Republic of Zambia

Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education

“O” Level Mathematics Syllabus

(Grades 10 to 12)

Prepared and Published by the Curriculum Development Centre

P. O. Box 50092
Lusaka

July 2013
COPYRIGHT

© Curriculum Development Centre

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the Publisher
 VISION

Quality, lifelong education for all which is accessible, inclusive and relevant to individual, national and global needs and value systems.

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS

COPYRIGHT..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... i

VISION............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ii

Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. iii

PREFACE........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ vi

Rationale...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi

Suggested Teaching Methodology............................................................................................................................................................................................... vii

Assessment.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vii

Time and period allocation......................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii

General Outcomes...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii

GRADE 10........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

GRADE 11........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

GRADE 12...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

GRADES 10 - 12 “O” LEVEL MATHEMATICS SEQUENCE....................................................................................................................................................19

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
PREFACE
The syllabus was produced as a result of the Curriculum review process carried out by the Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training
and Early Education under the auspices of the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC). The curriculum reform process started way back in 1999
when the Ministry of Education commissioned five (5) curriculum studies which were conducted by the University of Zambia. These studies were
followed by a review of the lower and middle basic and primary teacher education curriculum. In 2005 the upper basic education National survey
was conducted and information from learners, parents, teachers, school managers, educational administrators, tertiary institutions traditional
leaders civic leaders and various stakeholders in education was collected to help design a relevant curriculum ,.

The recommendations provided by various stakeholders during the Upper Basic Education National survey of 2005 and National symposium on
curriculum held in June 2009 guided the review process.

The review was necessitated by the need to provide an education system that would not only incorporate latest social, economic, technological and
political developments but also equip learners with vital knowledge, skills and values that are necessary to contribute to the attainment of Vision
2030.

The syllabus has been reviewed in line with the Outcome Based Education principles which seek to link education to real life experiences that give
learners skills to access, criticize analyze and practically apply knowledge that help them gain life skills. Its competences and general outcomes are
the expected outcomes to be attained by the learners through the acquisition of knowledge, skills, techniques and values which are very important
for the total development of the individual and the nation as a whole.

Effective implementation of Outcome Based Education requires that the following principles be observed: clarity of focus, Reflective designing,
setting high expectations for all learners and appropriate opportunities.

It is my sincere hope that this Outcome Based syllabus will greatly improve the quality of education provided at Grade 8 and 9 levels as defined
and recommended in various policy documents including Educating Our Future`1996 and the `Zambia Education Curriculum Framework `2013.

Chishimba Nkosha (Mr.)

Permanent Secretary,
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EARLY EDUCATION

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The syllabus presented here is a result of broad-based consultation involving several stakeholders within and outside the education system.
Many individuals, institutions and organizations were consulted to gather their views on the existing syllabus and to accord them an opportunity to
make suggestions for the new syllabus. The Ministry of Education wishes to express heartfelt gratitude to all those who participated for their
valuable contributions, which resulted in the development of this syllabus.

The Curriculum Development Centre worked closely with other sister departments and institutions to create this document. We sincerely thank the
Directorate of Teacher Education and Specialized Services, the Directorate of Planning and Information, the Directorate of Human Resource and
Administration, the Directorate of Open and Distance Education ,the Examinations Council of Zambia, the University of Zambia, schools and
other institutions too numerous to mention, for their steadfast support.

We pay special tribute to co-operating partners especially JICA in conjunction with Hiroshima University and UNICEF for rendering financial and
technical support in the production of the syllabus.

C.N.M Sakala (Mrs.)

Director-Standard and Curriculum
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EARLY EDUCATION

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
INTRODUCTION
This syllabus has been prepared and produced against the background of the need to set high standards for mathematics education and actualize the
country’s vision from ECCDE through to Teacher Education. It is a culmination of reviews of existing materials and policies from a number of
countries both in Africa and beyond with progressive mathematics education. It also draws from studies, research and the country’s policy
documents and aspirations.

The following are the underlying principles for the revised Junior Secondary school mathematics syllabus:
 Equity
 Orderly and logical progression
 Varied teaching methodology with subjective learning as the keystone
 Integration of knowledge, skills and values

These syllabus guidelines have been defined at two levels namely the content and process domains. The content domain is defined according to
seven themes namely; Numbers & Calculations, Algebra, Geometry, Computers, Measures, Probability & Statistics and Relations. The
process domain on the other hand is defined according to three categories of knowledge, skills and values. These two domains constitute the
general outcomes of the Mathematics course.

Rationale

Mathematics is an important subject on the Zambian School curriculum. It is featured as one of the core subjects in all the options for both the
academic as well as the practical career pathways.

Mathematics enhances the learners’ understanding of the world around and prepares them for further education. It also plays a key role as a tool
for learning other subjects and learning areas. The subject fosters the development and improvement of learners’ intellectual competence in logical
reasoning, spatial visualization, analysis and abstract thought. When learners have acquired enough knowledge in mathematics they develop
reasoning, thinking and problem solving skills. Mathematics is also important in science and technology subjects which are vital for the
development of the country. It therefore equips the learner to live in the age of Science and technology and enable them contribute to social,
economic development of the country.

Mathematics can also be an interesting subject when learners appreciate basic concepts and insights that will equip them to pursue mathematics
education at higher levels.

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
Suggested Teaching Methodology
This syllabus encourages a learner-centred approach or pedagogy. This requires learners to learn Mathematics in context of multipart,
comprehensive and practical problems. Under such learning situations learners may be put in groups and required to identify what they already
know, what they need to know and how and where to access new information that may lead to resolution of the problem.

The Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in mathematics may include the four core area specific outcomes, thinking process, skills and values with the
aim of nurturing wise citizens who are responsible in decision-making for sustainable and responsible development.

