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    Oscillator Fundamentals 2 and Ring Osc

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    Mohit Prakash Mishra
    The document discusses feedback system stability and oscillator design. It introduces the concepts of stability conditions for feedback systems, including that a system will oscillate if the gain (K) is greater than 1 and will be stable if K is less than 1. Examples are provided to illustrate the stability condition. The document also discusses oscillator design, noting that oscillators generate signals without input by meeting Barkhausen's criteria of having a loop gain of 1 and a phase shift of 360 degrees. Common oscillator topologies like ring oscillators are described.

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    Oscillator Fundamentals 2 and Ring Osc

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Prakash Mishra
    53 views8 pages
    The document discusses feedback system stability and oscillator design. It introduces the concepts of stability conditions for feedback systems, including that a system will oscillate if the gain (K) is greater than 1 and will be stable if K is less than 1. Examples are provided to illustrate the stability condition. The document also discusses oscillator design, noting that oscillators generate signals without input by meeting Barkhausen's criteria of having a loop gain of 1 and a phase shift of 360 degrees. Common oscillator topologies like ring oscillators are described.

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    The document discusses feedback system stability and oscillator design. It introduces the concepts of stability conditions for feedback systems, including that a system will oscillate if the gain (K) is greater than 1 and will be stable if K is less than 1. Examples are provided to illustrate the stability condition. The document also discusses oscillator design, noting that oscillators generate signals without input by meeting Barkhausen's criteria of having a loop gain of 1 and a phase shift of 360 degrees. Common oscillator topologies like ring oscillators are described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views8 pages

    Oscillator Fundamentals 2 and Ring Osc

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Prakash Mishra
    The document discusses feedback system stability and oscillator design. It introduces the concepts of stability conditions for feedback systems, including that a system will oscillate if the gain (K) is greater than 1 and will be stable if K is less than 1. Examples are provided to illustrate the stability condition. The document also discusses oscillator design, noting that oscillators generate signals without input by meeting Barkhausen's criteria of having a loop gain of 1 and a phase shift of 360 degrees. Common oscillator topologies like ring oscillators are described.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 8

    3/28/2020

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    7 Feedback System Stability


    Stability Condition
    𝐾>1 𝐾<1

    Does not
    Oscillates 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 Oscillate
    (stable)
    𝜔

    𝜔 : Gain crossover frequency


    Stability condition: 𝜔 <𝜔
    𝜔 : Phase crossover frequency

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    8 Feedback System Stability


    Examples
     Example 1: With a feedback with 𝐾 = 1, determine the stability condition
     Other capacitances neglected, identical stages, 𝜆 = 0
     Must have 𝐻 <1

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    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    9 Feedback System Stability


    Examples
     Must have 𝐻 <1

    𝑔 𝑅
    𝐻 𝑠 =
    𝑠
    1+𝜔

    𝜔 = 𝑅 𝐶
    𝜔
    ∠𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = −3 tan
    𝜔 𝑔 𝑅
    <1
    𝜔   ⇒ 𝑔 𝑅 <2
    tan = 60° ⇒ 𝜔 = 3𝜔  
    𝜔
    𝜔 1+ 𝜔

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    10 Feedback System Stability


    Phase Margin
     𝜔 only slightly less
    than 𝜔 causes some
    oscillations

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    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    11 Feedback System Stability


    Phase Margin
     Sufficient margin needed between 𝜔 and 𝜔 for a
    “well-behaved” system
    Phase Margin = ∠𝐻 𝜔 + 180°
     i.e. the difference between ∠𝐻 𝜔 and −180°
     The larger the phase margin, the more stable the
    system is
     Typically, a phase margin of 60° is required for a well-
    behaved system

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    12 Oscillators – General Considerations

     As mentioned earlier, oscillators, unlike amplifiers, generate (periodic) signals


    without any input
     Therefore, an oscillator can be viewed as a badly-designed feedback amplifier
    𝑌 𝐻(𝑠)
     With 𝐾 = 1: 𝑠 = which goes to infinity at 𝜔 , if
    𝑋 1 + 𝐻(𝑠)
    𝐻 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 = −1, or |𝐾𝐻 𝑗𝜔 | = 1 and ∠𝐾𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = −180°
     i.e. Barkhausen’s criteria met

