STPM

Biology Semester 2
Revision Exercise

 Gas Exchange
 Transport in Animals and Plants
 Control and Regulation
 Reproduction, Development and
Growth
 Homeostasis
 Immunity
 Infectious Diseases

SSI Kulai, Johor 1

 Part A: Structured Questions

1. The diagram below shows structures involved in human breathing control.

Johor 08

(a) Name the structures labelled P, Q, R and S. [2 marks]

P: .......................................................................................................................

Q: .......................................................................................................................

R: .......................................................................................................................

S: .......................................................................................................................

(b) Explain the role of P and S in the control of breathing. [2 marks]

P: .......................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

S: .......................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (c) Name two main stimuli which affect the rate of breathing. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(d) (i) What happen to the breathing rate as we exercise? Explain. [3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe how the breathing rate is brought back to normal. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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2. Graph A below shows the concentration of FSH and LH in plasma during a

woman’s menstrual cycle. Graph B shows the concentration of two hormones X

and Y produced in the ovary during the same menstrual cycle. Kedah 09

(a) (i) Where are the hormones in Graph A produced? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Based on Graph A, state one function of each hormone. [2 marks]

FSH: ...............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

LH: ..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (b) Based on Graph B, name hormones X and Y. [2 marks]

X: ......................................................................................................................

Y: ......................................................................................................................

(c) On which day did ovulation occurs in this woman’s menstrual cycle? Explain

the evidence of your answer. [3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(d) Describe an example of negative feedback mechanism involving any of these

two hormones. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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3. The diagram below shows the mechanism of the action of non-steroid hormone,

adrenaline. Kedah 10

(a) (i) Name substances A, B and C. [3 marks]

A: .....................................................................................................................

B: .....................................................................................................................

C: .....................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain the functions of cAMP as a second messenger. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(b) (i) Name the series of chemical reactions indicated by N. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain the significance of reaction N. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (c) What is the function of adrenaline in this series of reaction? [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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4. The graph below shows the change in membrane potential during the passage of a

nerve impulse. Kelantan 12

(a) (i) What is meant by resting membrane potential of an axon? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the value of resting potential? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(b) Which labelled part of the graph corresponds to

(i) depolarization of the axon membrane? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) repolarization of the axon membrane? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(c) Describe briefly what happens to the axon membrane

(i) at P. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (ii) at R. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(d) Explain why the membrane is more negative at S. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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5. The diagram below shows how the body responds to an infection. Melaka 09

(a) State the type of immune response. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(b) What is S? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(c) After receiving information from macrophages, cell V will secretes U. Name

cell V and substance U. State the function of substance U. [3 marks]

Cell V: ..............................................................................................................

U: ..............................................................................................................

Function of U: .....................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 10

 (d) What are cells P and Q? [2 marks]

P: ....................................................................................................................

Q: ....................................................................................................................

(e) Describe two actions of R. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(f) HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. State the cell infected by HIV.

[1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 11

6. In some plants, flowering is induced by a critical photoperiod. Cocklebur (Xanthium

strumarium) is a short-day plant. The photoperiodic response is controlled by a

specific light-sensitive pigment. NS 09

(a) State what is meant by the terms

(i) photoperiod. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) photoperiodism. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(b) (i) Name the pigments responsible for photoperiodism and their

interconvertible forms. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) With the aid of a diagram, explain the process involved in the

interconversion between the two forms of the pigments. [3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(c) (i) What is meant by a short-day plant? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

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 (ii) Explain how flowering is controlled in short-day plants. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 13

7. Graph A shows the changes in dry mass (g) of the tuber, leaves and stems of a potato

plant. Graph B shows four growth patterns of various parts of human body plotted

in percentage of size against time (in year). NS 09

(a) (i) Explain the shape of the curve for the tuber of the potato plant.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain the decline of the dry mass of the tuber. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 14

 (b) State the age at which the human reproductive organs are growing most

rapidly. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(c) State the type of growth pattern shown in the human’s organ growth curve.

Explain. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(d) (i) Describe the growth of human thymus gland. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain the importance of human thymus gland. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 15

8. The diagram below shows changes in membrane potential of a neurone during the

production of an action potential. Pahang 09

(a) Label phases A, B, C and the period labelled D as shown in the diagram.

