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    Fuel Customer Fuel Owner: Quality Reliability Price

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    vessel
    The document discusses key properties of wood fuels that are important for customers and fuel suppliers. It outlines different forms solid wood fuels can take, such as loose materials like firewood or compressed materials like pellets. The most important properties for solid wood fuels are volume or weight, moisture content, particle size distribution, heating value, ash content, and density. Proper sampling and measurement of these properties is required to accurately determine the energy quantity delivered.

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    Fuel Customer Fuel Owner: Quality Reliability Price

    Uploaded by

    vessel
    33 views20 pages
    The document discusses key properties of wood fuels that are important for customers and fuel suppliers. It outlines different forms solid wood fuels can take, such as loose materials like firewood or compressed materials like pellets. The most important properties for solid wood fuels are volume or weight, moisture content, particle size distribution, heating value, ash content, and density. Proper sampling and measurement of these properties is required to accurately determine the energy quantity delivered.

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    The document discusses key properties of wood fuels that are important for customers and fuel suppliers. It outlines different forms solid wood fuels can take, such as loose materials like firewood or compressed materials like pellets. The most important properties for solid wood fuels are volume or weight, moisture content, particle size distribution, heating value, ash content, and density. Proper sampling and measurement of these properties is required to accurately determine the energy quantity delivered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views20 pages

    Fuel Customer Fuel Owner: Quality Reliability Price

    Uploaded by

    vessel
    The document discusses key properties of wood fuels that are important for customers and fuel suppliers. It outlines different forms solid wood fuels can take, such as loose materials like firewood or compressed materials like pellets. The most important properties for solid wood fuels are volume or weight, moisture content, particle size distribution, heating value, ash content, and density. Proper sampling and measurement of these properties is required to accurately determine the energy quantity delivered.

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    Customer needs

    Fuel customer Fuel owner


    Quality
    Reliability
    Price

    Measurement

    1
    Tero Vesisenaho
    Forms of Wood Fuels

    • Wood energy is used in different forms


    – Solid
    • Loose like firewood, chips Focus
    • Compressed like pellets and sod peat
    – Liquid
    • Alcohols, bio oils etc.
    – Gas

    2
    Tero Vesisenaho
    MAIN PROPERTIES OF FUELS

    • The most important fuel properties of


    solid wood fuels are:
    – Volume or weight
    – Moisture content, %
    – Particle size distribution
    • Heating value; MJ/kg, MWh/t
    • Ash content and especially its melting properties
    • Density
    z Chemical composition
    z Amount of volatiles
    3
    Tero Vesisenaho
    Fuel delivery
    Comminuted
    Or not?

    4
    VOLUME AND DENSITY OF FUEL

    1 solid-m3 1.5-7
    pile-m3

    2.5 bulk-m3
    of chips

    5
    Tero Vesisenaho
    DELIVERY POSSIBILITIES

    • Weight Æt
    • Volume Æ m3
    • Caloric value &
    Moisture content Æ MWh/t • Moisture content Æ MWh/m3
    • Ash content • Fixed caloric value
    6
    Tero Vesisenaho
    Mechanical Truck Scale

    7
    Tero Vesisenaho
    PROPERTIES OF WOOD AS A FUEL

    Bulk density (kg/m3 bulk volume):


    – Mass and volume measured as received
    – Is in the range of 200–350 kg/bulk m3 with the
    Northern, “light” woody biomasses
    – Depends on:
    • Compactness
    • Moisture content
    • Particle size
    • Basic density of the raw material

    8
    Tero Vesisenaho
    Simple bulk density measurement

    9
    Tero Vesisenaho
    Particle size distribution differences

    Photos: Vapo Ltd.

