Static Equipment PDF

Farid Aliyev
1. Pipe components
2. Hydraulic Design
3. Pumps
4. Compressors
5. Material
6. Mechanical Design
7. Static Equipment
8. Valve
9. Welding
10. Inspection and Testing
11. Documentation
 Pressure Vessels are used to store and transmit
liquids, vapors and gases under pressure in general.
The pressure of these products will exert pressure
equally in all direction on the walls and ends of the
pressure vessels.
 They are mainly used as :
a-) Separators (Slug Catcher, Oil Separator,
Dehydration system and etc.)
b-)Heat Exchangers (Shell and Tube HEX)
c-) Vibration stabilizers (Pulsations Dampeners)
d-) Shock / Water Hammer absorbers (Surge Tanks)
and etc.
Oil Separator
Shell/Tube Heat
Exchanger
Pulsation
Dampener
Surge Tank
 Composition and presence of solids effect
residence time
Electrostatic coalescer
 Fired / Unfired pressure Vessels
 Fired Pressure Vessel: A fired pressure vessel is

partially or totally open to burners and combustion
gases and is prone to overheating. Electrically heated
steam generators are also considered to be "fired“.
Examples: Thermal oil heaters, boilers that are used
to generate hot water or steam.
 Unfired pressure Vessels: An unfired pressure vessel
is any type of pressure vessel that is not fired. This
means that they are not exposed to combustion or
burner fire. Since it is an unfired vessel, there is a
lesser risk of overheating. Examples: Oil Separators,
Heat Exchangers
Fired Pressure Vessel
 Thin / Thick walled pressure vessel
 For a cylinder to qualify as "thin walled" the

ratio of radius to thickness -- Ri/t -- must be
at least 10.
Ri: Internal
Radius
t: Wall thickness
𝒕 𝟏
≥
𝑹𝑹 𝟏𝟏
Vessel Parts
 There are mainly 3 factors which affect the
design of a vessel:
 1-) Chemical composition of the product.

 2-) Temperature
 3-) Pressure
 Chemical Composition of the Product
- Corrosive Environment
- Erosive Environment
- High Acidic Environment
Depending on the chemical composition of the

product a durable material is selected to that service.
 Corrosive Environment
- Sour Service ( H2S containing Environment )
- CO2 containing Environment
- Chloride containing environment
Steels selection
- Super Duplex 2507 (UNS 32750) can be used in
sour service.(ASTM A240 F53 plate)
- Austenitic and duplex stainless steel alloys are
used extensively in environments with chlorides
present. 316 type SS, UNS31803 (22% Cr).
 Temperature
Steel Failure due to temperature:

- Embrittlement
- Creep Fracture
As the temperature of the process increases

the strength of the steel decreases.
 Embrittlement
Embrittlement is a loss of ductility of a material, making
it brittle. A material is brittle if, when subjected to
stress, it breaks without significant deformation (strain).
In steels this usually happens at very low temperatures.
Materials brittle property is called Toughness.
To use the steel at very low temperatures, an impact

(Charpy) test must be done to prove the durability of
steel at lower temperatures.
-Extract from ASME
VIII division 1, 2011
-If the temperature of
process is above the
curve, the steel can
be used without
impact test.
- Example: Curve D
Steel, SA-516 N,
thk=20mm. This still
can be at the lowest
temperature of -40 deg
C, without impact
testing.
 Creep Fracture
Creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the
tendency of a solid material to move slowly or
deform permanently under the influence of
mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of
long-term exposure to high levels of stress that
are still below the yield strength of the material.
Creep is more severe in materials that are
subjected to heat for long periods
SA-516
Spherical Vessel
Vertical Cylindrical Vessel

 Heads
Conical
 ASME (American Society of Mechanical
Engineers) VIII division 1.
RULES FOR CONSTRUCTIONOF PRESSURE VESSELS
 ASME (American Society of Mechanical

Engineers) VIII division 2.
Alternative Rules
 BS PD 5500
Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels
 Strength properties of steel.
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁) Do not load above Yield

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ⇒ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 Point
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝑚 )
2
∆𝐿
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝐿
 Stresses on vessel shell
There are 3 types of stresses exerted onto the
shell of the vessel. These are:
1-) Circumferential (hoop) stress.

2-) Longitudinal(axial) stress.
3-) Radial stress (Usually ignored because of
low effect)
Circumferential (hoop) Stress
Longitudinal (axial) Stress
Combined Stresses
 To start to size the vessel mechanically, initial
requirements must be provided. These mainly
are:
1-) Temperature
2-) Pressure
3-) Volume
They are usually provided by process engineers.

 Now we can start to do the mechanical sizing
of the vessel. As an example we will use
Horizontal Cylindrical Vessel.
 For calculations we will use ASME VIII

division1.
 Example Vessel parameters:
Vessel: Hot Oil Surge Vessel. A process vessel
containing heating oil to prevent surge in the
heating oil piping system.
Chemical Composition of the product:
“Transcal N” Oil with some chloride and
Oxygen in it.
Temperature:
200 deg ‘C
Pressure: Volume:
8 bar 11,5 m3
Due to corrosive environment SA-240, UNS31803 steel
will be used, which is durable to chloride environment.
 Now we have material type, temperature
pressure we can calculate wall thickness of
shell of vessel. To find the wall thickness we
use below equation for hoop stress (UG-27):
E= joint efficiency
P= internal pressure
R= inside radius of the shell course under consideration
S= Maximum Allowable Stress value
t= minimum required thickness
E= 1
ASME VIII div-1, Table UW-12, Double Weld, Full
Radiography
P= 8 Bar = 800000 Pascal
R= 0.9145 meter
S= 232000000 Pascal
(ASME II, Part D, Table 5A)
800000 𝑃𝑃 × 0.9145𝑚
= 5.4 𝑚𝑚
232000000 𝑃𝑎 × 1 − 0.6 × 800000𝑃𝑃
To withstand the circumferential (hoop) stress on a

vessel 5.4 mm thickness is required.
 Now we will proceed to calculate wall
thickness for Longitudinal (axial) stress. We
will use below equation (UG-27):
800000 𝑃𝑃 × 0.9145𝑚
= 3.4 𝑚𝑚
2 × 232000000 𝑃𝑎 × 1 + 0.4 × 800000𝑃𝑃
We take the highest calculated wall thickness. Thus the

minimum required wall thickness for this vessel is 5.4 mm.
We will use 6 mm thick plate to fabricate this vessel.
 Circumferential (hoop) stress is always the highest stress

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What factors affect the design of a pressure vessel?

What factors affect the design of a pressure vessel?

What are the different types of stresses exerted on the shell of a vessel?

What are the different types of stresses exerted on the shell of a vessel?

Farid Aliyev

 Fired Pressure Vessel: A fired pressure vessel is

 For a cylinder to qualify as "thin walled" the

 1-) Chemical composition of the product.

Depending on the chemical composition of the

Steel Failure due to temperature:

As the temperature of the process increases

In steels this usually happens at very low temperatures.

Materials brittle property is called Toughness.

To use the steel at very low temperatures, an impact

Vertical Cylindrical Vessel

 ASME (American Society of Mechanical

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(𝑁) Do not load above Yield

1-) Circumferential (hoop) stress.

They are usually provided by process engineers.

 For calculations we will use ASME VIII

To withstand the circumferential (hoop) stress on a

We take the highest calculated wall thickness. Thus the

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