel                                     viešbutis

in the hotel                                 viešbutyje

the automobile                            automobilis

in the automobile                        automobilyje

the train                                     traukinys
in the train                                 traukinyje

the room                                    kambarys

in the room                                kambaryje

the museum                               muziejus

in the museum                           muziejuje
Sidney                                       Sidnėjus
in Sidney                                   Sidnėjuje

the cathedral                              katedra

in the cathedral                          katedroje

the coffee shop                          kavinė

in the coffee shop                       kavinėje
the city square                            aikštė
in the city square                        aikštėje

Okay, now let’s ask a question and then answer it.  Good luck!  Sekmės!

where is the tree?                       kur yra medis?

the tree is in the city                   medis yra mieste
the tree is in Kaunas                   medis yra Kaune

of course, we can easily drop the verb būti, to be.

*where is the tree?                          kur medis?

*the tree is in the park                     medis parke
*where is Raminta?                         kur Raminta?
*Raminta is in the park                    Raminta parke
*Raminta is in Akropolis                  Raminta Akropolyje
*the store is in Akropolis                  parduotuvė Akropolyje
*Raminta is in the hotel                   Raminta viešbutyje
*the coffee shop is in the hotel         kavinė viešbutyje
*Raminta is in the automobile          Raminta automobilyje
*the dog is in the automobile            šuo automobilyje
*where is the toilet?                         kur tualetas?
*the toilet is in the room                  tualetas kambaryje
*the book is in the room                  knyga kambaryje
*the toilet is in the train                    tualetas traukinyje
*the Englishwoman is in the train      anglė traukinyje
*the newspaper is in the basement    laikraštis rūsyje
*the bird is in the basement              paukštis rūsyje
*where is the bookstore?                  kur knygynas?
*the bookstore is in the museum       knygynas muziejuje
*the constitution is in the museum     konstitucija muziejuje
*the bookstore is in Vilnius               knygynas Vilniuje
*the museum is in Vilnius                 muziejus Vilniuje
*the bookstore is in Sidney               knygynas Sidnėjuje
*the cathedral is in Sidney                katedra Sidnėjuje
*where is the young woman?           kur mergina?
*the young woman is in the school   mergina mokykloje
*the bicycle is in the school             dviratis mokykloje
*the pigeon is in the park                 balandis parke
*the young woman is in the library   mergina bibliotekoje
*the bicycle is in the library             dviratis bibliotekoje
*a young woman is in the cathedral  mergina katedroje
*Raminta is in the cathedral             Raminta katedroje
*where is Raminta?                         kur Raminta?
*Raminta is in the street                  Raminta gatvėje
*the bicycle is in the street               dviratis gatvėje
*Raminta is in the coffee shop          Raminta kavinėje
*the newspaper is in the coffee shop  laikraštis kavinėje
*the newspaper is in the lounge         laikraštis svetainėje
*the young woman is in the lounge    mergina svetainėje
*the dog is in Cathedral Square         šuo Katedros aikštėje
*Raminta is in Vilnius University       Raminta Vilniaus Universitete
 5. Genitive (kilmininkas)
SINGULAR

*Feminine:
-a → -os (Amerika → Amerikos, Anglija → Anglijos)
-ė → -ės (studentė → studentės)

*Masculine:
-as → -o (Londonas → Londono)
-is → -io (Briuselis → Bruselio)
-ys → -io (Pasvalys → Pasvalio)
-us → -aus (Vilnius → Vilniaus)

*-uo type nouns:

vanduo  → vandens
šuo → šuns

duktė also acts this way:

duktė → dukters

PLURAL

The genitive plural always ends in ų

(Druskininkai → Druskininkų)

This place name is like "Athens", and is always in the plural.

 So when and where do we use genitive case in Lithuanian?

1. When we talk about possession, when something belongs to

somebody or somebody owns something:

 Mano draugo tėvai gyvena Londone. My friend‘s parents live in

London.
 Pirma vasaros diena buvo labai šilta. The first day of summer was
very warm.
 Lietuvių kalba yra gana sudėtinga. Lithuanian language is quite
difficult.
 Šiandien turime išmokti kilmininko linksnį. Today we have to
learn the genitive case.
 Kur praleisi žiemos atostogas? Where will you spend your winter
holidays?