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    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    13 Oscillators – General Considerations

     Note that this includes one signal inversion (“-” sign at adder) and another 180°
    phase shift at 𝜔 , i.e. a total shift of 360°
     Questions:
     Where does X come from? Noise of the devices within the loop
     Does the output really go to infinity? No, circuit saturation and nonlinearities limit it

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    14 Oscillators – General Considerations


     Usually, the signal swing is limited to the supply voltage
     e.g. with a CS stage as the amplifier, growing swing causes 𝑀 to go into triode
    region at some point causing drop in transconductance and stage gain

    [Wikimedia.org]

    4
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    Mohammad Ahadi

    15 Oscillators – General Considerations


    Example
     Consider an oscillator with a differential pair
    amplifier
     The slope of the amplifier input/output
    characteristic shows drop of gain with larger
    input signals
     This leads to fall in the loop gain
     The output swing is limited to −𝐼 𝑅 to
    +𝐼 𝑅

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    16 Oscillators – General Considerations


    Startup Condition
     We may design the circuit for a loop gain of “1” at 𝜔 (startup condition)
     However, any slight change in the temperature, process, or supply voltage may
    cause the loop gain to drop below 1 and oscillator failure
     Therefore, the loop gain is usually quite larger
     Important design aspects: oscillation frequency, output amplitude, power
    consumption, complexity, output noise
     Oscillators can be implemented as integrated or discrete circuits, with different
    topologies
     However, in both cases they rely on Barkhausen’s criteria

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    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    17 Oscillators – General Considerations


    Oscillator Topologies

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    18 Ring Oscillators

     Ring oscillators consist of a number of stages in a ring


     As discussed before, a single stage (with a single pole) cannot lead to
    oscillation
     Let’s take a CS stage as an example (Note: no 𝐶 )
     At low frequencies: 𝐴 = −𝑔 𝑅 (Note: 𝜆 = 0),
    i.e. negative feedback
     Oscillation: Barkhausen’s criteria:
     𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =1 possible
     Phase: 𝜔 =−
    i.e. max. phase shift: -90° (@𝜔 = ∞) oscillation impossible

    6
    3/28/2020

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    19 Ring Oscillators

     Now, let’s increase the loop delay (phase shift)


     Consider two-stage CS, i.e. two poles
     Max phase shift of 180°
     No oscillation yet. Why?
     Each stage provides -90° phase shift,
    but only at 𝜔 = ∞, where 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =0
     Barkhausen’s criteria not met
     Another stage needed

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    20 Ring Oscillators

     Three-stage (identical) cascade CS


     Each pole needs to provide -60°
     − tan 𝑅 𝐶 𝜔 = −60°
     
    3
    ⇒ 𝜔 =
    𝑅 𝐶
    𝑔 𝑅
    Startup condition: 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =1 ⇒  
    =1
    1+𝑅 𝐶 𝜔
     
    ⇒ 𝑔 𝑅 = 1+𝑅 𝐶 𝜔 =2
     i.e. for oscillation, the low-frequency gain for each stage should exceed 2

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    Mohammad Ahadi

    21 Ring Oscillators

     PMOS current sources can


    replace resistors
     𝑅 is replaced with 𝑟 ||𝑟
     Similar derivations possible
     However, if the gates of p- and n-channel Transistor pairs are connected together
    CMOS inverters are created (a basic logic circuit)
     If both transistors in saturation, the stage voltage gain would be
    −(𝑔 + 𝑔 )(𝑟 ||𝑟 )
     Transistors’ capacitances cause phase shifts (delays) here

    CSUN - ECE 440


    Mohammad Ahadi

    22 Ring Oscillators
    Another perspective:
     If 𝑉 = 0; 𝑉 = 𝑉 and 𝑉 = 0 What happens?
    … then, After a stage delay, 𝑉 : 0 → 𝑉
    … and after another delay 𝑉 : 𝑉 →0
     This continues around the loop and the circuit oscillates
     With a stage delay of 𝑇 , the overall period is 6𝑇
    i.e. oscillation frequency of 1/(6𝑇 )
     With a gate delay of ~8 ps in 40-nm CMOS technology,
    the oscillation frequency is as high as 20 GHz
     Can we get oscillation with 4 amplifier stages?

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