8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel, Switched-Capacitor Filters: General Description Features
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel, Switched-Capacitor Filters: General Description Features
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel, Switched-Capacitor Filters: General Description Features
MAX7401/MAX7405
The MAX7401/MAX7405 8th-order, lowpass, Bessel, ♦ 8th-Order, Lowpass Bessel Filters
switched-capacitor filters (SCFs) operate from a single
+5V (MAX7401) or +3V (MAX7405) supply. These ♦ Low Noise and Distortion: -82dB THD + Noise
devices draw only 2mA of supply current and allow cor- ♦ Clock-Tunable Corner Frequency (1Hz to 5kHz)
ner frequencies from 1Hz to 5kHz, making them ideal
for low-power post-DAC filtering and anti-aliasing appli- ♦ 100:1 Clock-to-Corner Ratio
cations. They feature a shutdown mode that reduces ♦ Single-Supply Operation
supply current to 0.2µA.
+5V (MAX7401)
Two clocking options are available on these devices: +3V (MAX7405)
self-clocking (through the use of an external capacitor)
or external clocking for tighter corner-frequency control. ♦ Low Power
An offset adjust pin allows for adjustment of the DC out- 2mA (Operating Mode)
put level. 0.2µA (Shutdown Mode)
The MAX7401/MAX7405 Bessel filters provide low over- ♦ Available in 8-Pin SO/DIP Packages
shoot and fast settling. Their fixed response simplifies
♦ Low Output Offset: ±5mV
the design task to selecting a clock frequency.
COM 1 8 CLK
0.1µF
SO/DIP
VDD
SHDN
MAX7401
MAX7405
OS 0.1µF
GND
For free samples & the latest literature: http://www.maxim-ic.com, or phone 1-800-998-8800.
For small orders, phone 1-800-835-8769.
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
MAX7401/MAX7405
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—MAX7401
(V DD = +5V, filter output measured at OUT, 10kΩ || 50pF load to GND at OUT, OS = COM, 0.1µF from COM to GND,
SHDN = VDD, fCLK = 100kHz, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
Corner Frequency fC (Note 1) 0.001 to 5 kHz
Clock-to-Corner Ratio fCLK / fC 100:1
Clock-to-Corner Tempco 10 ppm/°C
Output Voltage Range 0.25 VDD - 0.25 V
Output Offset Voltage VOFFSET VIN = VCOM = VDD / 2 ±5 ±25 mV
DC Insertion Gain with
VCOM = VDD / 2 (Note 2) -0.1 0.15 0.3 dB
Output Offset Removed
Total Harmonic Distortion fIN = 200Hz, VIN = 4Vp-p,
THD+N -82 dB
plus Noise measurement bandwidth = 22kHz
OS Voltage Gain to OUT AOS 1 V/ V
Input Voltage Range at OS VOS VCOM ±0.1 V
VDD / 2 VDD / 2
Input, COM externally driven VDD / 2
- 0.5 + 0.5
COM Voltage Range VCOM V
VDD / 2 VDD / 2
Output, COM internally biased VDD / 2
- 0.2 + 0.2
Input Resistance at COM RCOM 75 125 kΩ
Clock Feedthrough 10 mVp-p
Resistive Output Load Drive RL 10 1 kΩ
Maximum Capacitive Load at
CL 50 500 pF
OUT
Input Leakage Current at COM SHDN = GND, VCOM = 0 to VDD ±0.1 ±10 µA
Input Leakage Current at OS VOS = 0 to (VDD - 1V) (Note 3) ±0.1 ±10 µA
CLOCK
Internal Oscillator Frequency fOSC COSC = 1000pF (Note 4) 29 38 48 kHz
Clock Input Current ICLK VCLK = 0 or 5V ±15 ±30 µA
Clock Input High VIH VDD - 0.5 V
Clock Input Low VIL 0.5 V
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—MAX7401 (continued)
MAX7401/MAX7405
(V DD = +5V, filter output measured at OUT, 10kΩ || 50pF load to GND at OUT, OS = COM, 0.1µF from COM to GND,
SHDN = VDD, fCLK = 100kHz, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
POWER REQUIREMENTS
Supply Voltage VDD 4.5 5.5 V
Supply Current IDD Operating mode, no load, IN = OS = COM 2 3.5 mA
Shutdown Current I SHDN SHDN = GND, CLK driven from 0 to VDD 0.2 1 µA
Power-Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR Measured at DC 60 dB
SHUTDOWN
SHDN Input High VSDH VDD - 0.5 V
SHDN Input Low VSDL 0.5 V
SHDN Input Leakage Current V SHDN = 0 to VDD ±0.1 ±10 µA
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—MAX7405
