Lipids

 Organic Biomolecule
 Formed through dehydration synthesis
o Dehydration synthesis is when the
monomers (a molecule that can be
bonded to other identical molecules
to form a polymer) combine with
each other via covalent bonds to
form larger molecules known as
polymers. In doing so, monomers
release water molecules as
byproducts. Thus, the monomers
that are joined together are being
dehydrated to allow for synthesis of
a larger molecule.
 Class of nutrients and include fatty acids,
phospholipids, steroids and cholesterol
 Produced by the human body and can be
obtained in our diet
 Have high percentage of C and H content
and also O
 Insoluble in water (because of this body
lipids are often found in combination with
other biomolecules) but are soluble in
nonpolar solvents
 SOME lipids are composed of fatty acids,
which serve as the basis for lipid
classification BUILDING BLOCKS OF FAT
FATTY ACIDS
Lipids serves as: Fatty Acids + Glycerol
1. Source of energy Consists of a long, Or glycerin is a sugar
2. Energy storage hydrophobic nonpolar alcohol – a simple
3. Cell membrane component hydrocarbon “tail” and trihydric alcohol in the
hydrophilic polar form of a clear,
Lipids are also for: carboxylic acid odorless viscous liquid
1. Protection and Insulation functional group at the and obtained as a co-
2. Digestion and absorption “head” product of fat splitting
3. Water-proofing
4. Temperature regulation NATURAL FATTY CONTENT IN
ACIDS CAN BE FATS/OILS IS
Sources: SATURATED OR APPROXIMATELY 9
 DAIRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS UNSATURATED TO 13.5%
 GRAINS
 MEATS
 BAKED GOODS FORMATION OF FATS
 OILS
DS
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
3 % ESSENTIAL BODY FAT FOR MEN
12 % ESSENTIAL BODY FAT FOR WOMEN
The OH group found in the glycerol molecule and CIS CONFIGURATION
the carboxyl group of the fatty acids are covalently Natural unsaturated fatty acids are cis
linked via an ester linkage. DEHYDRATION configuration
SYNTHESIS is needed in order to create this.

SATURATED
 no carbon-carbon double bonds
 higher melting points than unsaturated fatty
acids of the same size TRANS CONFIGURATION
 solid at room temperature  Partially hydrogenated oil produces fatty
 can be closely “packed” acids in trans configuration and are solid at
room temperature

UNSATURATED
 contain one or more double bonds in
hydrocarbon chain that cause twists or
kinks in their molecular structures, which CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
prevent the tight “packing” of the molecules SIMPLE LIPIDS
 lower melting points and weaker  STEROIDS
intermolecular forces of attraction  CHOLESTEROLS
 Do not have fatty acids

COMPLEX LIPIDS
 TRIGLYCERIDES
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 WAXES
 Have fatty acids

STEROIDS
 Simple lipids that have a backbone
structure consisting of four fused carbon
rings
 Cholesterol belongs to this group of lipids

TRANS - FAT
 can be formed through a process called
hydrogenation, which makes the oil more
solid. Complete hydrogenation involves the
addition of hydrogen to convert the Cholesterol
unsaturated fatty acid in a liquid vegetable • Most abundant steroid in animal tissue
oil into a completely saturated fatty acid • Composed of steroid backbone structure
(hydroxyl group and a branch hydrocarbon
 USED IN FOOD PRODUCTS TO GIVE
chain)
LONGER SHELF LIFE, STABILITY AND
• Bases the male and female hormones,
BETTER TEXTURE
Vitamin D, and bile acids
• C 27 H 46 O
• Cholesterol is essential
for normal membrane
functions because it keeps membranes fluid
Lipoproteins are complexes of proteins and lipids • TWO distinct parts: polar, substituted
- Transported into our bloodstream to phosphate head and the long hydrophobic
give a continuous supply of lipids tail
that provide energy and facilitate the • Dual nature is essential to their role in
synthesis of membranes holding the cells together and controlling the
- It is divided into two: materials that passes into and out of the
GOOD CHOLESTEROL (High Density cells
Lipoprotein) • Lecithin is an example of phospholipid
• Transports excess cholesterol from body  Major component of cell membrane
tissues to liver and convert to bile that are  Used as an emulsifying agent
needed in digestion  Present in egg yolk
• Higher levels offers greater protection as it • Cephalin is another example
helps protect against heart disease  Found in the cell membranes of
• Approximately 55% proteins – 45% lipids brain and tissue in blood platelets

BAD CHOLESTEROL (Low Density Lipoprotein) Waxes

• Transport cholesterol AWAY from the liver • Water-insoluble, low-melting solids
and throughout the body thus distributing • Consists of a long chain fatty acid and a
cholesterol to the arteries long chain monohydroxyl alcohol
• Cholesterol build-up can block arteries and • Presence of long nonpolar hydrocarbon
help cause heart attacks chain makes waxed insoluble in water
• 20-22% proteins – 78-80% lipids • Mainly function as a protective shield on
plants and animals
Density of Proteins to Lipids
 Lipoproteins become denser as amount of
proteins relative to lipids increase OVERINTAKE OF LIPIDS
 Acceptable total cholesterol for adults:  NIEMANN PICK DISEASE
o Fewer than 200 mh/dL o Autosomal recessive disorders
o LDL should be fewer than 100mg/dL caused by an accumulation of fat
o HDL Should be greater than 40 and cholesterol in cells of the liver,
mg/dL spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and
brain
Triglycerides  HYPERLIPIDEMIA
 Most abundant class of lipids in plants and o Elevated level of lipids – like
animals cholesterol and triglycerides - in your
 Composed of neutral lipid molecules blood. This is linked to
(created via esterification of three fatty acids atherosclerosis and other serious
to a single glycerol molecule) conditions
 Esterification – reaction between alcohol
and acid (produces ester and water) UNDERINTAKE OF LIPIDS
 90% of lipids ingested by an adult person is  GAUCHER DISEASE
triglyceride o caused by a deficiency of the
 Major lipid found in blood glucocerebrosidase
 Solid triglycerides (at room temp) usually
from animals are called fats
 Liquid triglycerides usually from plants are IN SUMMARY,
called oils Carbohydrates and lipids are essential for growth,
movement and other bodily processes. Together
Phospholipids with proteins, these substances are collectively
• Made up of two fatty acids: glycerol, referred as biomolecules, which provide the body
phosphate and one simple organic molecule energy that is measured in calories.
like choline
• Fundamental building block of cellular
membranes