[4 marks]

A: .....................................................................................................................

B: .....................................................................................................................

C: .....................................................................................................................

D: .....................................................................................................................

(b) Describe how A is maintained. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(c) Distinguish between B and C. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (d) Why is the potential of D less than A? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(e) State the importance of D. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

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9. Graphs S and T show the measurements of growth of a same plant, Zea mays.

Pahang 09

(a) Name the type of curve illustrated by graphs S and T. [2 marks]

S: .....................................................................................................................

T: .....................................................................................................................

(b) Explain what graphs S and T represent. [2 marks]

S: .....................................................................................................................

T: .....................................................................................................................

(c) Based on its lifespan, what type of plant is Zea mays known as? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(d) (i) Describe the growth pattern in Zea mays. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (ii) Explain how this type of growth pattern differs from that of woody plants.

[3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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10. The diagram below shows a synapse as seen with electron microscope.

(a) Explain the function of each of the following.

(i) Mitochondria [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Synaptic vesicles [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(b) The graphs below show the effects of adding acetylcholine to skeletal muscle

and heart muscle.

SSI Kulai, Johor 20

 (i) Describe the effect of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) State how the effects of acetylcholine on heart muscle differ from its

effects on skeletal muscle. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest how these differences may be related to the functions of the two

types of muscles. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(c) Suggest why it is important that acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolysed after

release. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 21

11. (a) The diagrams below show two growth curves of different species. Trg09

A broad bean plant An insect

(i) Name the type of growth curves represented by each species.

[2 marks]

Broad bean plant: ...............................................................................................

Insect: .................................................................................................................

(ii) State one characteristic of each growth curve. [2 marks]

Broad bean plant: ..............................................................................................

Insect: ................................................................................................................

(iii) The growth curve of the insect uses length as a measure of growth. This

growth curve cannot be considered as a true measurement of the insect growth.

Explain why. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(b) In an experiment, seedlings (x) of 100g of corn grains were grown in darkness

for 10 days. After 10 days, the dry mass of the seedlings was analysed and then

compared with a sample of 100g of ungerminated corn grains (y).

SSI Kulai, Johor 22

 The table below shows the results of the experiment.

Dry mass of ungerminated Dry mass of corn seedlings

corn grains (y) after 10 days (x)

Cellulose 1g 4g

Starch 65g 8g

Other organic 15g 31g

substances

Total dry mass 81g 43g

(i) Explain why the total dry mass of seedlings y decreases after 10 days.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Seedlings x contain more cellulose than corn grains y which did not

germinate. Explain why. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(iii) Name a source of carbon used for synthesising new cellulose molecules.

[1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 23

12. The diagram below represents a longitudinal section through part of a striated

muscle. NS 10

(a) (i) What is the term used to describe the basic unit of muscle contraction

shown above? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C. [3 marks]

A: ....................................................................................................................

B: ....................................................................................................................

C: ....................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the A band, the I band and the H zone. Which of the

structure

(i) contains actin but no myosin? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) shortens when the muscle contracts? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 24

 (c) Describe the role played by ATP and Ca2+ in muscle contraction. [4 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 25

13. Graph M shows the growth curve of a woody perennial plant, and graph N shows

the growth curve of an insect.

(a) (i) With reference to graphs M and N, name the pattern and explain the form

of the two types of growth curves. [4 marks]

Graph M: .............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

Graph N: ..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) The growth curve of the insect uses length as a measure of growth. Give

a reason why this growth curve cannot be considered as a true measurement of the

insect’s growth. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(iii) If a growth curve is plotted for the same insect using dry mass as a

measure of growth, what form of growth curve would be produced? [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 26

 (b) (i) State the role played by ecdysone and juvenile hormone in the

metamorphosis in insects.

Ecdysone: ............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

Juvenile hormone: ...............................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why synthetic juvenile hormone can be used as insecticides.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 27

14. The diagram below shows part of a kidney nephron.

(a) Name structures A, B and C. [3 marks]

A: ....................................................................................................................

B: ....................................................................................................................