The role of the teacher may be that of a facilitator of learning who provides appropriate scaffolding of that process by asking probing questions,
providing appropriate resources and leading class discussions as well as designing student’s assessments. The strategy strives to transform the
traditional teacher centred mathematics classroom situation into student centred environment completely where learners are allowed to construct
new knowledge through, the specific outcomes learned, thinking processes such as communication, interconnections, reasoning, representations,
problem solving and other similar ones: both mathematics and non-mathematical positive as well as universal values.

The teaching of Ordinary Level Mathematics should expose learners to practical applications of mathematics in everyday life. Learners should be
exposed to do more of practical work as much as necessary through contextual reference to the local environment.

use of computer related software for mathematics should be encouraged and the teacher should encourage learners to use available mathematics
software.

Learners may be exposed to situation where they can provide assistance and support to their peer in learning groups. The opportunities may help
to evaluate their peers and conduct self-assessment that helps them to shoulder responsibility for their learning.

Assessment
Assessment is an important diagnostic tool in the teaching and learning process used to determine whether teaching and learning have taken place
or not. It requires well defined rubrics to facilitate a fair and consistent assessment of learner’s work as well as clearly defined performance targets
at key stages and during the process of teaching and learning.

Classroom based continuous assessment must form an integral part of the implementation of this syllabus. This is in view of the value that this
adds to the modification of instruction delivery thereby contributing to best practices by the teacher. In order to attain this, teachers are urged to
employ various techniques of assessment according to the topics and themes at various levels. These methods may include learner observation,
projects, tests, portfolios and projects among others.

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
For terminal assessment, the Examinations Council will provide guidelines on the objectives to be assessed in at specific levels both for selection
and certification.

Time and period allocation

This syllabus will require at least 4 hours 40 minutes (seven-40 minute periods) per week to complete.

General Outcomes

 To build an understanding and appreciation of mathematical concepts and computational skills in order to apply them in everyday life.
 To develop ethical values necessary for accountability in financial matters through interpreting financial information.

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GRADE 10

General Outcomes Key Competences at grade 10 level

 Provide clear mathematical thinking and expression in the  Assimilate necessary mathematical concepts for use in everyday life such as
learner environment and other related disciplines.
 Develop the learners’ mathematical knowledge and skills  Think mathematically and accurately in problem solving skills and apply these skills
 Enrich the learners’ understanding of mathematical concepts to formulate and solve mathematical and other related problems.
in order to facilitate further study of the discipline  Develop necessary skills needed to apply mathematical concepts and skills in other
 Build up an appreciation of mathematical concepts so that disciplines.
the learner can apply these for problem solving in everyday  Produce imaginative and creative work from mathematical concepts and ideas.
life.  Develop abilities and ideas drawn from mathematics to reason logically, communicate
 Enable the learner represent, interpret and use data in a mathematically, and learn independently without too much supervision (self-
variety of forms discipline).
 Inculcate a desire to develop different career paths in the  Develop positive attitudes towards mathematics and use it in other subjects such as
learners science and technology.
 Apply mathematical tools such as information and communication technology in the
learning of other subjects.
 Use mathematics for enjoyment and pleasure.
 Develop understanding of algebra, geometry, measurements and shapes.
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUBTOPICS SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.1 Sets 10.1.1 Set Operations 10.1.1.1 Carry out operations on  Operations on sets.  Identification of  Appreciation of set
sets.  Numerical problems operations on sets operations.
10.1.1.2 Apply higher operations on involving sets  Comparing  Curiosity in
sets  Applying higher operations numerical problems computations.
on sets (numerical problems involving sets
involving sets )  Computations
involving sets.
10.2 Index 10.2.1 Indices 10.2.1.1 Apply laws of indices  Laws of indices  Identification of  Curiosity in using
Notation 10.2.1.2 Simplify positive, negative  Double indices indices with same indices to solve
and zero indices  Multiplicative inverse base. problems.
10.2.1.3 Simplify fractional  Fractions with negative  Simplification using  Appreciation of
indices indices indices. using indices.
10.2.1.4 Solve equations involving  Equations involving  Application of  Logical thinking in
indices indices indices to simplify simplifying using
 Problems involving multiplication and indices.
application of indices division.
10.3 Algebra 10.3.1 Basic 10.3.1.1 Expand and simplify  Expansion and  Simplification of  Orderliness in
Processes expressions simplification of expressions factorisation of
10.3.1.2 Factorise algebraic expressions  Identification of algebraic
expressions  Factorisation by using common factors, expressions
10.3.1.3 Simplify Algebraic common factors, factors of quadratic  Logical thinking in
fractions grouping terms, expressions and factorising
factors of quadratic difference of two quadratics.
expressions and square
difference of two square  Computation of
 Addition , subtraction , algebraic fractions
multiplication and applying the four
division of algebraic rules.
fractions
 Lowest common multiple
10.4 Matrices 10.4.1 Transpose of 10.4.1.1 Find a Transpose of a matrix  Transpose of a matrix  Interpretation of  Appreciation of