(V DD = +3V, filter output measured at OUT, 10kΩ || 50pF load to GND at OUT, OS = COM, 0.1µF from COM to GND,
SHDN = VDD, fCLK = 100kHz, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
Corner Frequency fC (Note 1) 0.001 to 5 kHz
Clock-to-Corner Ratio fCLK/fC 100:1
Clock-to-Corner Tempco 10 ppm/°C
Output Voltage Range 0.25 VDD - 0.25 V
Output Offset Voltage VOFFSET VIN = VCOM = VDD / 2 ±5 ±25 mV
DC Insertion Gain with
VCOM = VDD / 2 (Note 2) -0.1 0.03 0.3 dB
Output Offset Removed
Total Harmonic Distortion fIN = 200Hz, VIN = 2.5Vp-p,
THD+N -84 dB
plus Noise measurement bandwidth = 22kHz
OS Voltage Gain to OUT AOS 1 V/ V
Input Voltage Range at OS VOS VCOM ±0.1 V
VDD / 2 VDD / 2
COM Voltage Range VCOM COM internally biased or externally driven VDD / 2 V
- 0.1 + 0.1
Input Resistance at COM RCOM 75 125 kΩ
Clock Feedthrough 10 mVp-p
Resistance Output Load Drive RL 10 1 kΩ
Maximum Capacitive
CL 50 500 pF
Load at OUT
Input Leakage Current at COM SHDN = GND, VCOM = 0 to VDD ±0.1 ±10 µA
Input Leakage Current at OS VOS = 0 to (VDD - 1V) (Note 3) ±0.1 ±10 µA
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—MAX7405 (continued)
MAX7401/MAX7405
(V DD = +3V, filter output measured at OUT, 10kΩ || 50pF load to GND at OUT, OS = COM, 0.1µF from COM to GND,
SHDN = VDD, fCLK = 100kHz, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
CLOCK
Internal Oscillator Frequency fOSC COSC = 1000pF (Note 4) 26 34 43 kHz
Clock Input Current ICLK VCLK = 0 or 3V ±15 ±30 µA
Clock Input High VIH VDD - 0.5 V
Clock Input Low VIL 0.5 V
POWER REQUIREMENTS
Supply Voltage VDD 2.7 3.6 V
Supply Current IDD Operating mode, no load, IN = OS = COM 2 3.5 mA
Shutdown Current I SHDN SHDN = GND, CLK driven from 0 to VDD 0.2 1 µA
Power-Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR Measured at DC 60 dB
SHUTDOWN
SHDN Input High VSDH VDD - 0.5 V
SHDN Input Low VSDL 0.5 V
SHDN Input Leakage Current V SHDN = 0 to VDD ±0.1 ±10 µA
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS—MAX7401/MAX7405
(VDD = +5V for MAX7401, VDD = +3V for MAX7405; filter output measured at OUT; 10kΩ || 50pF load to GND at OUT; SHDN = VDD;
VCOM = VOS = VDD /2; fCLK = 100kHz; TA = TMIN to TMAX; unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
fIN = 0.5fC -1.0 -0.8 -0.6
Insertion Gain Relative to fIN = fC -3.3 -3.0 -2.7
dB
DC Gain fIN = 3fC -33 -29
fIN = 6fC -79 -74
Note 1: The maximum fC is defined as the clock frequency, fCLK = 100 · fC, at which the peak SINAD drops to 68dB with a sinu-
soidal input at 0.2fC.
Note 2: DC insertion gain is defined as ∆VOUT / ∆VIN.
Note 3: OS voltages above VDD - 1V saturate the input and result in a 75µA typical input leakage current.
Note 4: For MAX7401, fOSC (kHz) ≅38 · 103 / COSC (pF). For MAX7405, fOSC (kHz) ≅34 · 103 / COSC (pF).
4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
Typical Operating Characteristics
MAX7401/MAX7405
(VDD = +5V for MAX7401, VDD = +3V for MAX7405; fCLK = 100kHz; SHDN = VDD; VCOM = VOS = VDD / 2; TA = +25°C; unless otherwise
noted.)
FREQUENCY RESPONSE PASSBAND FREQUENCY RESPONSE PHASE RESPONSE
10
MAX7401 toc01
0.5 0
MAX7409 toc02
MAX7401 toc03
fC = 1kHz fC = 1kHz fC = 1kHz
0 0 -50
-10
GAIN (dB)
MAX7401 toc06
MAX7401 toc04
MAX7401 toc05
2.2
2.01
2.1 MAX7401
5
MAX7405 MAX7401 MAX7405 MAX7401
2.0 2.00 0
1.9
-5
1.8 1.99
-10
1.7 MAX7405
1.98
1.6 -15
1.5 1.97 -20
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C) SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
MAX7401 toc08
MAX7401 toc09
COSC = 390pF
NORMALIZED OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
0.5 1000
1.10
OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV)
1.00
-0.5 10
0.95 MAX7401
0.90
-1.0 1
0.85
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
MAX7401/MAX7405
(VDD = +5V for MAX7401, VDD = +3V for MAX7405; fCLK = 100kHz; SHDN = VDD; VCOM = VOS = VDD / 2; TA = +25°C; unless otherwise
noted.)
