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Operative Dentistry, 0000, 00-0, 000-000

Prospective Clinical Study of

Zirconia Full-coverage Restorations
on Teeth Prepared With Biologically
Oriented Preparation Technique on
Gingival Health: Results After
Two-year Follow-up
R Agustı́n-Panadero  B Serra-Pastor  A Fons-Font  MF Solá-Ruı́z

Clinical Relevance
Tooth preparation with the biologically oriented preparation technique prior to restoration
by zirconia fixed prostheses is a safe treatment option that provides excellent clinical
outcomes, with greater gingival thickness and gingival margin stability.

SUMMARY preparation without finish line biologically

oriented preparation technique (BOPT).
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical behavior of
one-piece complete-coverage crowns and fixed Methods and Materials: This prospective study
partial dentures (FPDs) on teeth with vertical included 52 patients requiring treatment with
restorations in the esthetic region: 74 crowns
*Rubén Agustı́n-Panadero, DDS, MSc, PhD, associate profes- and 27 FPDs. The sample included a total of
sor, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia University, 149 teeth that were prepared vertically with-
Department of Stomatology, Clı́nicas Odontológicas, Valen-
out finish line. The sample was divided into
cia, Spain
two groups: one-piece crowns and FPDs, all
Blanca Serra Pastor, DDS, assistant professor, Faculty of
with zirconia cores, feldspathic ceramic ve-
Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia University, Department of
Stomatology, Clı́nicas Odontológicas, Valencia, Spain
neer, and a 0.5-mm prosthetic finish line of
zirconia. All procedures were carried out at
Antonio Fons-Font, DDS, PhD, MD, adjunct professor, Faculty of
Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia University, Department of
the University of Valencia from 2013 to 2014.
Stomatology, Clı́nicas Odontológicas, Valencia, Spain The following parameters were evaluated over
Mª Fernanda Solá-Ruı́z, DDS, PhD, MD, adjunct professor,
a two-year follow-up: oral hygiene, periodontal
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia University, state, gingival thickening, gingival margin
Department of Stomatology, Clı́nicas Odontológicas, Valen- stability, the presence of complications, and
cia, Spain restoration survival rate. Patient satisfaction
*Corresponding author: Gascó Oliag 1, Valencia 46010,
DOI: 10.2341/17-124-C
Spain; e-mail: rubenagustinpanadero@gmail.com
 Operative Dentistry

with treatment was assessed by means of a

visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results: Two years after treatment, 80.5% of
treated teeth remained free of gingival inflam-
mation and bleeding. Mean gingival thicken-
ing was 0.41 6 0.28 mm for one-piece crowns
and 0.38 6 0.36 mm for FPDs. Gingival margin
stability was 100%, but 2% of the sample
presented biological complications. The VAS
patient satisfaction scores were eight out of a
maximum score of 10.
Figure 1. (a): Rounded shoulder margin with horizontal stop for the
Conclusions: Two years after treatment, verti- final restoration marked with red points. (b): Knife-edge finish line with
cal preparation without finish line produces horizontal stop for the final restoration marked with red points. (c)
gingival thickening, margin stability, and op- BOPT preparation technique without horizontal stop.
timal esthetics. Neither crowns nor FPDs pre-
sented any mechanical complications. and better soft tissue stability in the restora-
tions,5,11,12 but there is no scientific evidence with
INTRODUCTION prospective clinical studies in the literature.
Maintaining gingival tissue stability is one of the The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical
main challenges when restoring teeth with fixed behavior of full-coverage restorations made with
prostheses in the esthetic region.1,2 One of the most zirconia cores, feldspathic ceramic veneer, and a 0.5-
frequent complications when teeth are restored with mm prosthetic finish line of zirconia on teeth
tooth-supported fixed prostheses is gingival reces- prepared without finish line over a two-year follow-
sion that occurs over time.3 When the restorations up, registering probing depth, inflammation, gingi-
are in the anterior region, this can compromise val thickness and margin stability, any resulting
esthetics and lead to biological and functional complications, and the restoration survival rate.
problems.4-7
Gingival margin recession around tooth-supported METHODS AND MATERIALS
fixed prostheses is largely associated with iatrogenic Fifty-two patients were selected who were attending
effects produced during dental preparation or caused the Prosthetics Clinic at the Department of Dental
by inadequate prosthetic fit, which can cause chronic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Uni-
inflammation leading to gingival margin recession versity of Valencia, Spain. The sample consisted of
around the restoration.7,8 22 men and 30 women between 18 and 65 years of
Tooth preparation prior to placing fixed prostheses age. All were treated between January 2013 and
can be classified as three types (Figure 1): horizontal January 2014.
finish line such as rounded shoulder margin, knife- Inclusion criteria included patients older than 18
edge finishing line,9,10 or without finish line, the years, nonsmokers, in good or well-managed peri-
latter described by Loi as biologically oriented odontal health, and with former treatment in the
preparation technique (BOPT).5
anterior sector (one-piece crowns or fixed partial
BOPT is a protocol in which the crown’s anatom- dentures [FPDs]) requiring replacement because of
ical emergence profile corresponding to the cemento- differences between the gingival margin and the
enamel junction (CEJ) is eliminated to create a new restorative margin that created an esthetic problem,
junction with the prosthesis at the moment it is discoloring, secondary caries, or some other compli-
placed.5,11,12 The protocol for fabricating the interim cation (Figure 2).
prosthesis is of key importance as this determines
The study protocol was approved by the University
the new emergence that will support the gingival
of Valencia Clinical Trial Committee (No.
margin and guide healing, reinsertion, and thicken-
ing of the gingival tissue; this will be reproduced H1448361523684). Patients gave their informed
when the definitive prosthesis is placed. The clinical consent in writing to take part.
experience of the authors who have published in the The sample included a total of 149 teeth (incisors,
literature on the BOPT technique is that they canines, and premolars), divided into two groups
appreciate an increase in the gingival thickness according to the type of prosthetic rehabilitation to
Agustı́n-Panadero & Others: Clinical Study of Zirconia Restorations With BOPT

