Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

LABORATORY REPORT

Course Name Heat Transfer

Course Code PDT 202 Lab No.

Academic
Semester 4 2019/2020
Session

Title of Experiment LAB 1 – INTRODUCTION AND SAFETY

Date of Experiment 13 MAC 2020

GROUP 9
MOHD SULHI FAHMI BIN NADZMAN (181402579)
PAVENDREN A/L NADARAJAN (181402597)
Name (Matric No.)
MUHAMMAD SYUHAIL BIN SHAMSUL KHOMAR
(181402588)

Programme Product Development – RY 57

Name of Lecturers KHOR CHU YEE

Marks

Objectives 5

Introduction 15

Methodology 25

Results & Discussions 40

Conclusions 10

Others (Format, References, Appendix) 5

TOTAL 100
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

OBJECTIVES
1 To understanding of basic laboratory safety.
2 To identify and assess laboratory hazards and introduce safety precautions.
3 To ensure hazard information is gathered and analysed
4 Assess the risk or the potential for the hazard leading to an adverse situation
5 To list out all the hazards in the laboratory
6 To study the symbol of hazards
7 To make sure that student aware of the hazard if conducting the experiment

INTRODUCTION
Every place and work processes, has many and all kinds of hazards. Each of
these hazards does not necessarily have the same risk level. This risk level difference
can exist either between types of hazards and the hazards of the same but in different
places. The fact of the existence of various hazards, and different risk levels and the
possibility of these two changed with changes in working conditions require it be
managed and not solely controlled only. In principle, the management of occupational
safety and health require that hazards are identified in advance. Further, the hazard
risk is assessed, controlled and finally monitoring and checking the status of the
overall management is done to ensure hazard and risk is always at levels as low as
practicable. At the same time, the dynamics of risk management is expected to also
identify and control hazards and new risks, in line with the change of process, how to
work and time.
When we refer to hazards in relation to occupational safety and health the
most commonly used definition is ‘a hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse
health effect on a person or persons’. The terms Hazard and Risk are often used
interchangeably but this simple example explains the difference between the two.
If there was a spill of water in a room then that water would present a slipping hazard
to persons passing through it. If access to that area was prevented by a physical barrier
then the hazard would remain though the risk would be minimised. When we refer to
risk in relation to occupational safety and health the most commonly used definition is
‘risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health effects if
exposed to a hazard.
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

METHODOLOGY
Safety Briefing
 Attend for a safety briefing which will be conducted within 1 hour.
 Listen carefully to the briefing given. Briefing note also included.
 List the important matters arising from the briefing.
Laboratory Assessment
 In the group that has been determined, go to the laboratory.
 Perform an assessment of the lab and the equipment available in the lab.
 Identify the hazards as possible and determine risk.
 Record the hazards and risks identified.
 Suggest precautions to ensure safety is maintained.

Safety briefings are short talks that detail health and safety hazards that
students will face and be attended by everyone who will working on the lab. Briefings
are be face-to-face classroom based training, safety briefings or instruction or self-
directed. Regardless of the methodology, the purpose remains to ensure that the lab
adopt a 'health and safety' culture to keep people safe.
The primary responsibility for proper hazard evaluations and risk assessments
lies with the person performing the experiment. That being said, the responsibility is
shared by the laboratory supervisor. The actual evaluations and assessments may be
performed by trained laboratory personnel, but these should be checked and
authorized by the supervisor. The supervisor in this lab is the lecturer himself. The
supervisor is also responsible for ensuring that everyone involved in an experiment
and those nearby understand the evaluations and assessments. Understanding the
required Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) programs and
recognizing hazards will help us to identify and minimize many of the common safety
and health hazards associated with running a research laboratory
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS
NO. Activity/ Work Process Hazard Risk Safety
Safety Precaution
1 Free and forced convection heat Hot Skin PPE
exchanger surface burnt (Use glove)
Avoid skin
contact

2 Double effect Hot Skin PPE ( Use

evaporator surface burnt glove)
Avoid skin
contact

3 Falling film absorption unit High voltage Electric PPE ( Use

shock glove)
Avoid skin
contact
Always
unplug first
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

4 Shell and tube heat Hot surface Skin PPE ( Use

exchanger High voltage burnt glove)
Electric Avoid skin
shock contact
Always
unplug first