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 CONTENT
TOPIC SUBTOPICS SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
a matrix 10.4.2.1 Multiply matrices (up to 3x3  Multiplying matrices (up transpose of a matrices.
10.4.2 Multiplicatio matrices) to 3x3 matrices) matrix.  Awareness of
n of matrices 10.4.3.1 Calculate the determinant of  The null (zero) and  Comparison of solving linear
10.4.3 Inverse of a a 2 by 2 matrix identity matrices matrices. equations using
matrix 10.4.3.2Find the inverse of a 2 by 2  Determinant and Inverse  Computation of matrices.
matrix of a 2x2 matrix matrices
10.4.3.3 Solve systems of linear  Singular matrices  Application of
equations in two variables  Solving systems of linear matrices in solving
10.4.3.4 Apply matrices to solve real equation in two variables linear equations.
life problems using matrices
 Cramer’s Rule
 Applying matrices to
solve real life problems
10.5 Similarity and 10.5.1 Application 10.5.1.1 Calculate the scale on a  Representative Fraction  Computation of  Judgement of
Congruency of Ratio and map (Scale) representative virtual and actual
Proportion 10.5.2.1 Calculate length and  Calculating length and fractions (RFs). distances
10.5.2 Areas and area using a given scale and area using a given scale  Representation of  Accuracy in
Volumes of vice versa and vice versa measurements on computation
Similar 10.5.2.2 Calculate areas and  Calculating areas and the map.
figures volumes of similar figures volumes of similar figures  Application of
10.5.2.3 Apply ratio,  Applying ratio, ratio, proportion,
proportion, to solve proportion, similarity and similarity and
problems on similarity and congruence in solving real congruence in
congruence life problems solving real life
problems
10.6 Travel 10.6.1 Distance 10.6.1.1 Compute average speed,  Scalar and vector  Identification of  Curiosity in using
Graphs time graphs distance and time quantities Scalar and vector travel graphs.
10.6.2 Velocity 10.6.2.1 Determine acceleration and  Average speed quantities  Awareness of vector
Time graphs retardation/deceleration  Distance/displacement  Computation of and scalar quantities.
10.6.2.2 Draw travel graphs  Acceleration and average speed,  Appreciation of
10.6.2.3 Calculate the distance under deceleration/retardation distance and time relating area under
a velocity time graph  Drawing travel graphs using travel graphs. the graph to distance
10.6.2.4 Relate area under the graph
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 CONTENT
TOPIC SUBTOPICS SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
to distance travelled  Distance/area under a  Relation between travelled
velocity time graph areaunder the graph
 Concept of similarity to distance travelled.
 Explaining why the area
under the graph represents
distance travelled
10.7 Social and 10.7.1Investments 10.7.1.1 Carry out calculations that  Shares, dividends and  Interpretation of  Appreciation of
Commercial involve Shares, dividends Investment Bonds Shares, dividends Shares, dividends
Arithmetic and investment Bonds and Investment and Investment
Bonds. Bonds.
 Calculations
involving Shares,
dividends and
Investment Bonds.
10.8 Bearings 10.8.1 Bearings and 10.8.1.1 Draw/sketch diagrams to  Scale drawing  Communication  Awareness of
Scale represent position and  Three figure bearings through diagrams bearing and scale
Drawing direction  Solving problems to represent drawing
10.8.1.2 Use bearing and scale involving bearing and position and  Appreciation of
drawing in real life scale drawing from real direction bearings.
life problems  Computation
 Angles involving bearing
 Measuring instruments and scale drawing.
 Application of
bearing and scale
drawing from real
life problems.
10.9 Symmetry 10.9.1 Symmetry of 10.9.1.1 Determine order of  Point, Rotational and  Identification of  Awareness of order
solids rotational symmetry Plane Symmetry symmetry of of symmetry in
10.9.1.2 Determine symmetry of  Centre of rotation solids. three dimensions
solids  Order of symmetry in  Determination of
10.9.1.3 Determine plane symmetry three dimension plane symmetry
 Plane and axis of

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TOPIC SUBTOPICS SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
symmetry

10.10 Computer and 10.10.1 Functions on 10.10.1.1 Demonstrate the use of  Using different functions  Identification of  Logical thinking in
Calculator a Calculator different functions on a on a calculator basic components designing flow
10.10.2 Basic calculator  Describing Components of a computer. charts.
components 10.10.2.1 Describe components of a of a computer (i.e. Input,  Interpretation of  Appreciation of use
of a computer Process and Output functions on a of compute and
computer 10.10.3.1 Describe various methods Parts/devices) calculator calculator
10.10.3 Algorithms of implementing an  Definition of an algorithm  Modelling of
10.10.4 Methods of algorithm  Algorithm (sequence , simple algorithms
implementin 10.10.4.1 Outline problem solving decision loops)  Implementation of
g an stages  Methods of implementing algorithms in
algorithm an algorithm (flow charts programming.
and pseudo codes)  Coding simple
 Stages of problem solving computer
(define a problem , programs.
analysis method of
solution, write a computer
program, document the
program)

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
GRADE 11

General Outcomes Key Competences

 Provide clear mathematical thinking and expression in  Assimilate necessary mathematical concepts for use in everyday life such as environment
the learner and other related disciplines.
 Develop the learners’ mathematical knowledge and  Thank mathematically and accurately in problem solving skills and apply these skills to
skills formulate and solve mathematical and other related problems.
 Enrich the learners’ understanding of mathematical  Develop necessary skills needed to apply mathematical concepts and skills in other
concepts in order to facilitate further study of the disciplines.
discipline  Produce imaginative and creative work from mathematical concepts and ideas.
 Build up an appreciation of mathematical concepts so  Develop abilities and ideas drawn from mathematics to reason logically, communicate
that the learner can apply these for problem solving in mathematically, and learn independently without too much supervision (self-discipline).
everyday life.  Development positive attitudes towards mathematics and use it in other subjects such as
 Enable the learner represent, interpret and use data in a science and technology.
variety of forms  Apply mathematical tools such as information and communication technology in the
 Inculcate a desire to develop different career paths in learning of other subjects.
the learners  Use mathematics for enjoyment and pleasure.
 Develop understanding of algebra, geometry, measurements and shapes.

