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Making and Analyzing Cladograms: Name: Nguyen Duc Minh Date: 10/1/2020

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Minh Nguyen Duc

1. The document summarizes the steps to build and analyze a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between fish, sharks, frogs, birds, rabbits, and humans. 2. Key details in the cladogram show vertebrates as the most ancestral trait, with sharks appearing most ancestral without derived traits, and humans having the most derived traits including opposable thumbs. 3. Analysis questions address the order of traits in the cladogram, which group is most ancestral, why rabbits are placed before humans, how adding new traits or organisms could affect the cladogram structure.

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Making and Analyzing Cladograms: Name: Nguyen Duc Minh Date: 10/1/2020

Uploaded by

Minh Nguyen Duc
116 views3 pages
1. The document summarizes the steps to build and analyze a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between fish, sharks, frogs, birds, rabbits, and humans. 2. Key details in the cladogram show vertebrates as the most ancestral trait, with sharks appearing most ancestral without derived traits, and humans having the most derived traits including opposable thumbs. 3. Analysis questions address the order of traits in the cladogram, which group is most ancestral, why rabbits are placed before humans, how adding new traits or organisms could affect the cladogram structure.

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Cladogram Assignment

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1. The document summarizes the steps to build and analyze a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between fish, sharks, frogs, birds, rabbits, and humans. 2. Key details in the cladogram show vertebrates as the most ancestral trait, with sharks appearing most ancestral without derived traits, and humans having the most derived traits including opposable thumbs. 3. Analysis questions address the order of traits in the cladogram, which group is most ancestral, why rabbits are placed before humans, how adding new traits or organisms could affect the cladogram structure.

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© All Rights Reserved
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
116 views3 pages

Making and Analyzing Cladograms: Name: Nguyen Duc Minh Date: 10/1/2020

Uploaded by

Minh Nguyen Duc
1. The document summarizes the steps to build and analyze a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between fish, sharks, frogs, birds, rabbits, and humans. 2. Key details in the cladogram show vertebrates as the most ancestral trait, with sharks appearing most ancestral without derived traits, and humans having the most derived traits including opposable thumbs. 3. Analysis questions address the order of traits in the cladogram, which group is most ancestral, why rabbits are placed before humans, how adding new traits or organisms could affect the cladogram structure.

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Name: Nguyen Duc Minh

Date: 10/1/2020
Making and Analyzing Cladograms

Part 1: Building a Cladogram


1. Complete the chart.

Fish Shark Frog Humans Rabbit Bird


Vertebrate x x x x x x
Amniotic egg x x x
Four limbs x x x x
Bony skeleton x x x x x
Opposable thumb x
Hair x x

2. Create a Venn diagram.

Shark
Fish
Frog
Bird
Rabbit
Human

3. Create the cladogram.


Shark Fish Frog Bird Rabbit Human

Opposable
Hair
thumb

Amniotic egg

Four limbs

Bonny skeleton

Vertebrate

Part 2: Analysis
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What is the order of derived traits in the cladogram from left to right?
Vertebrate, bonny skeleton, four limbs, amniotic egg, hair, opposable thumb.
2. According to the cladogram, which group appears to be the most ancestral? Explain your
answer.
- According to the cladogram, shark appears to be the most ancestral. This occur as a result
of shark having no derived trait rather than vertebrate.
3. Why are rabbits placed to the left of humans?
- Since human has the 6 traits and rabbits are the only one to have 5 traits. As a result, rabbit
must be placed to the left of humans.
4. What if the characteristics of gills were included in this cladogram. Would the order change?
Why or why not?
- Gill is a organ that allow aquatic species to breath under water. While fish and do have gills,
other species do not share this same trait, as a result, it does not belong to the cladogram and
would not change the order.
5. A new organism is discovered to have no backbone (invertebrate) but lays amniotic eggs.
Would this cladogram be suitable for this organism? Why or why not?
- The new organism would not fit with the cladogram, since the cladogram starts with
backbone (vertebrate), while the new organism is invertbrate. So even though it lays
amniotic eggs, it cannot be in the cladogram.
6. How have advancements in DNA sequencing changed how cladograms and evolutionary
relationships are determined?
Cladograms and evolutionary relationships are becoming more accuracy along with the
advancements of DNA sequencing. With technology getting more advanced, it is possible to
determine with evidence whether the species had the mutation which made them to share
similarities or they all come from the common ancestral.

7. What are benefits and drawbacks to creating cladograms?


Benefits:
- Grouping organisms based on shared traits and characteristics help scientists do research
and study about the common ancestral, how distinct characteristics evolve throughout the
timeline.
Drawbacks:
The cladograms can have wrong classification since the trait strength and and how it evoluted
are not shown.
Secondly, the cladogram’s branches do not include time but rather the order of evolutionary.

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