5 Gaseous diffusion coefficient Hot Skin PPE ( Use

apparatus surface burnt glove)
Avoid skin
contact

6 Radiation heat transfer rig Hot Skin PPE ( Use

surface burnt glove)
Avoid skin
contact

7 Thermal conductivity of liquid AC power supply Cause PPE ( Use

and gases Water splash body glove)
injury Avoid water
and splash on the
damage control panel
the
equipm
ent
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

DISCUSSION
. Laboratory safety is of paramount importance. That’s exactly why this safety
resource has been created, to encourage and promote safe and efficient working
practices in any lab. Many laboratory guidelines are written based on experience –
notably when things have gone badly wrong. Whilst many laboratories are governed
by their own rules and regulations, much of the safety precautions come down to each
individual student. Staff can’t be available at all times for supervision and for this
reason; responsibility ultimately falls to the individual. Many laboratory accidents and
problems are accountable to haste. In the lab however, it’s important to take your time
not only for safety reasons, but also to avoid wasting samples, money and time. The
lab is full of a whole range of specialist equipment and required for varying activities.
This equipment is not only expensive, but can be delicate and easy to break. As a
result, before using any new equipment it’s important to get a better understanding of
its proper use and best practices. Misusing lab equipment can result in injury, expense
and a delay in your project.
The most category in the laboratory found that contains the physical
hazards associated with research facilities. Ignoring these can have potentially serious
consequences. Some of the hazards related with equipment used in research labs
include:-
 Electrical hazards
 Hot surface which can cause burns and which can be a source of ignition.
Commonly used laboratory equipment and precautions to be taken during usage:-
 Ensure that the heating element of the equipment is in good condition. If the
elements are exposed, ensure that it is repaired or replaced.
 Inspect all tools and equipment for signs of wear or damage before using.
If anything untoward is noticed, report this to a supervisor
 Ensure all switchboxes are clean and closed
 Do not try to repair electrical equipment yourself. This should be left to
competent and qualified personnel
 Do not use an extension cable as an alternative to permanent wiring
 Be aware of circuit breaker panels and ensure these are clearly marked
 Electrical connections to the heating device must be fully insulated to
prevent electric shock.
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

 Keep combustible materials away from heating devices.

 Care to be taken to prevent from coming in contact with the heating element.
 Overheating of the heating equipment can lead to fire. Use of temperature
sensing devices helps to cut off power if there is a sudden increase of
temperature.
 Display caution sign ages to warn against hot surface.
Our personal safety is very important and in the laboratory, always abide by the
following:
 Wear safety goggles at all times
 Ensure a laboratory coat or apron is worn
 Use appropriate gloves when required
 Wear correct shoes
 Make use of a breathing mask if required.
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

CONCLUSION
One important source of information in the laboratory and the critical place it
holds in creating a safe environment should not be underestimated. Facts are only as
useful as one's ability to interpret and apply them to a given problem, and training
provides context for their use. Hands-on, scenario-based training is ideal because it
provides the students with the chance to practice activities and behaviors in a safe
way. Such lab is especially useful for learning emergency response procedures. Prior
to beginning any laboratory activity, it is important to ensure that personnel have
enough training to safely perform required tasks. If new equipment, materials, or
techniques are to be used, a risk assessment should be performed, and any knowledge
gaps should be filled before beginning work.
This is particularly important with students in the labs, who are often
relatively young and have limited experience. Even experienced students may not
know how to assess the risks of what they are doing, how to assess changes in risks,
or how to keep a small error from causing major problems. Moreover, they may not
realize that a process they used in the past without apparent incident was out of the
ordinary or dangerous.
The conclusion of this lab was not to determine exactly how hazardous is but
to see how students make decisions about hazardous in the lab, and what the best
course of action would be. We think in this case there is enough information in the lab
about to convince us it's not something we want to touch or not. In summary,
decisions about how to handle a hazard in the lab were influenced not only by what is
printed on the machines or in safety guidelines, but also to a large extent by examples
of coworkers and the attitude of supervisor. Safe practices are not always obvious,
and people must use their own professional judgment about what is safe for
themselves and for the environment.
Faculty of Engineering Technology - Mechanical Engineering Technology (Product Development) RY57

REFERENCES
1. http://www.iitb.ac.in/safety/sites/default/files/Equipment%20Safety_0.pdf

2. https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/laboratory-hazards-and-
risks-18238

3. https://www.csus.edu/indiv/r/reihmanm/b12safe.htm

4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55884/