Phys 221 Exercises
Phys 221 Exercises
[
Smixing =−k B N a ln ( NN )+ N ln ( NN )] .
a
b
b
( Z Na a
Z Nb b
)
(a) The partition function of the mixture is: ZN =
( N a! Nb ! )
( Z Na Z Nb )
[ ]
a b
Z Naa
Z Na
( )
a
F identical =−k B T ln
N!
(b) The difference in the free energies if Za = Zb even if the particles are not identical:
Z Na a
Z aN a
∆ F=k B T ln
N! ( )
−¿ k B T ln
N a! Nb ! (
¿ )
Na Na
∆ F=−k B T ln
[(
Za
Na ! N b!
Z
−ln a
N! ) ( )]
Z Na a
∆ F=−k B T ln
[ ] Na! N b!
Z
Na
a
N!
=−k B T
[ N!
N a! Nb ! ]
Apply Stirling’s approximation:
∆ F=−k B T [ N ! ln N !−N a ! ln N a !−N b ! ln N b ! ]
∆ F=−k B T [ ( N a+ N b ) ln ( N a + N b ) −N a ln N a−N b ln N b ]
S= ( ∂∂ TF )
V
S=−k B [ ( N a + N b ) ln ( N a + N b ) −N a ln N a−N b ln N b ]
S=−k B ¿
N N
[ ( ) ( )]
S=−k B N a ln
Na
+ N b ln
Nb
−E r μB −μB
kB T k BT k BT
Z1 =∑ e =e +e
r
e x + e−x
Apply hyperbolic trigonometric identity: cosh x=
2
Z1 =2cosh ( kμBT )
B
For ions: Z N =( Z 1 ) N
N
μB
(
Z N = 2 cosh
kB T )
The Helmholtz free energy is given by:
F=−k B T ln Z N =−N k B T ln Z 1
μB
F=−¿ Nk B T ln 2 cosh
Hence the entropy S is:
kB T ( )
S=− ( ∂∂TF ) =N k ln (2 cosh kμBT )−( N k T ) kμBT tanh ( kμBT )
B
B
B
B
B
2
B
S=N k B ln 2 cosh
[{ ( )} μB
kB T
−
μB
kB T
tanh
( )]
μB
kBT
The entropy S is a function of B/kBT. Hence, if the entropy of the spin states is maintained
constant then the temperature of the spin state can be lowered by reducing the magnetic field
adiabatically. In the crystal, the decrease in the temperature of the spin states can result in a
decrease of the temperature of the crystal vibrations by heat transfer. Therefore the whole
crystal is cooled by an adiabatic reduction of the magnetic field. That is:
T1 T 2
=
B1 B 2
10−2 T
T 2= ( 1 K ) ( 10 T )
T 2=0.001 K
3. Two identical particles of mass m interact with an external potential which is harmonic,
but they do not interact with each other. The Hamiltonian of the system is:
p21 p22 mω 2 2 2
H=
^ +
2m 2m
+
2
( x 1 + x 2 ).
(a) What are the energy levels of the system?
(b) Given that the particle are bosons, determine the partition function.
(c) Repeat the calculation given that the two particles are fermions.