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
11.1 Approximations 11.1.1 Relative and 11.1.1.1 Work with relative  Relative error  Interpretation of  Accuracy in finding
absolute and absolute errors  Limits relative and relative and
error  Absolute error absolute error. absolute error.
 Tolerance  Computation of
 Percentage error absolute and
 Estimation relative error.
 Comparison of
measurements.
11.2 Sequences and 11.2.1 Arithmetic 11.2.1.1 Identify an arithmetic  Arithmetic and  Identification of  Accuracy in
Series progression progression (AP) Geometrical arithmetic and computing
11.2.2 Geometric 11.2.1.2 Find the nth term of the Progressions. geometrical progressions.
progression AP  The nth terms of AP and Progressions.  Appreciation of the
11.2.1.3 Find the sum of an AP GP  Ordering of nth term of the
11.2.1.4 Find the arithmetic mean  Sums of APs and GPs Arithmetic and progression.
11.2.2.1 Identify a geometric  Arithmetic and geometric Geometrical  Prediction of the
progression (GP) means Progressions. nth term.
11.2.2.2 Find the nth term of a GP  Sum to infinity of a  Computation of
11.2.2.3Find the geometric mean Geometric progression Arithmetic and
11.2.2.4 Find the sum of a Geometrical
geometric progression Progressions.
11.2.2.5 Find the sum to infinity of
a Geometric progression
11.3 Coordinate 11.3.1 Length of a 11.3.1.1 Calculate the length of a  Length (distance  Interpretationof  Curiosity in using
Geometry straight line straight line formula) distance and distance and
between two 11.3.2.1 Calculate the mid-point of  Mid point gradient formula. gradient formula.
points two points  Gradient  Calculation of  Recognition of
11.3.2 The mid 11.3.3.1 Calculate the gradient of a  Gradient point form gradient of a line distance and
point line segment  Gradient Intercept form segment. gradient formula.
11.3.3 Gradient 11.3.4.1 Find the equation of a  Double intercept form
11.3.4 Equation of a straight line
 Parallel lines
straight line 11.3.5.1 Find the gradients of
 Perpendicular lines
11.3.5 Parallel and parallel and perpendicular
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TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
perpendicular lines
lines 11.3.5.2 Use gradients of parallel
and perpendicular lines to
find equations
11.4 Relations and 11.4.1 Inverse 11.4.1.1 Find inverses of one- to-  Formula, functional  Identification of  Logical thinking in
Functions functions one functions notation, set builder inverse of a solving inverse and
11.4.2 Composite 11.4.2.1 Simplify composite notation function. composite
functions functions  Inverse functions  Representation of functions.
11.4.3 Application 11.4.3.1 Solve problems  Composite functions composite  Appreciation of
involving linear  Problems involving linear functions. functions.
functions functions  Problem solving
involving linear
functions.
11.5 Quadratic 11.5.1 Introduction 11.5.1.1 Explain the quadratic  Meaning of quadratic  Identification of a  Neatness in
Functions to Quadratic function and its graph function and its graph quadratic function. sketching graphs.
Functions 11.5.1.2 Sketch the graph of a  Sketching the graph  Interpretation of  Logical thinking
quadratic function  Maximum and minimum Maximum and in determining the
Roots/zeros minimum of turning points.
function.  Accuracy in
 Drawing of finding the roots.
function graphs.
11.6 Quadratic 11.6.1 Introduction 11.6.1.1 Explain the meaning of the  Meaning of quadratic  Identification of  Logical thinking in
Equations to Quadratic quadratic equation equation method of computing quadratic
equations 11.6.2.1 Solve quadratic equations  Solving quadratic quadratic equations.
11.6.2 Solutions of by graphical method equations by  Computation of  Accuracy in finding
quadratic 11.6.2.2 Solve quadratic equations Factorisation, graphical quadratic quadratic roots.
equations using factorisation method method, completion of equations using
11.6.2.3 Solve quadratic equations squares and quadratic various methods.
using completing of square formula
method  Application of quadratic
11.6.2.4 Solve quadratic equations equations
using quadratic formula
method
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 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
11.6.2.5 Apply quadratic equations
to solve real life problems
11.7 Variation 11.7.1 Introduction 11.7.1.1 Describe variation  Describing variation  Interpretation of  Appreciation of
to variation 11.7.2.1 Distinguish between direct (Notation and Constant) variation variation in
11.7.2 Direct and and inverse variation  Distinguishing between  Problem solving  Logical thinking in
Inverse 11.7.3.1 Distinguish between direct and inverse involving calculating
Variation joint and partial variation variation variations
11.7.3 Joint and 11.7.4.1 Draw and Interpret  Distinguishing between  Comparison
Partial graphs of variation Joint and Partial variation between joint and
Variation 11.7.5.1 Solve problems involving  Graphs of variation partial variation.
11.7.4 Graphs variations  Solving problems
11.7.5 Applications involving variations
11.8 Circle Theorems 11.8.1 Properties of 11.8.1.1 Analyse the parts of a  Parts a circle (chord,  Identification of  Curiosity I using
a circle circle segment, arc, sector, parts of a circle circle theorems.
11.8.2 Angle 11.8.2.1 Solve problems using radius, diameter) (chord, segment,  Appreciation of
properties angle properties of a  Angle in the same arc, sector, radius, angle property of a
circles segment diameter) circle.
11.8.2.2 Solve problems involving  Angle at the centre twice  Computation
tangent properties one at the circumference involving angle
 Angle in a semicircle properties of a
 Cyclic quadrilateral circle.
(opposite sides)  Interpretation of
 Alternate segments circle theorems.
 Tangent properties of a
circle
 External angle of a cyclic
Quadrilateral equal to the
opposite interior angle

11.9 Construction and 11.9.1 Construction 11.9.1.1 Construct line and angle  Line and angle bisectors  Identification of  Accuracy in
Loci 11.9.2 Locus bisectors  Finding the centre of loci of points. construction.
11.9.3 Loci in two 11.9.2.1 Explain the meaning of circle  Construction locus  Neatness in

