540.

203 Engineering Thermodynamics – Spring 2011

Home Work #2- Due:2/18/2011

1. An ideal gas, Cp = (5/2)R is changed from P1 = 1 bar and V1T= 12 m3 to P2 = 12 bar and V2T
= 1m3 by the following mechanically reversible processes:
(a) Isothermal compression.
(b) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant pressure.
(c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume.
(d) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure.
(e) Cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant volume.
i. Draw each processes on a PV diagram.
ii. Calculate Q, W, ΔUT, and ΔHT for each processes, and sketch the paths of all
on a single PV diagram.

In this problem, the given values are:

P1=1 bar; P2=12 bar; VT1 = 12 m3 and VT2 = 1 m3
We see, P1V1 = P2V2
Therefore: RT1 =RT2 (for an ideal gas: PV = RT)

T1= T2
Initial and final temperatures are the same. i.e. dT = 0
∆U = ∆H = 0 because the internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas only depend on
temperature. This is the case for all the processes for this problem because internal energy and
enthalpy are both state functions.

For an ideal gas we have: ∆U = CvdT and ∆H =CpdT

From first law of thermodynamics:

∆U = Q+W
since ∆U = 0; Q = -W

Thus we see for all parts of this problem, ∆UT and ∆HT is zero and all that remains is to calculate
work.
For a reversible process: ߜܹ ൌ െܸܲ݀
a) Work done for a reversible isothermal process given as:
௏మ ௉ଶ
ܸ݀ ݀ܲ
ܹ ൌ െܴܶ න ൌ ܴܶ න
௏భ ܸ ௉ଵ ܲ

W = nRT ln P 2 / P1 = P1 VT1ln P 2 / P1 where P1=1 bar; P2=12 bar; VT1 = 12 m3

Work= 2982 kJ

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P

B) Step 1: Adiabatic compression to P2:

From the first law of thermodynamics:

dU = δQ+ δW
For adiabatic process δQ = 0
dU = δW
CvdT = -PdV ---(1)
From PV = RT, P = RT/V, substitute in equation (1)
CvdT = - RTdV/V

Now we can use separation of variable to integrate the above equation

Cv (dT/T) = -RdV/V

Integrating both of the sides

ln (T2/T1) = (-R/Cv) ln(V2/V1)

(T2/T1) = {(V2/V1)}(-R/Cv)
Substituting T = PV/R and simplifying, we get PVγ = constant

Equation for the adiabatic process is given by P1V1γ = P2V2γ

Where γ = Cp/Cv;
In the problem Cp is given as (5/2)R and we know Cv = Cp- R = (5/2)R – R = (3/2)R
Thus γ = 5/3.
Vi = V1{P1/P2}1/γ (Intermediate volume) = 2.702 m3 = Volume point up to which gas was
compressed adiabatically.
W1= {P2Vi – P1 V1}/ { γ -1} = 3063 kJ

Step2: Cool at constant P2 to V2. Work at constant pressure can be calculated as W = -PΔV
W2 = -P2 (V2-Vi) = 2042 kJ

Work = W1+ W2 = 5106 kJ

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 P

VT
(c) Step 1: Adiabatic compression to V2:
Pi = P1(V1/ V2)γ (Intermediate pressure) = 62.898 bar = Pressure up to which the gas was
compressed adiabatically.
For an adiabatic process Q = 0. Work = Change in internal evergy = nCvΔT ={nR/( γ -1)} ΔT
Or, W1 ={PiV2 – P1 V1}/ { γ -1}= 7635 kJ
Step 2: Since in this step gas is cooled down at constant volume i.e. ΔV =0.
Thus, No work. W2 =0.
Work = W1+ W2 = 7635 kJ
P

VT

(d) Step1: Heat at constant V1 to P2.

gas is heated up at constant volume i.e. ΔV =0. W1 =0
Step 2: Cool at constant P2 to V2 and Work at constant pressure is given by W = -PΔV
W2= -P2(V2- V1)=13200 kJ

Work = W1+ W2 =13200 kJ

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(e) Cool at constant P1to V2 ; W1=-P1(V2- V1)=1100 kJ
Step2: Heat at constant V2to P2
W2=0 because there is no volume change.
Work = W1+ W2=1100 kJ

VT

Sketches on a single PV diagram:

Part (a): Part (b); Part (c); Part (d); Part (e)

VT

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2. Carbon dioxide gas enters a water-cooled compressor at conditions P1=12 psia and T1=60oF, and is
discharged at conditions P2= 500 psia and T2=150oF. The entering CO2 flows through a 5-inch-
diameter pipe with a velocity of 23 ft/s, and is discharged through a 2-inch-diameter pipe. The shaft
work supplied to the compressor is 5,360 Btu/mol. What is the heat transfer rate from the compressor
(in Btu/hr)?
Data:
H1= 300 Btu/lbm V1=9.00 ft3/lbm
H2= 320 Btu/lbm V2=0.50 ft3/lbm

