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    4 2nd Law MAR PDF

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    Faris
    The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and concepts related to thermal efficiency. It states that the second law establishes that (1) processes can only occur in certain directions, and (2) no heat engine can convert all supplied heat into work without some heat rejection at a lower temperature. It then defines key terms like heat engines, heat reservoirs, thermal efficiency, and introduces the Carnot cycle as the most efficient heat engine design.

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    4 2nd Law MAR PDF

    Uploaded by

    Faris
    23 views14 pages
    The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and concepts related to thermal efficiency. It states that the second law establishes that (1) processes can only occur in certain directions, and (2) no heat engine can convert all supplied heat into work without some heat rejection at a lower temperature. It then defines key terms like heat engines, heat reservoirs, thermal efficiency, and introduces the Carnot cycle as the most efficient heat engine design.

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    The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and concepts related to thermal efficiency. It states that the second law establishes that (1) processes can only occur in certain directions, and (2) no heat engine can convert all supplied heat into work without some heat rejection at a lower temperature. It then defines key terms like heat engines, heat reservoirs, thermal efficiency, and introduces the Carnot cycle as the most efficient heat engine design.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views14 pages

    4 2nd Law MAR PDF

    Uploaded by

    Faris
    The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and concepts related to thermal efficiency. It states that the second law establishes that (1) processes can only occur in certain directions, and (2) no heat engine can convert all supplied heat into work without some heat rejection at a lower temperature. It then defines key terms like heat engines, heat reservoirs, thermal efficiency, and introduces the Carnot cycle as the most efficient heat engine design.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    Introduction To

    The Second Law of


    Thermodynamics
    Understanding of
    Thermal Efficiency
    Prepared by
    PM Muhammad Abd Razak
    1
    FKM UiTMPP
    The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    The 2nd law of thermodynamics is a natural law that
    states that
    ‰processes can occur in a certain direction, not in just
    any direction
    Gases expand from a high pressure to a low pressure.
    Heat flows from a high temp. to a low temperature.
    ‰No heat engine is able to convert completely all the
    heat supplied into work output and there must be
    some heat rejection at a lower temperature than the
    source.

    2
    Heat Engine
    An energy conversion system which:
    • operates in a thermodynamic cycle
    • operates between two heat reservoirs where
    ¾ net heat is transferred
    ¾ net work is delivered.

    Heat (Thermal) Reservoir


    • a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium
    • has finite amounts of heat that can be transferred in/out
    without any change in its temperature.
    ¾ high temperature heat reservoir : a heat source.
    ¾ low temperature heat reservoir : a heat sink .
    3
    Example of a heat engine : Steam Plant

    4
    Thermal Efficiency, ηth
    • the index of performance of a heat engine
    • defined by the ratio of the net work output to the heat input
    Desired Result
    ηth =
    Required Input
    Wnet , out Wnet , out = Wout − Win
    η th = where
    Qin Qin ≠ Qnet

    thermal efficiency is 0 < η < 100 %

    5
    Applying the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
    0 for cyclic
    Qnet , in − Wnet , out = ΔU process

    Wnet , out = Qnet , in


    Wnet , out = Qin − Qout
    Then
    Wnet , out
    η th =
    Qin
    Qin − Qout
    =
    Qin
    QL
    = 1−
    Qout or η th = 1 −
    Qin QH 6
    Refrigerator & Heat Pump
    ‰ operates in a thermodynamic cycle
    ‰ absorbs heat from a low temperature body and
    delivers heat to a high temperature body
    ‰ must receives external energy (work or heat) from the
    surroundings.
    refrigerator : extracts heat from low-temperature media.
    heat pump : rejects heat to the high-temperature media.

    7
    Coefficient of Performance, COP
    • index of performance of a refrigerator & heat pump is in
    terms of the coefficient of performance, COP,
    • the ratio of desired result to input larger than 1 and the
    COP to be as large as possible.

    For a refrigerator or an air conditioner


    Heat is transfered from the low temperature reservoir.

    Then

    8
    From the 1st Law Equation

    Then
    QL
    COPR =
    QH − Q L

    For a “heat pump”


    heat is transfered to the high temperature system, then
    QH QH
    COPHP = =
    Wnet , in QH − Q L

    COPHP = COPR + 1
    9
    We can also show that
    The Carnot Cycle
    • Sadi Carnot (1769-1832) was among the first to study the
    principles of the 2nd law of t/dynamics on cyclic operations
    • devised a reversible cycle composed of four reversible
    processes:
    • two isothermal and
    • two adiabatic.
    T Process 1 – 2 : Reversible
    adiabatic expansion (in turbine).
    TH • System produces work, Wout
    • The working fluid temperature
    decreases from TH to TL.
    TL
    Process 2-3 : reversible
    isothermal heat rejection QL (in a
    condenser) 10

    A vapour cycle
    Process 3-4: reversible adiabatic
    compression (in a compressor)
    QH Wout
    Win
    • system receives work input, Win
    • working fluid temperature
    QL increases from TL to TH
    Process 4-1: reversible isothermal
    heat addition, QH (in a boiler)

    Note that
    • the Carnot power cycle operates in the
    clockwise direction when plotted on a
    process diagram.(T-v, P-v, T-s)
    • for a refrigerator & heat pump, the
    Carnot cycle is reversed, the cycle
    operates in the counter clockwise
    direction. 11
    A gas cycle
    Again, the thermal efficiency is

    For a reversible heat engine, the energy transfer ratio QL/QH can
    be replaced by ratio of absolute temp TL/TH

    TL
    η th , rev = 1−
    TH
    This is the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine
    operating between two heat reservoirs at constant temperatures TH
    and TL.

    12
    The Kelvin scale, relates the heat transfers in a reversible device
    between the high and low-temperature heat reservoirs at
    constant temperature as

    Summarising all ‘heat in’ and ‘heat out’

    For a cyclic process


    13
    The term δQ/T depends only on the initial & final states,
    not on the process. Thus it is a point function or property
    defined as entropy, s

    Then
    1 2
    [kJ/kgK]

    Then δQ = T ds [kJ/kg]

    Q12 = T(s2 – s1)

    14

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