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KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
dimensions Locus  Constructing a tangent of point in two and constructing lines
11.9.4 Loci in three 11.9.3.1 Describe locus of point from a point to a circle three dimensions. and points.
dimension in two and three  meaning of Locus  Appreciation of loci.
dimensions  Locus of points in two
11.9.4.1 Construct locus of point and three dimensions
in two dimensions (equidistant
from a Point and
two fixed points,
from two intersecting
line,
from a Straight line)
 Locus of points which
subtends a constant angle
 Locus of points such that
the area of triangles is
constant
11.10 Trigonometry 11.10.1 Introduction 11.10.1.1 Relate right angled  Sine, cosine and tangent  Comparison  Appreciation of
to triangle to the three ratios on a right angled  Identification of trigonometry ratios.
Trigonometry trigonometric ratios triangle (Opposite, trigonometric  Curiosity in using
11.10.2 Trigonometric 11.10.2.1 Describe the three adjacent and hypotenuse ratios. cosine and sine
ratios trigonometric ratios on a sides)  Interpretation rules.
11.10.3 Sine and right angled triangle  Three trigonometric Opposite, adjacent  Logical thinking in
Cosine rules 11.10.2.2 Calculate sides and ratios in quadrants and hypotenuse computing
11.10.4 Area of a angles of a right angled  Sides and angles of right sides trigonometric
triangle triangle angled triangles using the  Computation of problems.
11.10.2.3 Work with special angles three trigonometric ratios sides and angles of
(60o, 45o and 30o)  Special angles (60,045 a right angled
11.10.3.1 Find sides and angles of 0
and 300) triangle.
non right angled triangles.  Finding sides and angles  Determination of
11.10.4.1 Calculate areas of a non of non right angled the signs of the
right angled triangle triangles using the sine three
11.10.4.2 Determine the signs of and cosine rule. trigonometric
the three trigonometric  Calculating area of a non ratios in respective
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 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
ratios in the quadrants right angled triangle quadrants
11.10.4.3 Draw graphs for sine, using the sine rule.  Application of
cosine and tangent curves  Using of Mathematical trigonometry in
11.10.4.4 Solve trigonometric tables and scientific real life situations.
equations calculators
11.10.4.5 Use trigonometry to  Determining signs of the
solve practical problems three trigonometric ratios
in the quadrants
 Graphs of (y = sin , y =

cos and y = tan )

 Application of
trigonometry(Include
three dimensional
figures) (Include:
Bearings)
11.12 Mensuration 11.12.1 Area 11.12.1.1 Calculate the area of a  Area of a sector  Interpretation of  Appreciation of area
11.12.2 Volume sector  Surface area of three sector of a circle. and volume of
11.12.1.2 Calculate surface area of dimensional figures  Computation of figures.
three dimensional figures (pyramid and cone) the area and  Accuracyin
11.12.2.1 Calculate volume of  Volume of solids (cone, volume of figures. calculations of
prisms rectangular and triangular  Relation between volume and area.
11.12.2 2 Solve problems involving pyramids. Include: area and volume.
area and volume frustum)
 Solving problems
involving area and
volume.
11.13 Probability 11.13.1 Laws of 11.13.1.1 Compute probabilities  Addition and  Computation of  Curiosity in using
probability using the laws of Multiplication Laws probabilities using laws of
11.13.2 Tree probability  Calculating probabilities the laws of probabilities.
Diagrams 11.13.2.1 Calculate probabilities using tree diagrams and probability  Logical thinking in
and grid using tree diagrams and grids.  Interpretation tree calculating
11
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
grids.  Calculating expected diagrams and grids probabilities.
11.13.2.2 Calculate probabilities of values, Independent and to calculate
mutually exclusive dependent events, probabilities.
events and compound mutually exclusive  Communication
events events, conditional events  Analysis of
11.13.2.3 Find probabilities of and Compound events. mutually exclusive
independent events  Continuous sample space. events, compound
11.13.2.4 Apply probability to real and independent
life problems events.
11.14 Statistic 11.14.1 Cumulative 12.14.1.1 Construct cumulative  Constructing Cumulative  Drawing  Logical thinking in
frequency frequency tables using frequency tables cumulative tables computation of
tables grouped and ungrouped  Drawing Cumulative and frequency measures of
11.14.2 Measures of data frequency curves (ogive) curves. dispersion
dispersion 12.14.1.2 Draw cumulative  Drawing Relative  Computation of  Appreciation of
frequency curves cumulative frequency measures of cumulative and
12.14.1.3 Draw relative cumulative curves dispersion. frequency curves.
curves  Calculating the range,  Interpretation of
12.14.2.1 Calculate the range, inter inter quartile range, cumulative curves.
quartile range, and semi semi inter quartile range
inter quartile range and Percentiles
12.14.2.2 Calculate the percentiles  Calculating variance and
12.14.2.3 Calculate variance and standard deviation for
standard deviation for ungrouped and grouped
ungrouped and grouped data
data

12
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
GRADE 12

General Outcomes Key Competences

 Provide clear mathematical thinking and expression in the  Assimilate necessary mathematical concepts for use in everyday life such as environment and
learner other related disciplines.
 Develop the learners’ mathematical knowledge and skills  Thank mathematically and accurately in problem solving skills and apply these skills to
 Enrich the learners’ understanding of mathematical concepts in formulate and solve mathematical and other related problems.
order to facilitate further study of the discipline  Develop necessary skills needed to apply mathematical concepts and skills in other
 Build up an appreciation of mathematical concepts so that the disciplines.
learner can apply these for problem solving in everyday life.  Produce imaginative and creative work from mathematical concepts and ideas.
 Enable the learner represent, interpret and use data in a variety of  Develop abilities and ideas drawn from mathematics to reason logically, communicate
forms mathematically, and learn independently without too much supervision (self-discipline).
 Inculcate a desire to develop different career paths in the  Development positive attitudes towards mathematics and use it in other subjects such as
learners science and technology.
 Apply mathematical tools such as information and communication technology in the learning
of other subjects.
 Use mathematics for enjoyment and pleasure.
 Develop understanding of algebra, geometry, measurements and shapes.