H1 = 300 (Btu/lbm) H2 = 320 (Btu/lbm)

V1 = 9 (ft3/lbm) V2 = 0.5 (ft3/lbm)
Q = ? Btu/hr

Solution:
To solve this problem we use the first law for open systems:
 dU   u2  . .

     m
 ( H   gz )   Q  W s
 dt c.v.  2  f .s.
This is a steady state problem (mass in =mass out). Also, it is obvious from the problem
statement that the change in potential energy is zero. We know that the change in potential and
kinetic energy can usually be neglected. In this solution the kinetic energy contribution will be
calculated, however, it is reasonable to assume that it is negligible and this will be shown.
The simplified energy balance becomes:
u2 . .
m ( H  ) f .s.  Q  Ws
2
To proceed we recognize that the mass flow rate must be calculated. To do this we use the
following equations:
.
v(velocity ) A( pipe area)  V (volumetric flow rate)
.
. V
m(mass flow rate) 
V ( specific volume)

( f
.  v1 D12
m
4 V1

= (π/4) {(23 ft/sec)(5in)2 (ft/12in)2(3600 sec/h)}/ {9 ft3/lbm}

= 1254 lb/h

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Also, from the mass balance the discharge velocity, v2, can be calculated.
.
m(mass flow rate)  const.
.  v1 D12  v2 D22
m 
4 V1 4 V2
2
D  V
v2  v1  1  2
 D2  V1

Plugging in the values v1 = 23 ft/sec, D1 = 5 in, D2= 2 in, V2 =0.5 ft3/lbm and V2 =9 ft3/lbm in the
above relation we get, v2 = (23 ft/sec)(5in/2in)2{(0.5 ft3/lbm )/ {(0.5 ft3/lbm )}
v2 = 7.98 ft/sec
Knowing both the inlet and discharge velocities allows calculation of the change in kinetic
energy.

1 . 2 1
m  v2  v1 
.
m Ek 
2

= 0.5 (1254 lb/h)(-465 ft2/sec2)(lbf sec2/32.174 lbmft)

= -11.4 Btu/h

Next, calculate the change in Enthalpy .

m H
Change in enthalpy m∆H = (1254 lbm/h)(320 Btu/ lbm - 300 Btu/ lbm) = 25080 Btu/h

The work is given; however, there is a unit conversion that must be made. We need to convert
from lb-moles to lbm. This is done using the molecular weight.
M .W .  44 lbm / mol
. .
Ws  mWs 

= (1254 lbm/h)(5360 Btu/mol)(1 mol/44 lbm)

Plugging everything back into the first law -
. .  u2  .
Q  m  H     Ws
 2

Q = 25080 Btu/h – 11.4 Btu/h -152760 Btu/h

= -127691.4 Btu/h Q = -127691.4 Btu/h

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If the change in kinetic energy was neglected then
. . .
Q  m  H  EK   Ws
= 25080 Btu/h – 152760 Btu/h
= -127680 Btu/h
The difference between the two is 0.0089 %. It is clear that kinetic energy could have been
neglected in this problem.

3. .During an emergency launch operation to fill a

Air
missile with RP-4 (a kerosene-based fuel), the volume 10.34 bar
of a fuel storage tank is first pressurized to 10.34 bar
with air coming from a large external storage tank at Air 69 bar
high pressure (69.0 bar). The overall operation is
completed as rapidly as possible. The fuel storage tank
can be approximated as a right circular cylinder 12.2 m fuel
tall and 3.05 m in diameter and is originally filled to
90% capacity. The initial temperature in the tank is 300
K.
(f) Comment on any safety hazards that
To missile

might be encountered. Especially, what would you anticipate if the inlet gas control valve were to
malfunction and the gas space above the fuel were to reach full storage tank pressure (69.0 bar)? The
fuel tank has been hydrostatically tested to 276 bar.

Since we are dealing with a gas, as the pressure inside the tank increases, the temperature will
increase. An increase in pressure from a malfunctioning inlet gas control valve could increase the
temperature of the gas inside the tank to the point that the fuel inside that tank could ignite and cause
an explosion.

(g) Calculate the temperature of the gas in the tank when the pressure has reached 10.34
bar and if the valve does not function properly and the pressure in the tank reaches 69.0 bar. For
simplicity you can consider air as an ideal gas with Cp = (7/2)R

This is an unsteady state, open system.