    10
    Tero Vesisenaho
    PROPERTIES OF WOOD AS A FUEL
    60
    Particle size
    50
    •The particle size varies from

    Share, %
    sawdust-like material to sticks of 40

    wood and branch pieces 30

    •The size of the chips is influenced 20

    – By the raw material and 10


    – By the chipper type
    0
    • Condition of chipper knives as >45 mm >30 mm >13 mm >7 mm >3 mm <3 mm

    well as the hole size of the screen


    Saw dust
    •The more stem wood the raw Logging residue chips
    Whole tree chips
    material contains, the more even the Stump chips

    particle size distribution will be… Crushed bark


    Sawmill chips

    11
    Tero Vesisenaho
    SAMPLING

    • Target is to get as representative sample as


    possible from the whole fuel batch (e.g. truck or
    chip pile)
    • Sampling is the period which is the most
    significant source of inaccuracy in the results
    • The most exact result is obtained by mechanical
    sampling which is possible when taking samples
    from continues fuel streams or load

    12
    Tero Vesisenaho
    SAMPLING

    • The delivery site of the fuel should be the primary


    sampling point
    • Single samples should be taken (priority order)
    1. from continuous fuel streams
    2. directly from the load
    3. at the receiving station
    4. during loading
    5. from a stockpile or a fuel heap

    13
    Tero Vesisenaho
    SAMPLE TREATMENT

    • Samples must be stored in a closed plastic bag or


    in sealed container
    • Each sample must be marked carefully (at least
    name of the sample, sampling date and sampling
    place)
    • Samples must be stored in a cool place
    (refrigerator)
    • Samples can also be stored in a freezer if period of
    storage is long
    • Condensed water from the bag or container must
    mix together with the sample
    14
    Tero Vesisenaho
    TOTAL MOISTURE CONTENT AS RECEIVED (Mar)

    OVEN METHOD

    • The samples are dried in an air-


    conditioned drying oven at 105 ±
    2 °C to constant weight
    • A drying period is 16 - 24 hours
    • After drying the samples are
    cooled in a desiccator to room
    temperature before weighing or
    weighed hot immediately after
    removing from the oven
    • A standard oven gives 1-2 % too
    high moisture content due to
    lost volatile compounds
    15
    Tero Vesisenaho
    PROPERTIES OF WOOD AS A FUEL
    OIL

    COAL
    BROWN
    COAL

    PEAT

    WOOD

    16
    Tero Vesisenaho
    PROPERTIES OF WOOD AS A FUEL

    •The calorific heating value of wood chips does not vary a lot
    between tree species (18.7–21.9 MJ/kg), but

    – In coniferous tree species it is slightly higher than in


    deciduous tree species

    • This is caused by a higher lignin and resin contents in


    coniferous species

    •In the northern parts of Europe the concept of effective


    heating value (without the energy content of condensed water
    vapour) is more commonly used than calorimetric value.

    17
    Tero Vesisenaho
    CALORIFIC VALUE
    CROSS CALORIFIC VALUE (Q gr)
    • A weighed portion of the analysis
    sample (air-dry, about 1 g) of the
    solid fuel is burned in high-pressure
    oxygen in a bomb calorimeter
    under specific conditions
    • The gross calorific value is
    calculated from the corrected
    temperature rise and the effective
    heat capacity of the calorimeter
    • Contains the energy of H2, which
    typically goes out of the chimney
    • Qnet, d = Qgr, d – 0.2181 x H2-content

    18
    Tero Vesisenaho
    ENERGY QUANTITY DELIVERED (W)

    • A reliable calculation of the energy quantity delivered


    requires
    • determination of moisture content
    • determination of calorific value
    • weighing of the fuel batch delivered

    • The energy quantity delivered (MWh) is calculated


    according to equation
    W= Qnet,ar × m
    3.6
    • Qnet,ar = Qnet,d x (100 – Mar)/100 – 0.02441 x Mar

    19
    Tero Vesisenaho
    ASH CONTENT (Ad)

    • The air dry analysis


    sample is weighed to a
    tempered combustion
    crucible
    • The crucible is placed into
    furnace at room-
    temperature
    • The sample is ashed in a
    muffle furnace at 815 °C
    or at 550 °C
    • After combustion the
    crucible is cooled down in
    an desiccator and weighed
    20
    Tero Vesisenaho

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