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.1 Graphs of 12.1.1 Cubic functions 12.1.1.1 Draw graphs of cubic  Drawing Graphs of cubic  Identification of a  Neatness in
Functions 12.1.2 Inverse functions functions functions cubic function. sketching graphs.
12.1.1.2 Use graphs to find  Finding Zeros of the  Interpretation of  Logical thinking
solutions function, Solutions of gradients and areas in determining
12.1.1.3 Determine gradients graphs under curves. area under the
of curves  Determining Gradients of Drawing graphs of curve.
12.1.1.4 Estimate areas under curves cubic and inverse  Accuracy in
curves  Turning points and their functions. finding the
12.1.2.1 Draw graphs of nature (Maximum and turning points.
inverse functions minimum)
12.1.2.2 Application of  Area under the graph
graphs of functions (Counting square,
Trapezium)
 Drawing Graphs of inverse
functions
 Exponential graphs
 Applying graphs of
functions
12.2 Linear 12.2.1 Linear 12.2.1.1 Draw graphs of  Drawing graphs of linear  Interpretation of  Logical thinking in
Programming programming linear equations and equations and inequations the wanted or finding the wanted
inequations in one in one and two variables (as unwanted regions. region.
and two variables (as a recap)  Shading of the  Planning when
a recap)  Shading the wanted and unwanted region. using graph paper.
12.2.1.2 Shade the wanted unwanted regions  Determination of
and unwanted  Describing the wanted or maximum and
regions unwanted region minimum values.
12.2.1.3 Describe the wanted  Finding Values in the  Application of
or unwanted regions. feasible region linear programming
12.2.1.4 Determine maximum  Using the Search line to in real life situation.
and minimum values determine the maximum
12.2.1.5 Use the search line to and minimum values
determine the
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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
maximum and  Applying knowledge of
minimum values linear programming in real
12.2.1.6 Apply knowledge of life
linear programming
in real life
12.3 Travel Graphs 12.3.1 Velocity - time 12.3.1.1 Calculate the  Distance/area under the  Representation of  Curiosity in using
graphs (Curves) displacement in a graph in a velocity - time velocity-time velocity-time graphs
velocity - time graph graph graphs.
 Interpretation of
displacement in a
velocity - time
graph.
12.4 Vectors in Two 12.4.1 Introduction to 12.4.1.1 Describe a vector  Describing a vector  Representation of  Appreciation of
Dimensions vectors 12.4.1.2 Represent and (direction and magnitude) vector quantities sense of direction
12.4.2 Addition and denote a vector  Zero and Free vectors  Computation of  Logical thinking in
subtraction 12.4.2.1 Add and subtract  Representing and denoting vector related solving vector
12.4.3 Translations vectors  Adding and subtracting problems problems.
12.4.4 Scalar 12.4.3.1 Apply translations vectors (triangular and  Application of  Creativity in design
multiplication on vectors and find parallelogram laws) vector in Problem
12.4.5 Collinearity magnitude  Resultant vectors solving
12.4.6 Vector geometry 12.4.4.1 Multiply vectors by  Multiplying vectors by
scalars scalars
12.4.5.1 Determine
 Translation (Position
collinearity of points
vectors)
12.4.6.1 Solve geometrical
 Component form
problems involving
vectors  Calculating
Magnitude/Modulus of
vectors
 Collinearity and parallelism
 Ratios (Mid - point
theorem)
 Vector geometry

15
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.5 Geometrical 12.5.1 Introduction to 12.5.1.1 Explain the concept  Explaining the concept of  Interpretation the  Appreciation of
Transformations transformation of transformation transformation (Object and concept of transformations
12.5.2 Translation 12.5.2.1 Use a column vector Image) transformation  Logical thinking in
12.5.3 Reflection. to translate an object  Translation  Comparison solving
12.5.4 Rotation. 12.5.3.1 Reflect objects by ( Translation vector, between different transformations.
12.5.5 Enlargement different methods Mediator) forms of  Creativity in
12.5.6 Stretch 12.5.4.1 Rotate objects by  Reflection ( mirror lines transformation. designing.
12.5.7 Shear different methods and matrices of reflections)  Computation
12.5.8 Combined 12.5.5.1 Enlarge objects by  Rotations (by construction involving
transformations different methods and matrix methods) transformations.
12.5.6.1 Stretch objects by  Rotations ( Finding centre,
different methods angle and direction )
12.5.6.2 Find area, scale  Finding matrix of rotation
factors of a stretch by
 Enlargement (by
determinant method
construction and matrix
12.5.7.1 Shear objects by
methods)
different methods
 Finding the centre, scale
12.5.8.1 Solve problems
factor and matrix of
involving combined
enlargement
transformations
 Stretch (by construction
and matrix methods)
 Finding the centre, scale
factor, invariant line and
matrix of stretch
 Shear (by construction and
matrix methods)
 Finding the shear factor,
invariant line and matrix of
shear
 Area scale factor
 Determinant of a matrix
 Inverse transformations

