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    Venturi Meters, Orifice Meters, and Flow Nozzles Measure The Volumetric Flow Rate

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    aram
    The document discusses how Venturi meters measure volumetric flow rate by causing fluid to flow through a constriction. This increases kinetic energy and decreases pressure energy. Flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure difference between the inlet and throat. The equations show that flow rate is calculated using the pressure difference, densities of the fluid, and dimensions of the Venturi meter. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating flow rate from given pressure readings and Venturi meter dimensions.

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    Venturi Meters, Orifice Meters, and Flow Nozzles Measure The Volumetric Flow Rate

    Uploaded by

    aram
    121 views2 pages
    The document discusses how Venturi meters measure volumetric flow rate by causing fluid to flow through a constriction. This increases kinetic energy and decreases pressure energy. Flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure difference between the inlet and throat. The equations show that flow rate is calculated using the pressure difference, densities of the fluid, and dimensions of the Venturi meter. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating flow rate from given pressure readings and Venturi meter dimensions.

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    Fluid Flow lecture 28

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    lecture-28

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    The document discusses how Venturi meters measure volumetric flow rate by causing fluid to flow through a constriction. This increases kinetic energy and decreases pressure energy. Flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure difference between the inlet and throat. The equations show that flow rate is calculated using the pressure difference, densities of the fluid, and dimensions of the Venturi meter. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating flow rate from given pressure readings and Venturi meter dimensions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    121 views2 pages

    Venturi Meters, Orifice Meters, and Flow Nozzles Measure The Volumetric Flow Rate

    Uploaded by

    aram
    The document discusses how Venturi meters measure volumetric flow rate by causing fluid to flow through a constriction. This increases kinetic energy and decreases pressure energy. Flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure difference between the inlet and throat. The equations show that flow rate is calculated using the pressure difference, densities of the fluid, and dimensions of the Venturi meter. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating flow rate from given pressure readings and Venturi meter dimensions.

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    7.2.

    2 Measurement by Flow Through a Constriction


    In measuring devices where the fluid is accelerated by causing it to flow through a
    constriction, the kinetic energy is thereby increased and the pressure energy therefore
    decreases. The flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure difference between the
    inlet of the meter and a point of reduced pressure.
    Venturi meters, orifice meters, and flow nozzles measure the volumetric flow rate
    Q or average (mean linear) velocity u. In contrast the Pitot tube measures a point (local)
    velocity ux.
    7.2.2.1 Venturi Meter
    Venturi meters consist of three sections as shown in Figure;
    Convergent Divergent

    Throat
    θ=15-20º
    θ=5-7º
    1 2
    d • •

    - From continuity equation A1u1 = A2u2 ⇒ u1 = (A2/A1) u2


    - From Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2
    P1 u12 P u2
    + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
    ρ g 2g ρ g 2g
    P1 − P2 u22 − u12 u22 ⎡ ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎤ u22 ⎡ A12 A22 ⎤
    2

    ⇒ = = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥
    ρg 2g 2 g ⎢⎣ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 2 g ⎣ A12 ⎦

    ⎛ 2(− ΔP ) ⎞⎡ 1 ⎤ 2(− ΔP ) A1
    ⇒ u2 = ⎜ ⎟⎢ 2 ⎥ =
    ⎝ ρ ⎠⎣ 1 − ( A2 / A1 ) ⎦ ρ A12 − A22
    ⎡ ⎤ A1
    or u2 = (2 gΔh)⎢ 1
    ⎥ = 2 gΔ h
    ⎣ 1 − ( A2 / A1 ) ⎦
    2
    A12 − A22
    ⎛ 2 R( ρm − ρ) g ⎞⎡ 1 ⎤ 2 R( ρm − ρ) g A1
    or u2 = ⎜ ⎟⎢ 2 ⎥ =
    ⎝ ρ ⎠⎣ 1 − ( A2 / A1 ) ⎦ ρ A12 − A22
    All these equation of velocity at throat u2, which derived from Bernoulli’s equation
    are for ideal fluids. Using a coefficient of discharge Cd to take account of the frictional
    losses in the meter and of the parameters of kinetic energy correction α1 and α2. Thus the
    volumetric flow rate will be obtained by: -
    ⎛ 2(− ΔP ) ⎞⎡ A22 ⎤ 2(− ΔP ) A1 A2
    Q = u2 A2 = C d ⎜ ⎟⎢ 2 ⎥ = Cd
    ⎝ ρ ⎠⎣ 1 − ( A2 / A1 ) ⎦ ρ A12 − A22
    ⎡ A22 ⎤ A1 A2
    or Q = Cd (2 gΔh)⎢ 2 ⎥ = Cd 2 gΔ h
    ⎣ 1 − ( A2 / A1 ) ⎦ A12 − A22
    ⎛ 2 R( ρm − ρ) g ⎞⎡ A22 ⎤ 2 R( ρm − ρ) g A1 A2
    or Q = Cd ⎜ ⎟⎢ 2 ⎥ = Cd
    ⎝ ρ ⎠⎣ 1 − ( A2 / A1 ) ⎦ ρ A12 − A22

    m&
    m& = Q ρ, G= ρ u =
    A
    For many meters and for Re > 104 at point 1
    Cd = 0.98 for d1 < 20 cm
    Cd = 0.99 for d1 > 20 cm
    Example -7.5-
    A horizontal Venturi meter with d1 = 20 cm, and d2 = 10 cm, is used to measure the
    flow rate of oil of sp.gr. = 0.8, the discharge through venture meter is 60 lit/s. find the
    reading of (oil-Hg) differential Take Cd = 0.98.
    Solution:
    Q = u2 A2 = 60 lit/s (m3/1000lit) = 0.06 m3/s
    2 R( ρm − ρ) g A1 A2 2 R(13600 − 800)9.81 (π / 4) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.2) 2
    0.06 = C d = 0.98
    ρ A12 − A22 800 (π / 4) 2 [(0.2) 4 − (0.1) 4 ]

    ⇒ R = 0.1815 m Hg = 18.15 cm Hg
    Example -7.6-
    A horizontal Venturi meter is used to measure the flow rate of water through the piping
    system of 20 cm I.D, where the diameter of throat in the meter is d2 = 10 cm. The
    pressure at inlet is 17.658 N/cm2 gauge and the vacuum pressure of 35 cm Hg at throat.
    Find the discharge of water. Take Cd = 0.98.
    Solution:
    P1 = 17.658 N/cm2 (100 cm / m)2 = 176580 Pa
    P2 = –35 mm Hg (m / 100 cm) 9.81 (13600) = –46695.6 Pa
    P1 – P2 = 176580–(–46695.6) = 223275.6 Pa
    2 ΔP A1 A2 2( 223275.6) (0.2) 2 [(π / 4)(0.1) 2 ]
    Q = u2 A2 = C d = 0.98
    ρ A12 − A22 1000 [(0.2) 4 − (0.1) 4 ]
    ⇒ Q = 0.168 m3/s

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