2.

1 COMPONENTS:

=> Arduino Uno Controller

=> Servo Motor
=> PIR Sensor
=> Bread Board
=> Jumper Wires

2.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:

Arduino Uno controller:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmer.

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professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added
up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and
experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an

easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and
programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing
to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to
products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently
and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it
is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

Servo Motor:

Servo motors use feedback to determine the position of the shaft, you
can control that position very precisely. As a result, servo motors are used to control the
position of objects, rotate objects, move legs, arms or hands of robots, move sensors etc. with
high precision. Servo motors are small in size, and because they have built-in circuitry to
control their movement, they can be connected directly to an Arduino.

Most Servo motors have the following three connections:

• Black/Brown ground wire.

• Red power wire (around 5V).

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 PIR Sensor:

PIR sensors allow you to sense motion. They are used to detect
whether a human has moved in or out of the sensor’s range. They are commonly found in
appliances and gadgets used at home or for businesses. They are often referred to as PIR,
"Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors.

Following are the advantages of PIR Sensors –

• Wide lens range

• Easy to interface

• Inexpensive

• Low-power

PIRs have adjustable settings and have a header installed in the 3-pin ground/out/power
pads. For many basic projects or products that need to detect when a person has left or
entered the area, PIR sensors are great. Note that PIRs do not tell you the number of people
around or their closeness to the sensor. The lens is often fixed to a certain sweep at a distance
and they are sometimes set off by the pets in the house.

PIR sensor has three terminals - Vcc, OUT and GND.

Connect the sensor as follows –

• Connect the +Vcc to +5v on Arduino board.

• Connect OUT to digital pin 2 on Arduino board.

• Connect GND with GND on Arduino.

You can adjust the sensor sensitivity and delay time via two variable resistors located at the
bottom.

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Once the sensor detects any motion, Arduino will send a message via the serial port to say
that a motion is detected. The PIR sense motion will delay for certain time to check if there is
a new motion. If there is no motion detected, Arduino will send a new message saying that
the motion has ended.

Bread Board:

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a

bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless
breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the
term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.

Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it
easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this
reason, solderless breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education.
Older breadboard types did not have this property. A stripboard (Veroboard) and similar
prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered
prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be
prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central
processing units (CPUs).

Breadboards have evolved over time, with the term now being used for all kinds of prototype
electronic devices. For example, US Patent 3,145,483, was filed in 1961 and describes a
wooden plate breadboard with mounted springs and other facilities. US Patent 3,496,419, was
filed in 1967 and refers to a particular printed circuit board layout as a Printed Circuit
Breadboard. Both examples refer to and describe other types of breadboards as prior art.

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 Jumper Wires:

A jumper wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or group of them
in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply
"tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering.

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in
a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical connector at
both ends, while others have different connectors. Some common connectors are:

Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector. The
arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard allows increasing the
mounting density of both components and jump wires without fear of short-circuits. The
jump wires vary in size and colour to distinguish the different working signals. Crocodile
clips – are used, among other applications, to temporarily bridge sensors, buttons and other
elements of prototypes with components or equipment that have arbitrary connectors, wires,
screw terminals, etc. Banana connectors – are commonly used on test equipment for DC and
low-frequency AC signals. Registered jack (RJnn) – are commonly used in telephone (RJ11)
and computer networking (RJ45). RCA connectors – are often used for audio, low-resolution
composite video signals, or other lowfrequency applications requiring a shielded cable. RF
connectors – are used to carry radio frequency signals between circuits, test equipment, and
antennas.

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 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT:

We already know the components required for this project. The connections are made as
follows;

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) , a sensor that measures infrared light radiating from objects in
field. The sensor work upon the temperature changes in the field of its radiation. For
example, if a human passes by its field the temperature changes from room temperature to the
body temperature this change in temperature is sent as a signal to the Arduino board.

Connections of the PIR sensor to the Arduino board is as follows :-

• VCC to the positive railings of the Bread board.

• OUT pin to the Digital pin 12 of the Arduino board.

• GND pin to the Negative railings of the Bread board.

Servo motors, A specially designed motor to control the angular positions.It has three wires
coming out of its case i.e Signal wire(Orange wire), VCC wire(Usually red) and ground wire
(Usually black or even maroon ).

The Servo are connected to the Arduino as follows:

• Signal wire (Orange wire) is connected to the digital pin 4.

• VCC wire (red wire) is connected to the positive railings of Breadboard.

• GND wire is connected to the Negative railings of the breadboard.

First, the Data OUT of the PIR Sensor is connected to Digital Pin 8 of Arduino. The other
two pins of PIR Sensor i.e. Vs and GND are connected to +5V and GND respectively.