BOPT protocol described by Agustı́n and others.12

Dental preparation eliminated the preexisting finish
line (situated supragingival) using a turbine hand
piece and 100-/200-lm cone diamond bur of 1.2-mm
diameter (862.534.012, BOPT drills; Sweden &
Martina, Due Carrare, Italy). The bur was inserted
into the gingival sulcus at an angle of 10-158 to the
tooth’s axis11; in this way, the tooth and the gingival
tissue underwent rotary curettage, producing
bleeding in the gingival sulcus. Afterward, the
provisional prosthesis was fabricated with self-
polymerizing acrylic resin (Sintodent, Sintodent
s.r.l, Rome, Italy) to create a new cementoenamel-
prosthetic junction, situated in the gingival sulcus at
a depth of 0.5 to 1 mm, with consideration of the
biological width.5,11,12
Interim restorations were not removed until the
soft tissues had completely matured—a period of 8 to
12 weeks (Figure 3). At this point, impressions were
taken to fabricate the definitive prosthesis using the
two-step impression technique, placing double gin-
gival retraction cord to prevent gingival collapse.
Lastly, the definitive restorations were fitted, with
zirconia core (Lava Frame Zirconia, 3M ESPE,
Germany) and feldspathic ceramic veneer (Lava
Ceram, 3M ESPE) fabricated using the stratification
technique, covering up to 0.5 mm before the end of
the restoration and a 0.5-mm prosthetic finish line of
zirconia (Figure 4). All prostheses were cemented
with temporary cement (Temp Bond Clear, Kerr
Dental, Orange, CA, USA) during the first two
months. After this time, we checked that everything
was correct and the restorations were cemented with
glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem Radiopaque, 3M
ESPE). It is advisable to use definitive radiopaque
cements to check radiologically the correct removal.

Clinical Patient Follow-up

A follow-up protocol was established, with the first
Figure 2. Labial view of earlier treatment in anterior region with fixed
prosthesis presenting recession of the gingival margin and recession. checkup shortly after treatment (one week after
Figure 3. Labial view of dental and soft-tissue preparation after eight definitive prosthesis cementation with glass ionomer
weeks of maturation with the provisional prosthesis. cement), and at three months, six months, one year,
Figure 4. Definitive restorations with zirconia core after two years
(labial view). and two years later.
The following parameters were registered at each
be performed: one-piece crowns or FPDs (three-unit follow-up visit: frequency of tooth brushing, probing
FPDs). To perform comparable analyses of FPDs and depth (PD), gingival inflammation and bleeding, the
crowns, each tooth was analyzed individually (74 teeth presence of any complications, and marginal stabil-
ity. Marginal stability was assessed using a milli-
supporting crowns and 75 teeth supporting FPDs).
meter-calibrated periodontal probe (PCPUNC156,
In all cases, tooth preparation, the provisionaliza- Hu-Friedy, Des Plaines, IL, USA) to measure the
tion phase, and laboratory procedures were carried distance (in millimeters) from the cementoenamel-
out by a single clinician, following the simplified prosthetic junction to the gingival margin.
 Operative Dentistry

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS
Statistics 21.0 software. Parametric tests were
applied with significance set at p,0.05. Fisher exact
test was applied with a 95% confidence level.
Student t-test was used to compare independent
samples with a power of 0.85.