Begin with a mole balance. We do a mole balance in this case instead of a mass balance because
later on we will replace moles with the ideal gas law. This will become clear later on in the solution.
The rate of accumulation of moles inside the control volume is equal to the summation of the molar
flow rates into the control volume minus the summation of the molar flow rates coming out of the
control volume.:
. .
dnCV
  n  n
dt in out

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In this case, there is nothing coming out of the tank so the total number of moles out of the tank is
equal to zero. The mole balance reduces to:
. .
dnCV
  n  n since there is only one stream entering the tank.
dt in in
Taking the term on the left side of the equation and integrating with respect to time from time t1
when there are N1 moles of air in the tank to time t2 when there are N2 moles of air in the tank gives
you:
n1 t2

 dn
n2
CV   dt  (n2  n1 )CV
t1

Taking the term on the right side of the equation and integrating with respect to time gives you:
t1
. .

  nin dt  nin (t2  t1 )  nin

t

Combining what we found when we integrated the left and right sides of our mole balance:
(n2  n1 )CV  nin
Now write the first law for an unsteady open system:
d nU CV .  . . .
  nout H out   nin H in  Q  WS
dt
Again, there is nothing coming out of the tank so there is no enthalpy leaving the tank, nor is there
any heat entering or leaving the system, nor is there any shaft work. The first law reduces to:
d nU CV .  .
  nin H in  nin H in where nin=Σnin since there is only one stream entering
dt
into the tank.

Integrating both sides from t1 to t2:

t2
d nU CV t2
.  .
t2

t dt dt  t nin H in dt  nin H in t dt
1 1 1

.
n2U 2  n1U1  nin H in  t2  t1   nin H in
.
Where nin  t2  t1  is equal to the amount of gas transferred to the tank in the time increment. Please
note that the enthalpy of the supply line, Hin can be pulled out of the integral and be assumed to be
constant since the supply line of gas that enters the tank is at constant temperature and pressure.
Now substitute into the energy balance for nin from the mole balance:
n2U 2  n1U1  n2 H in  n1 H in
Rearranging yields:
n2 U 2  H in   n1 U1  H in 
Now we will use a clever trick to get this express into an equation containing temperature since we
want to calculate the value of T2. This system can be considered to be an ideal gas for which the
internal energy and enthalpy are functions of temperature only. From the definition of enthalpy:
H in  U in  PinVin  U in  RTin
Substituting this relation into the energy balance:

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 n2 U 2  U in  RTin   n1 U1  U in  RTin 
U2-Uin and U1-Uin can be thought of as the change in internal energy associated with a change in
temperature from Tin to T2 and Tin to T1, respectively since we are dealing with an ideal gas.
Recall that for an ideal gas:
U1 T1

 dU
U in
CV   CV dT
Tin
U1  U in  Cv (T1  Tin )

U2 T2

 dU
U in
CV   CV dT
Tin
U 2  U in  Cv (T2  Tin )

Substituting into the energy balance:

n2  Cv (T2  Tin )  RTin   n1  Cv (T1  Tin )  RTin 
For an ideal gas we also know that Cp=Cv + R. Using this relationship:
n2  CvT2  C pTin   n1  CvT1  C pTin 
Now we have an equation relating T2 to Tin and Tin. We still have n1 and n2 that are unknowns in
our energy balance equation. To get n1 and n2 in terms of T1 and T2, we can use the ideal gas
law:
PV  nRT
PV T PV T
n1  1 n2  2 where the volume of the tank is constant.
RT1 RT2
Substituting these relationships into our energy balance:
T
PV PV T
2
RT2
 CvT2  C pTin   1  CvT1  C pTin 
RT1
Solving the above equation for T2:
CP P2T1Tin
T2 
Cv P2T1  Cv PT
1 1  C P PT
1 in
In this case, T1=T2:
CP P2T1T1
T2 
Cv P2T1  Cv PT
1 1  C P PT
1 1

CP P2T1
T2 
Cv P2  Cv P1  CP P1
Remember that Cp=Cv + R:
CP P2T1
T2 
Cv P2  P1  CP  Cv 
CP P2T1
T2 
Cv P2  P1 R

We are now ready to calculate T2. First, convert the gas constant R to be consistent with our units:
 kPa  m3   1.01325bar  bar  m3
 8.314    0.08314
 kgmol  K   101.325kPa  kgmol  K

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For P1=0.010 bars (given in problem) and P2=10.34 bars:

T2 
CP P2T1
RP1  Cv P2
= [(7/2)(0.08314)(300)] / (0.08314)(0.010)+(10.34)(5/2)(0.08314) = 403 K
For P2=69 bars:

T2 
CP P2T1
RP1  Cv P2
/ (0.08314)(0.010)+(69)(5/2)(0.08314) = 99.4K
= [(7/2)(0.08314)(300)]

This is risky since the spontaneous ignition temperature of kerosene is 505 K and the temperature
will increase as the pressure increases.

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