MAX7401 MAX7401
NORMALIZED OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY THD PLUS NOISE vs. THD PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT SIGNAL
vs. TEMPERATURE INPUT SIGNAL AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE AND RESISTIVE LOAD
1.04 0 0
MAX7401 toc12
MAX7401 toc10
MAX7401 toc11
COSC = 390pF fIN = 200Hz
NO LOAD
NORMALIZED OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
-30 -30
1.01
-40 -40
1.00 RL = 500Ω
MAX7405 -50
-50
0.99 RL = 1kΩ
-60 -60
A
0.98 -70 RL = 10kΩ
-70
B
0.97 -80 -80
MAX7405 MAX7405
THD PLUS NOISE vs. THD PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT SIGNAL
INPUT SIGNAL AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE AND RESISTIVE LOAD
0 0
MAX7401 toc14
MAX7401 toc13
-30
THD + NOISE (dB)
-30
-40 -40
-50 -50
RL = 500Ω
-60 -60
A RL = 1kΩ
-70 B -70
RL = 10kΩ
-80 -80
-90 -90
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
AMPLITUDE (Vp-p) AMPLITUDE (Vp-p)
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
MAX7401/MAX7405
Pin Description
PIN NAME FUNCTION
Common Input. Biased internally at mid-supply. Bypass externally to GND with a 0.1µF capacitor. To over-
1 COM
ride internal biasing, drive with an external supply.
2 IN Filter Input
3 GND Ground
4 VDD Positive Supply Input: +5V for MAX7401, +3V for MAX7405
5 OUT Filter Output
Offset Adjust Input. To adjust output offset, bias OS externally. Connect OS to COM if no offset adjustment is
6 OS
needed. Refer to Offset and Common-Mode Input Adjustment section.
7 SHDN Shutdown Input. Drive low to enable shutdown mode; drive high or connect to VDD for normal operation.
Clock Input. To override the internal oscillator, connect to an external clock; otherwise, connect an external
8 CLK
capacitor (COSC) from CLK to GND to set the internal oscillator frequency.
_______________Detailed Description
The MAX7401/MAX7405 Bessel filters provide low over-
shoot and fast settling responses. Both parts operate
with a 100:1 clock-to-corner frequency ratio and a 5kHz A 2V/div
maximum corner frequency.
Lowpass Bessel filters such as the MAX7401/MAX7405
delay all frequency components equally, preserving the
B 2V/div
shape of step inputs (subject to the attenuation of the
higher frequencies). Bessel filters settle quickly—an
important characteristic in applications that use a multi- C 2V/div
plexer (mux) to select an input signal for an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC). An anti-aliasing filter placed
between the mux and the ADC must settle quickly after
a new channel is selected. 200µs/div
Figure 1 shows the difference between Bessel and
A: 1kHz INPUT SIGNAL
Butterworth filters when a 1kHz square wave is applied B: BESSEL FILTER RESPONSE; fC = 5kHz
to the filter input. With the filter cutoff frequencies set at C: BUTTERWORTH FILTER RESPONSE; fC = 5kHz
5kHz, trace B shows the Bessel filter response and
trace C shows the Butterworth filter response. Figure 1. Bessel vs. Butterworth Filter Response
Background Information
Most switched-capacitor filters (SCFs) are designed with
biquadratic sections. Each section implements two filter-
ing poles, and the sections are cascaded to produce
R1 L1 L3 L5 L7
higher order filters. The advantage to this approach is
ease of design. However, this type of design is highly +
sensitive to component variations if any section’s Q is -
VIN C2 C4 C6 C8 R2 V0
high. An alternative approach is to emulate a passive net-
work using switched-capacitor integrators with summing
and scaling. Figure 2 shows a basic 8th-order ladder filter
structure.
Figure 2. 8th-Order Ladder Filter Network
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
MAX7401/MAX7405
8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
MAX7401/MAX7405
Table 1. Typical Harmonic Distortion
fCLK fC fIN VIN TYPICAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (dB)
FILTER
(kHz) (kHz) (Hz) (Vp-p) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
100 1 200 -91 -83 -90 -93
MAX7401 4
500 5 1000 -89 -79 -92 -92
100 1 200 -87 -83 -87 -88
MAX7405 2
500 5 1000 -83 -82 -88 -88
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
________________________________________________________Package Information
MAX7401/MAX7405
SOICN.EPS
10 ______________________________________________________________________________________
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
MAX7401/MAX7405
Package Information (continued)
PDIPN.EPS
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
8th-Order, Lowpass, Bessel,
Switched-Capacitor Filters
MAX7401/MAX7405
NOTES
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
12 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 1999 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.