RESULTS
Analyzing the data obtained during the two-year
follow-up, 76.8% of patients presented very good oral
hygiene maintenance, brushing two or three times a
day, while the other 23.2% of patients brushed only
once a day.
At the start of treatment, PD values were 3 mm or
less in all samples; during the follow-up, only 4.1% of
teeth restored with crowns and 5.6% of teeth
supporting FPDs showed some variation. A total of
120 treated teeth (80.5%) remained without gingival
inflammation or bleeding, while 29 (19.5%) did show
inflammation and/or bleeding. The presence of
adequate periodontal parameters (PD of 3 mm or
less, absence of gingival inflammation and bleeding)
was statistically significantly related to good oral
hygiene maintenance.
For teeth supporting one-piece crowns, initial
Figure 5. (a): Measuring gingival thickness. (b): Vertical distance in mean gingival thickness was 1.26 mm (SD 60.48
relation to gingival margin for measuring vestibular gingival thickness. mm), increasing to 1.67 6 0.58 mm at the end of the
two-year follow-up (Table 1). This represents a mean
increase of 0.41 mm (SD60.28 mm) with statistical
Gingival thickness was measured around each significance (p,0.001, t).
tooth at the first checkup (one week after treatment)
For teeth supporting FPDs, initial mean gingival
and at the last checkup (two years after treatment).
thickness was 1.14 6 0.42 mm, increasing to 1.52 6
The measurements were taken under local anesthe-
0.43 mm (Table 1). This represents a mean increase
sia introducing a millimeter-calibrated periodontal
of 0.38 6 0.36 mm, also with statistical significance
probe (PCPUNC156, Hu-Friedy) horizontally 2 mm (p,0.001, t; Figure 6)
below the vestibular gingival margin. To standardize
this measurement, a transparent guide was fabri- Gingival margin stability was 100% for all one-
piece crowns and FPDs (p=0.999; Table 2); no
cated following an Essix splint-type design. Mea-
mucogingival alterations were observed around any
surements were taken buccally at a 2-mm distance
of the restorations.
from the gingival margin (Figure 5) indicated in a
little hole in the transparent guide and reproduced The total number of complications registered
at the same exact point two years after treatment represented 2% of the treated teeth. Two cases of
completion (final measurement). The exact gingival pulpitis were found (1.3%), and there was a single
thickness in millimeters was estimated by introduc- case of root fracture of a tooth that had undergone
endodontic treatment before the start of the trial,
ing an endodontic rubber stopper in the periodontal
which necessitated extraction of the tooth (0.7%).
probe and checking the measurements with an
No mechanical complications—cracks or frac-
endodontic rule.
tures—were observed in any of the restorations.
Finally, the degree of patient satisfaction was The total survival index of the restorations
assessed at the last visit (two years after treatment) supported by teeth prepared with BOPT was
using a visual analogue scale (VAS).13 100%.
Agustı́n-Panadero & Others: Clinical Study of Zirconia Restorations With BOPT

Table 1: Changes in Gingival Thickness (in Millimeters)