C: ....................................................................................................................

(b) State the factors that enable ultrafiltration to occur. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(c) Explain why the plasma and glomerular filtrate differ in composition.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 28

 (d) Describe how the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted to carry

out reabsorption. [3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 29

15. The simplified structure of a nephron is shown in the diagram below.

(a) In the table below, columns 1 and 2 show the quantities of water, glucose and

urea passing through P and Q in a 24-hour period. Columns 3 and 4 show the

quantities and percentages reabsorbed during the same period. Complete the table

by writing the correct figures in the boxes labelled S, T, U and V. [4 marks]

1 2 3 4

Substance Quantity Quantity Quantity Percentage

passing passing reabsorbed reabsorbed

through P through Q

Water 180 dm3 1.5 dm3 178.5 dm3 S................

Glucose 180g T.............. 180g 100

Urea 53g 25g U................ V...............

(b) Describe how R is involved in the production of concentrated urine.

[3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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 (c) People suffering from kidney failure may be treated by haemodialysis.

(i) Give two disadvantages of this method of treatment. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest a long term solution for such patients. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 31

16. A synapse as seen with an electron microscope is shown in the diagram below.

(a) State the function of mitochondria. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(b) Give an example of the transmitter substance found in the synaptic vesicles.

[1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(c) Describe how the transmitter substance is released into the synaptic vesicles.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 32

 (d) Explain how the release of transmitter substance results in the transmission of

an impulse across the synapse. [4 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(e) In normal synaptic transmission, the transmitter substance is rapidly

hydrolysed after the impulse has been transmitted across the synapse. Suggest why

it is important that the transmitter substance is rapidly hydrolysed after its release.

[1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(f) Nerve gases are known to prevent hydrolysis of the transmitter substance at a

synapse. Suggest one symptom of nerve gas poisoning if a nerve gas is applied at

a neuromuscular junction. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 33

17. Plants require different day lengths to induce flowering and they can be divided into

three photoperiodic groups: long-day, short-day and day neutral plants.

(a) Samples of plants from a species were exposed to a range of light and dark

treatment as shown in the diagram below (A, B, C, D, E and F). Shaded bars indicate

period of light. The result of each treatment on flowering is shown below.

(i) Based on the results of A and B, state the photoperiodic group his species

belongs to. Explain your answer. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 34

 (ii) With reference to treatments C, D, E and F, state your conclusions about

the effects of red and far red lights on the flowering of this plants. [3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(iii) How would short light interruption affects flowering in long-day plants?

[1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(b) The pigments responsible for photoperiodism is called phytochrome. It exists

in two interconvertible forms as shown in the diagram below.

PR PFR
(i) With reference to the above diagram, explain the process and the

condition involved in the interconversion between the two forms of phytochrome.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) The onset of flowering depends on the active form of phytochrome.

Name the active form and state how it affects the onset of flowering in long-day

plants. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 35

18. The diagram below shows the neuromuscular junction.

(a) Name the structures labelled P to S. [2 marks]

P: .....................................................................................................................

Q: .....................................................................................................................

R: .....................................................................................................................

S: .....................................................................................................................

(b) Muscle fibres are composed of numerous myofibrils arranged parallel to one

another. The myofibrils consist of two types of proteins which are thin filament

and thick filament. Name the proteins. [1 mark]

..............................................................................................................................

(c) (i) Draw a sarcomere and label A band, I band and H zone. [2 marks]

SSI Kulai, Johor 36

 (ii) During muscle contraction, state the changes of each band. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(d) Explain the role of calcium ions in skeletal muscle contraction. [3 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 37

19. Diagram below shows part of the cell-mediated mechanism of immune system in

human body.

(a) Name the structures labelled A to D. [2 marks]

A: .....................................................................................................................

B: .....................................................................................................................

C: .....................................................................................................................

D: .....................................................................................................................

(b) The immune system will reacts in certain way when a virus invades our body.

(i) Explain the response by structural A. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain what happen to the virus. [2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 38

 (c) (i) State the name and function of substance X secreted by structure A.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) State the name and function of substance Y secreted by structure B.

[2 marks]

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

SSI Kulai, Johor 39