16
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
12.6 Earth Geometry 12.6.1 Introduction to 12.6.1.1 Explain the concept  Explaining the concept of  Application of the  Appreciation of the
Earth Geometry of Earth Geometry Earth Geometry and its relationship of earth concept of earth
12.6.2 Small and great 12.6.2.1 Distinguish between significance geometry in real life. geometry.
circles small and great  Southern and Northern  Computation of  Curiosity in
12.6.3 Latitudes and circles hemispheres ( South and distances of latitudes exploring earth
Longitudes 12.6.3.1 Calculate distance North Poles) and longitudes. geometry.
12.6.4 Distance along along parallels of  Great Circles(the equator  Location of points  Team work through
latitudes and latitudes and and all longitudes) on the globe. cooperative learning
longitudes longitude in  The Greenwich and
12.6.5 Speed in Knots kilometres and Equator
and time nautical miles  Small Circles(latitudes)
12.6.4.1 Calculate the  Centre of the earth
shortest distance
 Length ,chord , arc and
between two points
sector
on the surface of the
 Angular distance
earth
12.6.5.1 Calculate speed in  Line of axis of the Earth
knots and time  Circumference of the earth
 Standard units of distances
in degrees and miles (1o of
latitude represents 60
nautical miles/or 110.9 Km)
 Conversion of distance in
kilometre and nautical mile
 Longitude and time
 Greenwich Mean Time
 Solving problems
involving Earth Geometry
in real life
12.7 Introduction to 12.7.1 Differentiation 12.7.1.1 Explain concept of  Explaining the concept of  Interpretation of  Appreciation of
Calculus 12.7.2 Integration differentiation differentiation differentiation and calculus.
12.7.1.3 Differentiate  Differentiating functions integration  Curiosity in
functions from first from first principles  Application of differentiating and

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 CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
principles. ( Limits) definite integrals. integrating.
12.7.1.4 Use the formula for  Product rule; chain rule and  Estimation of area  Critical thinking in
differentiation quotient rule (y =axn; under the curve. using rules for
12.7.1.8 Calculate equations differentiation and
of tangents and integration.
normals = nax n-1 )
12.7.2.1 Explain integration
12.7.2.3 Find Indefinite  Indefinite integrals
integrals  Arbitrary constant
12.7.2.2 Evaluate simple  Definite integrals
definite integrals  Stationary points
12.7.2.3 Find the area under  Secant
the curve  Tangents
 Normal
 Explain integration as the
reverse of differentiation

 Rule of integration ( =

ax n ; = +

c)
 Area under the curve

18
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 GRADES 10 - 12 “O” LEVEL MATHEMATICS SEQUENCE
The table below shows the coverage of the syllabus in Mathematics from Grades 10 to 12. It is important for a teacher to refer to this table from time to
time to know the knowledge that the learners already have or need to have at various levels of learning of the subject.

DOMAIN TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOME

GRADE 10 GRADE 11 GRADE 12
Algebra

Sets 10.1.1.1 Carry out operations on sets.

10.1.1.2 Apply higher operations on
sets
Algebra 10.3.1.1 Expand and simplify
expressions
10.3.1.2 Factorise algebraic expressions
10.3.1.3 Simplify Algebraic fractions
Matrices 10.4.1.1 Find a Transpose of a matrix
10.4.2.1 Multiply matrices (up to 3x3
matrices)
10.4.3.1 Calculate the determinant of a 2
by 2 matrix
10.4.3.2Find the inverse of a 2 by 2
matrix
10.4.3.3 Solve systems of linear
equations in two variables
10.4.3.4 Apply matrices to solve real
life problems
 Quadratic Equations 11.6.1.1 Explain the meaning of the
quadratic equation
11.6.2.1 Solve quadratic equations by
graphical method
11.6.2.2 Solve quadratic equations
using factorisation method
11.6.2.3 Solve quadratic equations
using completing of square
method
11.6.2.4 Solve quadratic equations
using quadratic formula
method
11.6.2.5 Apply quadratic equations to
solve real life problems
Linear Programming 12.2.1.1 Draw graphs of linear equations
and inequations in one and two
variables (as a recap)
12.2.1.2 Shade the wanted and
unwanted regions
12.2.1.3 Describe the wanted or
unwanted regions.
12.2.1.4 Determine maximum and
minimum values
12.2.1.5 Use the search line to determine
the maximum and minimum
values
12.2.1.6 Apply knowledge of linear
programming in real life
Index Notation 10.2.1.1 Apply laws of indices
10.2.1.2 Simplify positive, negative and
zero indices
10.2.1.3 Simplify fractional
indices
10.2.1.4 Solve equations involving
indices

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
Geometry Numbers & Calculations
Social & Commercial 10.7.1.1 Carry out calculations that
Arithmetic involve Shares, dividends and
investment Bonds
Sequences & Series 11.2.1.1 Identify an arithmetic
progression (AP)
11.2.1.2 Find the nth term of the AP
11.2.1.3 Find the sum of an AP
11.2.1.4 Find the arithmetic mean
11.2.2.1 Identify a geometric
progression (GP)
11.2.2.2 Find the nth term of a GP
11.2.2.3 Find the geometric mean
11.2.2.4 Find the sum of a geometric
progression
11.2.2.5 Find the sum to infinity of a
Geometric progression

Similarity & 10.5.1.1 Calculate the scale on a map

Congruency 10.5.2.1 Calculate length and
area using a given scale and
vice versa
10.5.2.2 Calculate areas and
volumes of similar figures
10.5.2.3 Apply ratio, proportion,
to solve problems on similarity
and congruence
Bearings 10.8.1.1 Draw/sketch diagrams to
represent position and
direction
10.8.1.2 Use bearing and scale drawing
in real life