During the Clinical Follow-up Period
Gingival Thickness
Total Tooth Tooth
Supporting Supporting
Crown FPD
Initial thickness
n 149 74 75
Mean 1.20 1.26 1.14
Standard deviation 0.45 0.48 0.42
Minimum 0.50 0.50 0.50
Maximum 2.50 2.50 2.00
Median 1.00 1.00 1.00
Final thickness Figure 6. Gingival thickening during follow-up period.
n 149 74 75
Mean 1.59 1.67 1.52 term in comparison with other preparations with
Standard deviation 0.51 0.58 0.43 chamfered finish lines. A four-year prospective study
Minimum 1.00 1.00 1.00 by Peláez and others15 studied the periodontal
Maximum 3.00 3.00 2.50 behavior of 20 FPDs made of zirconia core and
Median 1.50 1.50 1.50 feldspatic veneer, prepared with subgingival cham-
fer finish line. Of the teeth, 89.47% suffered gingival
margin migration, whereby the finish line becomes
Lastly, the degree of patient satisfaction assessed juxta- or supragingival, and only 10.53% of the teeth
by VAS showed a mean value of 8.3 6 1.2 with maintained the initial subgingival margin.15 These
statistical significance (p,0.001). data show that there is a problem of gingival margin
stability in teeth prepared with subgingival horizon-
DISCUSSION tal finish lines; however, in the present trial, 100% of
teeth prepared with BOPT maintained their initial
Establishing a good relationship between dental
margin position and produced gingival thickening
restorations and the periodontum is crucial to the
(mean thickening of 0.41 mm for crowns and 0.38
long-term clinical success of treatment and its
mm for FPDs) during the two-year follow-up.
esthetic harmony.1,2 Gingival health and stability
around fixed prostheses protects against recession of In the BOPT technique, the four-week waiting
the gingival margin, which can expose the tooth- period in the provisional phase is an initial disad-
restoration finish line and so compromise esthetics.3-6 vantage that is then compensated by an optimal
Gingival recession is associated with several factors, gingival stability, a correct adaptation of the tissue
including gingival biotype (quality and quantity of to the new ovoid morphologies, and a thickening of
keratinized gingival tissue), iatrogenesis during the the gingival tissue according to the results obtained
dental preparation phase, chronic inflammation, and in this study, but it is necessary to take into account
inadequate prosthetic marginal fit.7,8 that, because there are no long-term clinical studies
on this technique, it has not been possible to compare
Several studies have indicated that subgingival our results with literature following the same
restorations with a conventional finish line are procedure.
associated with periodontal inflammation and possi-
Regarding the restoration material and its surviv-
ble gingival recession.12-14 The present study ob-
al, some studies have shown that contemporary
tained good gingival health outcomes in terms of PD,
ceramic materials such as zirconia offer sufficient
inflammation, and bleeding; the few cases that
resistance to fracture to allow this type of vertical
presented increased probing depth and signs of
preparation of the tooth stump without a horizontal
inflammation were associated with the patient’s
finish line in the anterior region.12 Reich and
poor oral hygiene regime.
others16 obtained higher strength with zirconium
The clinical experience of BOPT reported in the oxide crowns with a 0.5-mm knife-edge finish line in
literature5,11,12 has found that the technique pro- comparison with crowns with a chamfer finish line.
duces increases in gingival thickness and generates These results concur with the present study in which
better soft-tissue stability in the medium and long the restoration survival rate was 100%.
 Operative Dentistry

Table 2: Total Gingival Margin Stability According to Group (Crowns and Fixed Partial Dentures)
Gingival Margin Stability Total Crowns FPDs
N % n % n %
Total 149 100.0% 74 100.0% 75 100.0%
0 149 100.0% 74 100.0% 75 100.0%

CONCLUSIONS 5. Loi I, & Di Felice A (2013) Biologically oriented prepara-

tion technique (BOPT): a new approach for prosthetic
Teeth prepared with BOPT and restored with restoration of periodontically healthy teeth European
zirconia crowns or FPDs presented a 100% survival Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 8(1) 10-23.
rate. According to the present results, the technique 6. Silness J (1970) Periodontal conditions in patients treated
generates gingival thickening (a mean thickening of with dental bridges. 3. The relationship between the
0.41 mm for crowns and 0.38 mm for FPDs), as well location of the crown margin and the periodontal
condition Journal of Periodontal Research 5(3) 225-229.
as gingival margin stability in 100% of samples. The
technique provides high periodontal tissue and 7. Merijohn GK (2016) Management and prevention of
gingival recession Periodontology 2000 71(1) 228-242.
gingival margin stability, provided the patient
maintains adequate oral hygiene. More longitudinal 8. Podhorsky A, Rehmann P, & Wöstmann B (2015) Tooth
preparation for full-coverage restorations: a literature
prospective clinical studies are needed to confirm the review Clinical Oral Investigations 19(5) 959-968.
present findings in the longer term.
9. Pardo GI (1982) A full cast restoration design offering
superior marginal characteristics Journal of Prosthetic
Regulatory Statement Dentistry 48(5) 539-543.
This study was conducted in accordance with all the 10. Shillingburg HT Jr, Hobo S, & Fisher DW (1973)
provisions of the local human subjects oversight committee Preparation design and margin distortion in porcelain-
guidelines and policies of the Ethics Committee for Human fused-to-metal restorations Journal of Prosthetic Dentist-
Research of the Commission for Ethics in Experimental ry 89(6) 527-532.
Research of the University of Valencia. The approval code
for this study is 30-11-2015. 11. Agustı́n-Panadero R, & Solá-Ruı́z MF (2015) Vertical
preparation for fixed prosthesis rehabilitation in the
anterior sector Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 114(4)
Conflict of Interest
474-478.
The authors of this article certify that they have no 12. Agustı́n-Panadero R, Solá-Ruı́z MF, Chust C, & Ferreiroa
proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature
A (2016) Fixed dental prostheses with vertical tooth
or kind in any product, service, and/or company that is
presented in this article. preparations without finish lines: a report of two patients
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 115(5) 520-526.
(Accepted 13 September 2017) 13. Fernandez-Estevan L, Selva-Otaolaurruchi EJ, Montero
J, & Sola-Ruiz F (2015) Oral health-related quality of life
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