2. In sentences expressing negation when no possession is involved:

 Negalėjau tau atsisiųsti nuotraukos. I couldn’t send you a photo.

 Dar niekada nemačiau tokio tamsaus dangaus. I have never
seen such a dark sky.
 Kodėl nenusipirkai tos knygos? Why haven‘t you bought that
book?
 Aš neatsimenu tavo draugo. I can‘t remember your friend.
 Neišmokau naujų žodžių. I didn’t learn new words.

3. To express a quantity or a part of something:

 Daug / nedaug / mažai. Turi daug draugų? Do you have a lot of

friends?
 Pora / keletas. Aš turiu tau keletą klausimų. I have several
questions for you.
 Pusė / trečdalis. Gera pradžia – pusė darbo. A good start is a
half the job done (it is a Lithuanian proverb).
 10, 11, 12… 20, 30, 40… 100, 200… 1000… Perskaičiau
trisdešimt knygų. I have read thirty books.

4. Some verbs require genitive case:

 Laukti. Aš vis dar laukiu tavo dovanos. I am still waiting for your

present!
 Norėti. Noriu kavos! I want coffee!
 Reikėti. Ar tau tikrai reikia telefono? Do you really need a
phone?
 Ieškoti. Ieškai ramybės? Čia jos nerasi. Are you searching for
peace? You won‘t find it here.
 Tikėtis. Tikiuosi geriausio. I hope for the best.
 5. With uncountable things – time, food, ideas, music etc.:

 Jis tik rytoj turi laiko. He has time only tomorrow.

 Jeigu eisi į parduotuvę, nupirk duonos. If you go to the shop, buy
some bread.
 Ar turi namuose arbatos? Do you have any tea at home?
 Ar turi planų vasarai? Do you have any plans for the summer?
 Man patinka klausyti muzikos. I like listening to music.

6. Certain prepositions require genitive case:

 Be. Pusė žmonių neišgyventų be kavos. Half of people wouldn’t

survive without coffee.
 Nuo… iki. Dirbame nuo devynių iki penkių. We work from nine
to five.
 Iš. Grįžau iš darbo labai vėlai. I came back from work very late.
 Ant. Ant stalo yra daug daiktų. There are a lot of things on the
table.
 Po. Ką veiksi po studijų? What are you going to do after studies?
 Dėl. Koncertas buvo atšauktas dėl blogo oro. The concert was
cancelled due to bad weather.
7. With wishes:

 Geros dienos / gero vakaro! Have a great day / evening!

 Darbingos savaitės! Have a productive week!
 Gerų atostogų! Enjoy your vacation!
 Linksmų Kalėdų! Merry Christmas!
 Sėkmės! Good luck!
 Kantrybės! Be patient!
 6. Vocative (Šauksmininkas)
The vocative case is used when addressing someone by their first name, family
name, title or whatever.

Masculine nouns have many different endings in the vocative case.

Masculine words ending in -as

Addressing someone by their first name or family name:

-as becomes -ai
(Petras becomes Petrai)
(Paulauskas becomes Paulauskai)

If you use a common noun:

-as becomes -e
(studentas becomes studente)
(docentas becomes docente)

If the word ends in -tojas or ėjas:

-as becomes -au
(mokytojas becomes mokytojau)
(pardavejas becomes pardavejau)

Often a diminutive form is used, if the word ends in -ukas:

-ukas becomes -uk
(berniukas becomes berniuk)
(Jonukas becomes Jonuk)
Masculine words with other endings:

-is becomes -i
(brolis becomes broli)
(Algis becomes Algi or Algiuk)

-ys becomes -y
(mokinys becomes mokiny)
(Stasys becomes Stasy or Stasiuk)

-us becomes -au
(profesorius becomes profesoriau)
(Saulius becomes Sauliau or Saliuk)

Feminine nouns:

-a has no change
(The stress may change, if the stress is on the ending in the nominative, it moves
to the beginning in the vocative)

-ė becomes -e
(Eglė becomes Egle)