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 Symmetry 10.9.1.1 Determine order of rotational
symmetry
10.9.1.2 Determine symmetry of solids
10.9.1.3 Determine plane symmetry
Coordinate Geometry 11.3.1.1 Calculate the length of a
straight line
11.3.2.1 Calculate the mid-point of two
points
11.3.3.1 Calculate the gradient of a line
segment
11.3.4.1 Find the equation of a straight
line
11.3.5.1 Find the gradients of parallel
and perpendicular lines
11.3.5.2 Use gradients of parallel and
perpendicular lines to find
equations
Circle Theorems 11.8.1.1 Analyse the parts of a circle
11.8.2.1 Solve problems using angle
properties of a circles
11.8.2.2 Solve problems involving
tangent properties
Construction & Loci 11.9.1.1 Construct line and angle
bisectors
11.9.2.1 Explain the meaning of Locus
11.9.3.1 Describe locus of point in two
and three dimensions
11.9.4.1 Construct locus of point in two
dimensions

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 Trigonometry 11.10.1.1 Relate right angled triangle to
the three trigonometric ratios
11.10.2.1 Describe the three
trigonometric ratios on a right
angled triangle
11.10.2.2 Calculate sides and angles of
a right angled triangle
11.10.2.3 Work with special angles (60o,
45o and 30o)
11.10.4.1 Find sides and angles of non
right angled triangles.
11.10.4.1 Calculate areas of a non right
angled triangle
11.10.4.2 Determine the signs of the
three trigonometric ratios in
the quadrants
11.10.4.3 Draw graphs for sine, cosine
and tangent curves
11.10.4.4 Solve trigonometric equations
11.10.4.5 Use trigonometry to solve
practical problems
Vectors in two 12.4.1.1 Describe a vector
Dimensions 12.4.1.2 Represent and denote a vector
12.4.2.1 Add and subtract vectors
12.4.3.1 Apply translations on vectors
and find magnitude
12.4.4.1 Multiply vectors by scalars
12.4.5.1 Determine collinearity of
points
12.4.6.1 Solve geometrical problems
involving vectors

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 Geometrical 12.5.1.1 Explain the concept of
Transformations transformation
12.5.2.1 Use a column vector to
translate an object
12.5.3.1 Reflect objects by different
methods
12.5.4.1 Rotate objects by different
methods
12.5.5.1 Enlarge objects by different
methods
12.5.6.1 Stretch objects by different
methods
12.5.6.2 Find area, scale factors of a
stretch by determinant method
12.5.7.1 Shear objects by different
methods
12.5.8.1 Solve problems involving
combined transformations

Earth Geometry 12.6.1.1 Explain the concept of Earth

Geometry
12.6.2.1 Distinguish between small and
great circles
12.6.3.1 Calculate distance along
parallels of latitudes and
longitude in kilometres and
nautical miles
12.6.4.1 Calculate the shortest distance
between two points on the
surface of the earth
12.6.5.1 Calculate speed in knots and
time

24
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
Relations
Travel Graphs 10.6.1.1 Compute average speed, 12.3.1.1 Calculate the displacement in a
distance and time velocity - time graph
10.6.2.1 Determine acceleration and
retardation/deceleration
10.6.2.2 Draw travel graphs
10.6.2.3 Calculate the distance under a
velocity time graph
10.6.2.4 Relate area under the graph to
distance travelled
Relations & 11.4.1.1 Find inverses of one- to- one
Functions functions
11.4.2.1 Simplify composite functions
11.4.3.1 Solve problems involving
linear functions
Quadratic Functions 11.5.1.1 Explain the quadratic function
and its graph
11.5.1.2 Sketch the graph of a quadratic
function
Variations 11.7.1.1 Describe variation
11.7.2.1 Distinguish between direct and
inverse variation
11.7.3.1Distinguish between joint and
partial variation
11.7.4.1 Draw and Interpret
graphs of variation
11.7.5.1 Solve problems involving
variations
Graphs of Functions 12.1.1.1 Draw graphs of cubic functions
12.1.1.2 Use graphs to find solutions
12.1.1.3 Determine gradients of curves
12.1.1.4 Estimate areas under curves
12.1.2.1 Draw graphs of inverse
functions
12.1.2.2 Application of graphs of
functions

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‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
 Introduction to 12.7.1.1 Explain concept of
Calculus differentiation
12.7.1.3 Differentiate functions from
first principles.
12.7.1.4 Use the formula for
differentiation
12.7.1.8 Calculate equations of tangents
and normals
12.7.2.1 Explain integration
12.7.2.3 Find Indefinite integrals
12.7.2.2 Evaluate simple definite
integrals
12.7.2.3 Find the area under the curve
Measures Computer

Computer & 10.10.1.1 Demonstrate the use of

Calculator different functions on a
calculator
10.10.2.1 Describe components of a
computer
10.10.3.1 Describe various methods of
implementing an algorithm
10.10.4.1 Outline problem solving stages

Approximations 11.1.1.2 Work with relative and

absolute errors
Mesuration 11.12.1.1 Calculate the area of a sector
11.12.1.2 Calculate surface area of three
dimensional figures
11.12.2.1 Calculate volume of prisms
11.12.2 2 Solve problems involving area
and volume

26
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12
Probability & Statistics
Probability 11.13.1.2 Compute probabilities using
the laws of probability
11.13.2.1 Calculate probabilities using
tree diagrams and grids.
11.13.2.2 Calculate probabilities of
mutually exclusive events and
compound events
11.13.2.3 Find probabilities of
independent events
11.13.2.4 Apply probability to real life
problems
Statistics 12.14.1.1 Construct cumulative
frequency tables using
grouped and ungrouped data
12.14.1.2 Draw cumulative frequency
curves
12.14.1.3 Draw relative cumulative
curves
12.14.2.1 Calculate the range, inter
quartile range, and semi inter
quartile range
12.14.2.2 Calculate the percentiles
12.14.2.3 Calculate variance and
standard deviation for
ungrouped and grouped data

27
‘O’ Level Mathematics Grades 10 - 12